RESUMO
Literature data on toucans haemosporidians are scarce and all reports come from investigations in Brazil. Muniz et al. (Rev Bras Malariol 3: 339-356, Muniz et al., Rev Bras Malariol 3:339-356, 1951) and Muniz and Soares (Rev Bras Malar 611-617, Muniz J, Soares R de RL (1954) Nota sôbre um parasita do gênero Plasmodium encontrado no Ramphastos toco Müller, 1776, "Tucano-Açu", e diferente do Plasmodium huffi: Plasmodium pinottii n. sp. Rev Bras Malar 611 - 617.) described two Plasmodium species, P. huffi and P. pinottii, in Ramphastos toco. Later, Manwell and Sessler (J Protozol 18: 570-574, Manwell and Sessler, Malaria Parasites of Toucans J Protozol 18:570-574, 1971) established a new subspecies, P. nucleophilum toucani. In the last review on avian haemosporidians, Valkiunas (Valkiunas, Avian malaria parasites and other haemosporidia, CRC Press, New York, 2005) highlighted that P. huffi was insufficiently characterized, considering it a lost lineage. Also, the original description of P. huffi was considered insufficiently clear, due to a possible co-infection of the toucan hosts with a Novyella-like species. Here, we redescribed the species Plasmodium (Huffia) huffi based on morphological and molecular data, which were found in two toucan species, Ramphastos toco and Pteroglossus aracari from Brazil. Morphological features of the specimens are markedly the same as the original description. In R. toco, we observe two individuals infected, one infected only with P. huffi and one co-infected with P. huffi and the Novyella-like species, as observed in the original description. Also, we observe one R. toco infected only with the Novyella-like species, identified by morphological and molecular data as Plasmodium (Novyella) nucleophilum nucleophilum. In this way, it was possible to redescribe Plasmodium huffi in detail, without the doubt characters observed in the original description. Moreover, by applying species delimitation algorithms to a large Plasmodium phylogeny, we were able to identify new possible hosts for P. huffi and extend its geographic distribution to include North America.
Assuntos
Aves/parasitologia , Malária Aviária , Plasmodium , Animais , Brasil , Malária Aviária/parasitologia , Filogenia , Plasmodium/genética , Plasmodium/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The objective were to identify and quantify the rumen protozoa from two genetic groups of beef cattle (Nellore and crossbred European beef cattle) subjected to three feeding systems (pasture, pasture supplement, and confined). Samples of rumen contents were obtained from the center of the ruminal mass after slaughter. Quantification and identification of rumen protozoa were performed with a Sedgewick-Rafter counting chamber by optic microscopy. Data were analyzed using general linear analysis methodology with a Poisson distribution (1 %). In addition, the data underwent of Analisys Principal Component. A effect on ruminal protozoa was observed for the diets and breeds analyzed. Was identified 14 genera, among which Entodinium was predominant in all animals analyzed. Ciliates belonging to Entodiniomorphida, Eodinium, Epidinium, Eremoplastron, Eudiplodinium, Metadinium, and Ostracodinium showed highest density in Nellore animals when compared with the crossbreed, Nellore × European. Larger numbers of protozoa from the family Isotrichidae (Dasytricha and Isotricha) were observed in animals maintained by pasture or pasture supplement feeding. According to the kind of feeding, those fed exclusively with pasture had a greater diversity of ciliates in comparison to those restricted to, or supplemented with pasture. In one animal, the occurrence of ciliates belonging to the genus Buetschlia, was observed (prevalence of 1.66 %), which is one of only a few records of this genusin ruminants.(AU)
