RESUMO
This study explored how individual- and community-based resilience factors operated together in order to reduce risk of suicide for a sample of transgender therapy clients. We collected cross-sectional survey data from 106 transgender therapy clients at a local community center, including demographic information, experiences of relational support, participants' emotional stability, and risk for suicide. Results from our mediation analysis indicated that high levels of perceived relational support are related to reduced risk for suicide and that this happens by way of a person's emotional stability. Clinical implications for family therapists are discussed based on the significant indirect effect found in this study.
Este estudio exploró cómo los factores de resiliencia basados en individuos y comunidades operaron en conjunto para reducir el riesgo de suicidio en una muestra de clientes de terapia transgénero. Recopilamos datos de una encuesta transversal de 106 clientes de terapia transgénero en un centro comunitario local, incluyendo información demográfica, experiencias de apoyo relacional, estabilidad emocional de los participantes y riesgo de suicidio. Los resultados de nuestro análisis de mediación indicaron que niveles altos de apoyo relacional percibido se asociaban a un riesgo de suicidio reducido, y que esto se daba mediante la estabilidad emocional de la persona. Se discuten las implicaciones clínicas para terapeutas familiares basado del efecto indirecto significativo arrojado por el estudio.
Assuntos
Resiliência Psicológica , Suicídio/psicologia , Pessoas Transgênero/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Análise de Mediação , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Apoio Social , Ideação Suicida , Adulto JovemRESUMO
V3526, a genetically modified strain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), was formalin inactivated for evaluation as a next generation vaccine candidate for VEEV. In this study, we tested formalin-inactivated V3526 (fV3526) with and without adjuvant for immunogenicity and efficacy in BALB/c mice and results were compared to the existing inactivated VEEV vaccine, C84. Mice were vaccinated intramuscularly (IM) or subcutaneously (SC) with fV3526 formulations and challenged with VEEV IAB Trinidad donkey (VEEV TrD) strain by SC or aerosol exposure. Efficacy following SC or aerosol challenge was not significantly different between the fV3526 formulations or compared to C84 despite C84 being administered in more doses and higher concentration of viral protein per dose. These data support further evaluation of fV3526 formulations as a next generation VEEV vaccine.
Assuntos
Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Desinfetantes/farmacologia , Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/genética , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Formaldeído/farmacologia , Injeções Intramusculares , Injeções Subcutâneas , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Análise de Sobrevida , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagemRESUMO
We recently developed a gamma-irradiation method to inactivate V3526, a live-attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) vaccine candidate. Dosage and schedule studies were conducted to evaluate the immunogenicity and efficacy of gamma-irradiated V3526 (gV3526). Subcutaneous (SC) and low dosage intramuscular (IM) administration of gV3526 were highly effective in protecting mice against a SC challenge with VEEV IA/B Trinidad Donkey strain, but not against an equivalent aerosol challenge. More robust immune responses and increased protective efficacy were noted when the IM dosage of gV3526 was increased. IM administration of gV3526 formulated with either CpG or CpG plus Alhydrogel further augmented the immune response in mice and resulted in 100% protection against aerosol challenge.
Assuntos
Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/imunologia , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/imunologia , Encefalomielite Equina Venezuelana/prevenção & controle , Vacinas Virais/imunologia , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Hidróxido de Alumínio/administração & dosagem , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Relação Dose-Resposta Imunológica , Vírus da Encefalite Equina Venezuelana/efeitos da radiação , Raios gama , Injeções Intramusculares , Injeções Subcutâneas , Camundongos , Oligodesoxirribonucleotídeos/administração & dosagem , Análise de Sobrevida , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Vacinas Virais/administração & dosagem , Inativação de VírusRESUMO
A multisystem approach was used to assess the efficiency of several methods for inactivation of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) vaccine candidates. A combination of diverse assays (plaque, in vitro cytopathology and mouse neurovirulence) was used to verify virus inactivation, along with the use of a specific ELISA to measure retention of VEEV envelope glycoprotein epitopes in the development of several inactivated VEEV candidate vaccines derived from an attenuated strain of VEEV (V3526). Incubation of V3526 aliquots at temperatures in excess of 64 degrees C for periods >30 min inactivated the virus, but substantially reduced VEEV specific monoclonal antibody binding of the inactivated material. In contrast, V3526 treated either with formalin at concentrations of 0.1% or 0.5% (v/v) for 4 or 24 h, or irradiated with 50 kGy gamma radiation rendered the virus non-infectious while retaining significant levels of monoclonal antibody binding. Loss of infectivity of both the formalin inactivated (fV3526) and gamma irradiated (gV3526) preparations was confirmed via five successive blind passages on BHK-21 cells. Similarly, loss of neurovirulence for fV3526 and gV3526 was demonstrated via intracerebral inoculation of suckling BALB/c mice. Excellent protection against subcutaneous challenge with VEEV IA/B Trinidad donkey strain was demonstrated using a two dose immunization regimen with either fV3526 or gV3526. The combination of in vitro and in vivo assays provides a practical approach to optimize manufacturing process parameters for development of other inactivated viral vaccines.