O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar e quantificar os protozoários do rúmen de dois grupos genéticos de bovinos de corte (Nelore e cruzados Nelore x Europeu) submetidos a três sistemas de alimentação (pastagem, pastagem com suplementação e confinado). Amostras do conteúdo ruminal foram obtidas do centro da massa ruminal após o abate. A quantificação e identificação dos protozoários do rúmen foram realizadas por meio de câmara de contagem de Sedgewick-Rafter por microscopia óptica. Os dados foram analisados por meio de metodologia de análise linear geral com distribuição de Poisson (1%). Além disso, os dados foram submetidos à análise de componentes principais. Houve efeito sobre os protozoários ruminais (P < 0,001) para as dietas e raças analisadas. Foram identificados 14 gêneros, dentre os quais, o gênero Entodinium foi predominante em todos os animais analisados. Os ciliados pertencentes a Entodiniomorphida, Eodinium, Epidinium, Eremoplastron, Eudiplodinium, Metadinium e Ostracodinium apresentaram maior densidade em animais Nelore quando comparados com os cruzados Nelore × Europeu. Um maior número de protozoários da família Isotrichidae (Dasytricha e Isotricha) foi observado em animais mantidos por pastagem ou suplemento alimentar. De acordo com o tipo de alimentação, aqueles alimentados exclusivamente com pasto apresentaram maior diversidade de ciliados em comparação àqueles restritos ou suplementados com pastagem. Em umdos animais do experimento, foi observada a ocorrência de ciliados pertencentes ao gênero Buetschlia(prevalência de 1,66%), que é um dos poucos registros desse gênero em ruminantes.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Rúmen/microbiologia , Dieta/métodos , Dieta/veterinária , Cilióforos , Pastagens , Suplementos NutricionaisRESUMO
Plasmodium parasites can infect great variety of bird species around the world inflicting the so called avian malaria, an illness that could be fatal in some cases and consequently, should be monitored and widely included into conservation programs. The aim of this study was to characterize two lineages of Plasmodium (Haemamoeba) lutzi found in some birds in the Atlantic Forest of Minas Gerais - Brazil, that were morphologically identified after blood smears analyses under light microscopy and molecularly by sequencing the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (cyt b). Besides these two lineages could be clearly morphologically identified as P.(H.) lutzi, some variations in comparison with its original description were noticed: absence of meronts and gametocytes (early and fully grown) in polychromatic erythrocytes, the larger size of pigment granules in meronts and gametocytes, and the presence of small vacuoles between pigment accumulation in fully grow macrogametocytes. Moreover, a certain degree of genetic intraspecific diversity was also observed across the lineages of P.â¯(H.)â¯lutzi, indicating the existence of polymorphisms within this taxon, which is uncommon in Haemosporida. These results allow discussion about species boundaries within avian hemosporidians and highlight the importance of multidisciplinary approaches for a more efficient species identification and characterization.
Assuntos
Doenças das Aves/parasitologia , Aves/parasitologia , Haemosporida/genética , Plasmodium/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Animais , Animais Selvagens/parasitologia , Brasil , Citocromos b/genética , DNA de Protozoário/genética , Florestas , Haemosporida/isolamento & purificação , Malária Aviária , Microscopia , Filogenia , Plasmodium/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
The objective were to identify and quantify the rumen protozoa from two genetic groups of beef cattle (Nellore and crossbred European beef cattle) subjected to three feeding systems (pasture, pasture supplement, and confined). Samples of rumen contents were obtained from the center of the ruminal mass after slaughter. Quantification and identification of rumen protozoa were performed with a Sedgewick-Rafter counting chamber by optic microscopy. Data were analyzed using general linear analysis methodology with a Poisson distribution (1 %). In addition, the data underwent of Analisys Principal Component. A effect on ruminal protozoa was observed for the diets and breeds analyzed. Was identified 14 genera, among which Entodinium was predominant in all animals analyzed. Ciliates belonging to Entodiniomorphida, Eodinium, Epidinium, Eremoplastron, Eudiplodinium, Metadinium, and Ostracodinium showed highest density in Nellore animals when compared with the crossbreed, Nellore × European. Larger numbers of protozoa from the family Isotrichidae (Dasytricha and Isotricha) were observed in animals maintained by pasture or pasture supplement feeding. According to the kind of feeding, those fed exclusively with pasture had a greater diversity of ciliates in comparison to those restricted to, or supplemented with pasture. In one animal, the occurrence of ciliates belonging to the genus Buetschlia, was observed (prevalence of 1.66 %), which is one of only a few records of this genusin ruminants.
O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar e quantificar os protozoários do rúmen de dois grupos genéticos de bovinos de corte (Nelore e cruzados Nelore x Europeu) submetidos a três sistemas de alimentação (pastagem, pastagem com suplementação e confinado). Amostras do conteúdo ruminal foram obtidas do centro da massa ruminal após o abate. A quantificação e identificação dos protozoários do rúmen foram realizadas por meio de câmara de contagem de Sedgewick-Rafter por microscopia óptica. Os dados foram analisados por meio de metodologia de análise linear geral com distribuição de Poisson (1%). Além disso, os dados foram submetidos à análise de componentes principais. Houve efeito sobre os protozoários ruminais (P < 0,001) para as dietas e raças analisadas. Foram identificados 14 gêneros, dentre os quais, o gênero Entodinium foi predominante em todos os animais analisados. Os ciliados pertencentes a Entodiniomorphida, Eodinium, Epidinium, Eremoplastron, Eudiplodinium, Metadinium e Ostracodinium apresentaram maior densidade em animais Nelore quando comparados com os cruzados Nelore × Europeu. Um maior número de protozoários da família Isotrichidae (Dasytricha e Isotricha) foi observado em animais mantidos por pastagem ou suplemento alimentar. De acordo com o tipo de alimentação, aqueles alimentados exclusivamente com pasto apresentaram maior diversidade de ciliados em comparação àqueles restritos ou suplementados com pastagem. Em umdos animais do experimento, foi observada a ocorrência de ciliados pertencentes ao gênero Buetschlia(prevalência de 1,66%), que é um dos poucos registros desse gênero em ruminantes.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Cilióforos , Dieta/métodos , Dieta/veterinária , Rúmen/microbiologia , Pastagens , Suplementos NutricionaisRESUMO
The genus Metadinium includes ophryoscolecid ciliates, with two retractile ciliary zones in the anterior body portion, two broad skeletal plates, a lobed macronucleus and two contractile vacuoles. Species belonging to this genus were recorded in several geographical locations and in different host species. However, they were mostly described based on a single ciliatological technique, and until now, there is only one description of the infraciliary pattern in Metadinium ciliates (Metadinium medium). The present study performs the morphological and infraciliature characterization of four species belonging to Metadinium: M. esalqum, M. minorum, M. rotundatum and M. ypsilon; and presents taxonomic notes on the genus. The oral infraciliature in these four Metadinium species corresponds to the Diplodinium-type, pattern shared with genera Diplodinium, Diploplastron, Eudiplodinium, Eremoplastron and Polyplastron. A brief review conducted highlights the difficulty of delimiting Metadinium species due to the morphological similarity among them.
Assuntos
Cilióforos , Rúmen , AnimaisRESUMO
To date the genus Diploplastron comprised only one species of ophryoscolecid ciliate, Diploplastron affine, which is characterized by having two retractable ciliary zones in the anterior end of the body, two slender and juxtaposed skeletal plates on the right side, a rod shape macronucleus, and two contractile vacuoles. During study on the characterization of rumen ciliate community composition in Brazilian domestic sheep, we observed ciliates with atypical morphology but with diagnostic features of genus Diploplastron. This study describes Diploplastron dehorityi, a new species of ophryoscolecid ciliate, that differs from D. affine, primarily, in the morphology of skeletal plates, morphology of nuclear apparatus and body shape. In addition to the similarities between the new species and congener species, D. dehorityi has some morphological similarities to species of genus Eremoplastron.
Assuntos
Cilióforos , Animais , Brasil , Rúmen , OvinosRESUMO
The effects of cassava wastewater on nutrient digestibility and rumen protozoa were evaluated in 32 Santa Inês sheep fed a diet with Tifton hay, ground corn cob, and concentrate, containing 0, 500, 1000, or 1500 mL cassava wastewater. Uncastrated sheep at an average age of 167 days and average weight of 25.3 kg were housed in individual stalls and distributed in a randomized complete design with four treatments and eight replicates. The experimental period was 70 days: 15 days for adaptation to the diets and 60 days to collect the ingredients and diets supplied. Prior to this stage, the animals were adapted to the consumption of cassava wastewater, in collective cages, for seven days. Apparent digestibility was determined by partial feces collection and by using the LIPE® external marker in 250-mg capsules. The apparent digestibility of nutrients did not differ (P>0.05) in relation to the cassava wastewater levels tested. Eleven genera of rumen protozoa were identified, and they formed a community that, except for Ophryoscolex, did not differ among the cassava wastewater treatments with respect to composition. However, Entodinium species were observed at a higher density (P<0.05) in sheep that received 1500 mL of cassava wastewater. The use of cassava wastewater in the sheep diet does not affect the digestibility of nutrients or composition of rumen protozoa; however, it causes a significant increase in Entodinium density.
Os efeitos da manipueira sobre a digestibilidade de nutrientes e protozoários ruminais foram avaliados utilizando-se 32 ovinos Santa Inês submetidos a dietas compostas por feno de Tifton, rolão de milho e concentrado, acrescidas de 0, 500, 1000 ou 1500 mL de manipueira. Foram utilizados ovinos não castrados com idade media de 167 dias e com peso médio e aproximadamente 25,3 kg. Foram alojados em gaiolas individuais e distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. O período experimental foi de 70 dias: 15 dias para adaptação às dietas e 60 dias para coleta dos ingredientes e rações. Antes desta fase, os animais foram adaptados ao consumo de manipueira em gaiolas coletivas durante um período de 7 dias. A digestibilidade aparente foi determinada pela coleta parcial de fezes e pelo uso do marcador externo LIPE® em cápsulas de 250 mg. A digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes avaliados não diferiu (P>0,05) em relação aos níveis de manipueira estudados. Onze gêneros de protozoários foram identificados, compondo uma comunidade que à exceção de Ophryoscolex, não diferiu entre os tratamentos em sua composição. Entretanto, as espécies de Entodiniumapresentaram maior densidade (P<0,05) em ovinos que receberam 1500 mL de manipueira. O uso da manipueira na dieta de ovinos não afeta a digestibilidade de nutrientes e composição de protozoários ruminais, entretanto, promove aumento significativo na densidade de Entodinium.
Assuntos
Animais , Ovinos/metabolismo , Ovinos/parasitologia , Rúmen/parasitologia , ManihotRESUMO
The effects of cassava wastewater on nutrient digestibility and rumen protozoa were evaluated in 32 Santa Inês sheep fed a diet with Tifton hay, ground corn cob, and concentrate, containing 0, 500, 1000, or 1500 mL cassava wastewater. Uncastrated sheep at an average age of 167 days and average weight of 25.3 kg were housed in individual stalls and distributed in a randomized complete design with four treatments and eight replicates. The experimental period was 70 days: 15 days for adaptation to the diets and 60 days to collect the ingredients and diets supplied. Prior to this stage, the animals were adapted to the consumption of cassava wastewater, in collective cages, for seven days. Apparent digestibility was determined by partial feces collection and by using the LIPE® external marker in 250-mg capsules. The apparent digestibility of nutrients did not differ (P>0.05) in relation to the cassava wastewater levels tested. Eleven genera of rumen protozoa were identified, and they formed a community that, except for Ophryoscolex, did not differ among the cassava wastewater treatments with respect to composition. However, Entodinium species were observed at a higher density (P<0.05) in sheep that received 1500 mL of cassava wastewater. The use of cassava wastewater in the sheep diet does not affect the digestibility of nutrients or composition of rumen protozoa; however, it causes a significant increase in Entodinium density.(AU)
Os efeitos da manipueira sobre a digestibilidade de nutrientes e protozoários ruminais foram avaliados utilizando-se 32 ovinos Santa Inês submetidos a dietas compostas por feno de Tifton, rolão de milho e concentrado, acrescidas de 0, 500, 1000 ou 1500 mL de manipueira. Foram utilizados ovinos não castrados com idade media de 167 dias e com peso médio e aproximadamente 25,3 kg. Foram alojados em gaiolas individuais e distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. O período experimental foi de 70 dias: 15 dias para adaptação às dietas e 60 dias para coleta dos ingredientes e rações. Antes desta fase, os animais foram adaptados ao consumo de manipueira em gaiolas coletivas durante um período de 7 dias. A digestibilidade aparente foi determinada pela coleta parcial de fezes e pelo uso do marcador externo LIPE® em cápsulas de 250 mg. A digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes avaliados não diferiu (P>0,05) em relação aos níveis de manipueira estudados. Onze gêneros de protozoários foram identificados, compondo uma comunidade que à exceção de Ophryoscolex, não diferiu entre os tratamentos em sua composição. Entretanto, as espécies de Entodiniumapresentaram maior densidade (P<0,05) em ovinos que receberam 1500 mL de manipueira. O uso da manipueira na dieta de ovinos não afeta a digestibilidade de nutrientes e composição de protozoários ruminais, entretanto, promove aumento significativo na densidade de Entodinium.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ovinos/metabolismo , Ovinos/parasitologia , Rúmen/parasitologia , ManihotRESUMO
Haemosporidian blood parasites of the Plasmodium genus are the causative agents of avian malaria in many parts of the world. Despite the great diversity of Brazilian avifauna, few studies have been conducted to examine the haemosporidians of wild birds found in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, especially those kept in captivity. This study aimed to re-examine and further characterize the South American avian parasite Plasmodium paranucleophilum using a multidisciplinary approach. Blood samples were collected from 68 captive birds representing 15 species found in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil. Morphometric and morphological characterization was performed, in addition to PCR and sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and subsequent phylogenetic analysis. The overall prevalence of P. paranucleophilum infection in the study was 13.23% (n = 9), with a mean parasitemia of 0.58%. We observed the highest parasitemia of 3.88% in Rupornis magnirostris. In our phylogenetic analysis, P. paranucleophilum and P lasmodium nucleophilum formed distinct, highly supported clades, with a mean genetic divergence of 2.48%. This study provides new morphological and molecular data, expanding our knowledge of the haemosporidians of wild birds in Brazil and highlighting the need for further investigation. The true depth of diversity in Brazilian avian haemosporidians remains largely unknown, and given the enormous variety of vectors and avian species, there may be many more species of these blood parasites yet to be described.
Assuntos
Malária Aviária/parasitologia , Plasmodium/classificação , Animais , Animais Selvagens , Aves , Brasil/epidemiologia , Citocromos b/genética , Florestas , Malária Aviária/epidemiologia , Parasitemia/veterinária , Filogenia , Plasmodium/citologia , Plasmodium/genética , Plasmodium/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Análise de Sequência de DNA/veterináriaRESUMO
A ciliate protozoa suppression can reduce methane production increasing the energy efficiency utilization by ruminants. The physicochemical characteristics of rumen fluid and the profile of the rumen protozoa populations were evaluated for sheep fed banana leaf hay in replacement of the Cynodon dactylon cv. vaqueiro hay. A total of 30 male sheep were raised in intensive system during 15 days of adaptation and 63 days of experimental period. The animals were distributed in a completely randomized design that included six replicates of five treatments with replacement levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) of the grass vaquero for the banana leaf hay. Samples of fluid were collected directly from the rumen with sterile catheters. Color, odor, viscosity, and the methylene blue reduction potential (MBRP) were evaluated and pH estimated using a digital potentiometer. After decimal dilutions, counts of genus protozoa were performed in Sedgewick Rafter chambers. The averages of pH, MBRP, color, odor, and viscosity were not influenced by the inclusion of the banana leaf hay. However, the total number of protozoa and Entodinium spp. population significantly decreased at 75 and 100% inclusions of banana leaf hay as roughage.
Assuntos
Cilióforos/isolamento & purificação , Musa , Rúmen/parasitologia , Carneiro Doméstico/parasitologia , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Fermentação , Masculino , Folhas de Planta , Poaceae , Distribuição Aleatória , OvinosRESUMO
The species composition, prevalence, and average relative abundance of rumen ciliates were analyzed in 16 Brazilian sheep. 28 species of ciliates were identified belonging to 3 families: Isotrichidae, Ophryoscolecidae, and Parentodiniidae. Among these ciliates, Entodinium alces, Metadinium esalqum, and M. rotundatum were found for the first time in sheep, and other 12 species for the first time in Brazilian sheep. Different morphotypes of parentodiniid ciliates were identified in 7 of the 16 sheep analyzed and this is the second report of this family in ruminants. The species Entodinium contractum was redescribed based on the new data on the general morphological features; for the first time, we described the oral infraciliature, which in this species is of the Entodinium-type. In this species, it is noteworthy that the prominent vestibular polybrachykinety can be used as an important identifying characteristic.
Assuntos
Cilióforos/classificação , Rúmen/parasitologia , Animais , Tamanho Corporal , Brasil , Cilióforos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cilióforos/isolamento & purificação , Masculino , Ovinos/parasitologiaRESUMO
Captive terrestrial tortoises of the species Chelonoidis carbonaria (n = 17) and Chelonoidis denticulata (n = 37) in the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, were examined for hematozoans by using a combination of microscopic and molecular methods. Microscopic examination revealed young intra-erythrocytic forms in blood smears from both species of tortoises. The results of PCR, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis indicated that these parasites belonged to the Haemoproteus spp., whose observed prevalence was 17.6 % in C. carbonaria and 13.5 % in C. denticulata. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these sequences formed a clade that was grouped with other sequences of Haemoproteus spp. parasites in birds, separate from the clade formed by Haemoproteus spp. of reptiles. This study expands the information regarding the occurrence and distribution of hemosporidia in turtles and is the first study of blood parasites in C. carbonaria.
Assuntos
Haemosporida/classificação , Filogenia , Infecções Protozoárias em Animais/epidemiologia , Tartarugas/parasitologia , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Teorema de Bayes , Brasil/epidemiologia , DNA de Protozoário/sangue , DNA de Protozoário/química , DNA de Protozoário/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Haemosporida/genética , Masculino , Prevalência , Infecções Protozoárias em Animais/sangue , Infecções Protozoárias em Animais/parasitologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA/veterináriaRESUMO
This study proposes improvements to the pyridinated silver carbonate impregnation technique in rumen ciliate protozoa in order to provide a standardized impregnation protocol for usable for the largest possible number of species in domestic ruminants. The proposed improvements are based on results obtained from impregnation of oral infraciliature and nuclear apparatus of 36 rumen ciliate species, which are symbionts of domestic ruminants. Compared to established protocols for morphology of rumen ciliates, impregnation of a wider range of genera and species was observed with the proposed protocol. The impregnation time varied according to size, ciliate taxon, or both, varying from shorter (5 minutes) for small entodiniomorphid ciliates ( 80 m) and the genus Dasytricha, to longer (30 minutes) for large entodiniomorphid ciliates (>80 m) and the genus Isotricha. The proposed protocol is simple and easily reproducible. It is also advantageous for taxonomic, animal science, and ecological studies that aim to inventory the ruminal biota as well as understand the population structure of rumen ciliates and their relationship with the host.
Assuntos
Carbonatos/análise , Carbonatos/farmacocinética , Cilióforos/microbiologia , Rúmen/microbiologiaRESUMO
This study proposes improvements to the pyridinated silver carbonate impregnation technique in rumen ciliate protozoa in order to provide a standardized impregnation protocol for usable for the largest possible number of species in domestic ruminants. The proposed improvements are based on results obtained from impregnation of oral infraciliature and nuclear apparatus of 36 rumen ciliate species, which are symbionts of domestic ruminants. Compared to established protocols for morphology of rumen ciliates, impregnation of a wider range of genera and species was observed with the proposed protocol. The impregnation time varied according to size, ciliate taxon, or both, varying from shorter (5 minutes) for small entodiniomorphid ciliates ( 80 m) and the genus Dasytricha, to longer (30 minutes) for large entodiniomorphid ciliates (>80 m) and the genus Isotricha. The proposed protocol is simple and easily reproducible. It is also advantageous for taxonomic, animal science, and ecological studies that aim to inventory the ruminal biota as well as understand the population structure of rumen ciliates and their relationship with the host.(AU)
Assuntos
Carbonatos/análise , Carbonatos/farmacocinética , Rúmen/microbiologia , Cilióforos/microbiologiaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate ruminal in situ degradability and in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DM) in concentrate supplements containing diverse potato flour pelletized with urea (0%, 4%, 8%, and 12% DM). Samples of feeds were incubated for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48h in the rumen of four fistulated sheep. Level of urea added had no significant effect (P>;0.05) on the soluble fraction (a) or potentially degradable fraction (b) of the pellets and ranged from 2.1% to 12.2% and 72.9% to 87.5%, respectively. Quadratic effects (P=0.03) of the rate of degradation of fraction "b" ranged from 4.75% h-1to 7.39% h-1; the estimated maximum value at 7.4% h-1was obtained when 5.9% urea was added to the pellet. Quadratic effects (P≤0.02) of the level of urea added to the pellets on the effective degradability (ED) of DM were evaluated after considering rumen passage rates of 2.5% h-1and 8% h-1; the maximum values of ED calculated under these rumen passage rates were estimated at 6.3% to 7.3% urea in the pellets. The in vitro digestibility of DM of the pellets showed a quadratic effect (P=0.02) at different levels of urea, with a maximum value of 96.9% achieved when 7.9% urea was added to the pellets. Our results suggest that the addition of 6-8% urea to pelleted feed promotes an increase in the in vitro digestibility and ED of DM.
Objetivou-se avaliar a degradação ruminal in situ da matéria seca (MS) e a digestibilidade in vitro de suplementos concentrados a base de farinha de batata diversa peletizada com ureia (0, 4, 8 e 12% da MS). Amostras de cada tratamento foram incubadas por 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36 e 48 horas no rúmen de quatro ovinos fistulados. Não houve efeito (P>;0,05) do nível de inclusão de ureia sobre as frações solúvel ("a") e potencialmente degradável ("b") dos péletes, que variaram, respectivamente, de 2,1 a 12,1%, e de 72,9 a 87,5%. Foi observado efeito quadrático (P=0,03) para a taxa de degradação da fração "b", que variou de 4,75 a 7,39% h-1, sendo o valor máximo estimado em 7,4% h-1, obtido quando 5,9% de ureia foram incluídos no pélete. Foram observados efeitos quadráticos (P≤0,02) do nível de inclusão de ureia nos péletes sobre a degradabilidade efetiva (DE) da MS, considerando taxas de passagem no rúmen de 2, 5 e 8% h-1e os valores máximos de DE calculadas sob estas taxas de passagem no rúmen foram estimados com 6,3 a 7,3% de ureia nos péletes. A digestibilidade in vitro da MS dos péletes foi influenciada de forma quadrática (P=0,02) pelo nível de inclusão de ureia, com valor máximo de 96,9%, estimado quando 7,9% de ureia foram incluídos no pélete. A inclusão de 6 a 8% de ureia nos péletes promove incremento na digestibilidade in vitro e na degradabilidade efetiva da matéria seca.
RESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate ruminal in situ degradability and in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DM) in concentrate supplements containing diverse potato flour pelletized with urea (0%, 4%, 8%, and 12% DM). Samples of feeds were incubated for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48h in the rumen of four fistulated sheep. Level of urea added had no significant effect (P>;0.05) on the soluble fraction (a) or potentially degradable fraction (b) of the pellets and ranged from 2.1% to 12.2% and 72.9% to 87.5%, respectively. Quadratic effects (P=0.03) of the rate of degradation of fraction "b" ranged from 4.75% h-1to 7.39% h-1; the estimated maximum value at 7.4% h-1was obtained when 5.9% urea was added to the pellet. Quadratic effects (P0.02) of the level of urea added to the pellets on the effective degradability (ED) of DM were evaluated after considering rumen passage rates of 2.5% h-1and 8% h-1; the maximum values of ED calculated under these rumen passage rates were estimated at 6.3% to 7.3% urea in the pellets. The in vitro digestibility of DM of the pellets showed a quadratic effect (P=0.02) at different levels of urea, with a maximum value of 96.9% achieved when 7.9% urea was added to the pellets. Our results suggest that the addition of 6-8% urea to pelleted feed promotes an increase in the in vitro digestibility and ED of DM.(AU)
Objetivou-se avaliar a degradação ruminal in situ da matéria seca (MS) e a digestibilidade in vitro de suplementos concentrados a base de farinha de batata diversa peletizada com ureia (0, 4, 8 e 12% da MS). Amostras de cada tratamento foram incubadas por 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36 e 48 horas no rúmen de quatro ovinos fistulados. Não houve efeito (P>;0,05) do nível de inclusão de ureia sobre as frações solúvel ("a") e potencialmente degradável ("b") dos péletes, que variaram, respectivamente, de 2,1 a 12,1%, e de 72,9 a 87,5%. Foi observado efeito quadrático (P=0,03) para a taxa de degradação da fração "b", que variou de 4,75 a 7,39% h-1, sendo o valor máximo estimado em 7,4% h-1, obtido quando 5,9% de ureia foram incluídos no pélete. Foram observados efeitos quadráticos (P0,02) do nível de inclusão de ureia nos péletes sobre a degradabilidade efetiva (DE) da MS, considerando taxas de passagem no rúmen de 2, 5 e 8% h-1e os valores máximos de DE calculadas sob estas taxas de passagem no rúmen foram estimados com 6,3 a 7,3% de ureia nos péletes. A digestibilidade in vitro da MS dos péletes foi influenciada de forma quadrática (P=0,02) pelo nível de inclusão de ureia, com valor máximo de 96,9%, estimado quando 7,9% de ureia foram incluídos no pélete. A inclusão de 6 a 8% de ureia nos péletes promove incremento na digestibilidade in vitro e na degradabilidade efetiva da matéria seca.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ruminação Digestiva , Técnicas In Vitro/veterinária , Ração Animal , Solanum tuberosum , UreiaRESUMO
Haemoproteid species have a wide global distribution, and they have been described in falcon species in several parts of the world. However, few studies in South America have focused on these birds. Haemoproteus spp. infections have been reported as the causative agents of serious histopathological changes, which can lead to the death of the host. Thus, this study aimed to molecularly and phylogenetically characterize Haemoproteus spp. in Caracara plancus, to characterize aspects of parasitism through clinical analysis and biochemical parameters, and to describe the histopathology of infection. To examine these aspects, 5 southern caracaras were examined clinically, and blood samples were collected. Blood smears were subsequently utilized in parasitemia calculations, PCR amplification, and serum biochemical investigations. Histological sections of the liver, kidneys, spleen, and heart were examined to check for possible histopathological changes. The birds showed clinical signs such as pallor and prostration that are consistent with Haemoproteus spp. infection. Moreover, the examination of the blood smears revealed 0.07% parasitemia in young gametocytes only. The PCR and sequencing results confirmed that the parasites belonged to Haemoproteus spp. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes, albumin, total serum proteins, and enzymatic urea were first described in C. plancus and serve as reference for future studies of bird species parasitized by Haemoproteus spp. Histopathology results showed signs of injury that were consistent with haemosporidian infection in the tissues of the analyzed organs. The present study is preliminary, and additional studies of Haemoproteus spp. infections in other bird species are needed to better understand the relationship between parasites and hosts, because despite the low parasitemia recorded, biochemical and histopathological changes in various organs were observed.
Assuntos
Doenças das Aves/parasitologia , Falconiformes/parasitologia , Haemosporida/genética , Infecções Protozoárias em Animais/parasitologia , Alanina Transaminase/sangue , Animais , Aspartato Aminotransferases/sangue , Sequência de Bases , Doenças das Aves/metabolismo , Doenças das Aves/patologia , Proteínas Sanguíneas/análise , DNA de Protozoário/sangue , DNA de Protozoário/química , Haemosporida/classificação , Haemosporida/patogenicidade , Rim/patologia , Fígado/patologia , Miocárdio/patologia , Parasitemia/veterinária , Filogenia , Infecções Protozoárias em Animais/metabolismo , Infecções Protozoárias em Animais/patologia , Alinhamento de Sequência/veterinária , Baço/patologia , Ureia/sangueRESUMO
The 18S rDNA was used to infer oral ciliature patterns of evolution within the family Ophryoscolecidae, with the addition of five new sequences of ciliates from the genus Ostracodinium. Our data confirmed the monophyly of the subfamilies Entodiniinae and Ophryoscolecinae, but more analysis would be required for the definition of the status of the subfamily Diplodiniinae. The oral infraciliature patterns reflect evolutionary divergence in the family Ophryscolecidae, observing monophyly on Entodinium-type, Diplodinium-type, Ostracodinium-type, Epidinium-type, and Ophryoscolex-type. The ancestral infraciliature of Entodinium-type cannot be proven, however, the position of Entodinium-type showed closer of Diplodinium-type than Ophryoscolex-type, corroborating previous studies using morphological characters. The observed inconsistencies reflect the need to increase the number of 18S rDNA sequences to family Ophryoscolecidae and investigate the evolution of this group using other molecular markers.
Assuntos
Cilióforos/classificação , Cilióforos/genética , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , FilogeniaRESUMO
This review presents the principal methods used in taxonomic studies of rumen ciliates: live observation, Lugol staining, fixation and staining with methyl-green formalin saline (MFS) solution, protargol staining, silver carbonate impregnation, scanning electron microscopy and molecular techniques. Mastering these techniques is essential for successful research on the taxonomy of rumen ciliates. No single technique reveals all of the characteristics required for a complete description of a rumen ciliate; therefore, it is necessary to combine the use of these techniques as appropriate to the rumen ciliate group under study. Tables are provided to summarize: 1) morphological methods more appropriate for revealing morphological structures of interest, 2) morphological methods indicated for each group of rumen ciliates, and 3) main primers used for PCR amplification of the 18S rDNA of rumen ciliates.
Assuntos
Cilióforos/classificação , Rúmen/parasitologia , Animais , Cilióforos/ultraestrutura , Classificação , Coloração e RotulagemRESUMO
The influence of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and two levels of concentrate (20 and 40%) on rumen ciliate protozoa were evaluated in seven lactating Holstein-Zebu crossbred and rumen fistulated cows. The animals were provided with three diets: only elephant grass (D1) and forage plus 20 and 40% of concentrate, D2 and D3, respectively. Ruminal fluid samples were obtained by emptying the rumen, homogenized and kept in an equal volume of 18.5% formalin. The following ciliates were identified and quantified: Charonina, Dasytricha, Diplodinium, Diploplastron, Entodinium, Eodinium, Eremoplastron, Eudiplodinium, Isotricha, Metadinium e Polyplastron. There were no difference on the mean concentration of ciliate protozoa and for mL of ruminal content, which were 48.75 x 104 (D1), 60.54 x 104 (D2) e 54.30 x 104 (D3). The Entodinium genus predominated in the three diets, 73.5%, 76.9% and 72.2% of the total of ciliates for D1, D2, and D3, respectively. Levels of 20 and 40% of concentrated in the diet did not affect the pH and the rumen ciliate protozoa population in the rumen of cows fed elephant grass.
A influência de dietas à base de capim-elefante com diferentes proporções de concentrado sobre as populações de protozoários ciliados no rúmen de bovinos foi avaliada utilizando-se sete vacas mestiças holandês-zebu, em lactação e fistuladas no rúmen. Três dietas à base de capim-elefante com estágio fenológico de cerca de 55-60 dias foram fornecidas, sendo a primeira composta apenas da forrageira (D1), e as demais compostas da forrageira, acrescidas de 20 e 40% de concentrado, respectivamente, D2 e D3. 21 amostras foram obtidas a partir do esvaziamento completo do rúmen, coletadas após homogeneização do material e fixadas em formalina a 18,5% (v/v). Foram identificados e quantificados os seguintes ciliados: Charonina, Dasytricha, Diplodinium, Diploplastron, Entodinium, Eodinium, Eremoplastron, Eudiplodinium, Isotricha, Metadinium e Polyplastron. Os números médios totais de ciliados por mililitros de conteúdo ruminal foram, 48,75 x 104 (D1), 60,54 x 104 (D2) e 54,30 x 104 (D3). O gênero Entodinium predominou nas três dietas, representando nas dietas D1, D2 e D3, respectivamente, 73,5%, 76,9% e 72,2% do total de ciliados. O número total e o de cada gênero de ciliados não apresentaram diferenças entre as dietas testadas (P >0,05), indicando que estas não influenciaram as populações de ciliados no rúmen possivelmente porque não foram constadas variações significativas no pH rumi