RESUMO
En los últimos años aumentaron las investigaciones sobre co-ocurrencia de trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) y disforia de género (DG) secundario a la necesidad de una mayor comprensión de este fenómeno clínico emergente. Objetivos: Caracterizar los estudios en torno a la co-ocurrencia entre TEA y DG en adolescentes. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática bibliográfica. Se seleccionaron los estudios que mencionaron esta correlación e incluyeron población adolescente. Resultados: La búsqueda inicial arrojó un total de 97 publicaciones. Finalmente, de acuerdo a los criterios de elegibilidad, se incluyeron 35 artículos. Existen escasos estudios enfocados sólo en adolescentes, amplios rangos de prevalencia de esta relación y heterogeneidad en los instrumentos utilizados. Conclusiones: Al evaluar individuos con DG se debiese llevar a cabo un screening de TEA, y viceversa, para no pasar por alto esta co-ocurrencia. Cabe destacar que quienes presentan TEA tienen particularidades relacionadas con el pensamiento y planificación a futuro que hay que considerar al momento de realizar cualquier tipo de tratamiento afirmativo irreversible, enmarcado dentro de un proceso terapéutico multidimensional. Palabras claves: Adolescentes, Disforia de género, Trastorno de Espectro Autista (TEA), Condición de Espectro Autista (CEA), Autismo.
Research on co-occurrence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and gender dysphoria (GD) increased in recent years driven by the need for greater understanding of this emerging clinical phenomenon. Objective. To characterize studies on the co-occurrence of ASD and GD in adolescents. Methodology. A systematic literature review was conducted. Studies mentioning this correlation and including adolescent population were selected. Results. The initial search showed a total of 97 publications. 35 articles were included in the review that met the eligibility criteria. There are few studies focused only on adolescents, there is a wide range of prevalence of this relationship and heterogeneity in the instruments used. Conclusions. When evaluating individuals with GD, an ASD screening should be conducted,and vice versa, to avoid overlooking this cooccurrence. It is important to note that those with ASD have particularities related to cognitive development that need to be considered when undergoing any type of irreversible affirmative treatment, within a multidimensional therapeutic process. Keywords. Adolescents, Gender dysphoria, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Autism.
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/psicologia , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/epidemiologia , Disforia de Gênero/psicologia , Disforia de Gênero/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , PrevalênciaRESUMO
Introduction: gastrointestinal involvement in COVID-19 occurs in approximately 20% of patients and may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea or abnormal liver function tests. In our country, the characteristics of gastrointestinal involvement in COVID-19 patients have not been studied. Objectives: to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal and liver involvement in patients with COVID-19 treated at two hospitals in Bogotá, Colombia. To determine the association between COVID-19 gastrointestinal involvement and length of hospital stay, severity and mortality. Design and methodology: a cross-sectional study carried out at two hospitals in a hospital subnetwork in Bogotá, Colombia from February 2020 to March 2021. Results: a total of 1,176 patients with a positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were included. Gastrointestinal manifestations occurred in 50% (95%CI 47-52%), with the most frequent being diarrhea in 18.4%, odynophagia in 17.6%, anorexia in 14.7% and abdominal pain in 8.8%. An association was found between diarrhea during hospitalization and prolonged hospitalization (OR 1.93 95%CI 1.19-3.13), and between gastrointestinal bleeding on admission and death (OR 3.13, 95%CI 1.1-9.1), among others. Abnormal liver function tests occurred in 46% (95%CI 43-49%) and were more frequent in patients with severe disease and those who died. Conclusions: the prevalence of gastrointestinal manifestations in patients with COVID-19 was 50%. Diarrhea was associated with a longer hospital stay, and gastrointestinal bleeding was associated with respiratory failure and death. Forty-six percent of patients had abnormal liver function tests, with elevated transaminases being the most frequent. Elevated aspartate transaminase (AST) on admission was associated with greater mortality. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 48. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2023.2729).
RESUMO
Para acortar la brecha entre lo molecular y la clínica, el personal de atención médica debe tener un conocimiento básico de los mecanismos moleculares que gobiernan la identidad celular, mediante la activación selectiva de genes. La expresión diferencial de genes permite a las células sintetizar las proteínas requeridas para cumplir con sus funciones biológicas, y ello posibilita a las células responder a estímulos internos y externos. Para esto se debe tener primero acceso a los genes que codifican las proteínas, determinando el fenotipo celular. Modificaciones en la estructura de la cromatina permiten a la maquinaria transcripcional tener acceso a secuencias de ADN. El ADN es transcripto en ARNm, que sufre diversas modificaciones antes de salir del núcleo para ser traducido en una proteína en el citoplasma. Cualquier desregulación en alguno de los procesos asociados se presenta como una patología. A inicios del siglo XXI se reportó la secuenciación del genoma humano, y sorprendentemente uno de los principales hallazgos fue que solo un 2% de la secuencia codifica para proteínas, lo cual dejó un interrogante sobre cómo funcionan y se regulan los procesos genéticos que llevan a la identidad celular. Desde entonces las investigaciones han permitido utilizar los principios que rigen estos procesos para ampliar el conocimiento de los mecanismos asociados a enfermedades. Gracias a estos avances, se ha buscado determinar aplicaciones clínicas dirigidas a los procesos involucrados en la expresión génica diferencial, lograr una mejor comprensión sobre los procesos patológicos de la enfermedad y desarrollar herramientas diagnósticas.
To narrow the gap between the bench and the clinic, healthcare personnel should have a basic understanding of molecular mechanisms ruling cell identity, since it establishes the key differences between health and disease states. Differential gene expression allows for protein synthesis required for the cell's biological function. In this process genes are selected from the entire genome to meet the cell's biological functioning and respond to internal and external stimuli. To this end, first the chromatin must be remodeled for the transcriptional machinery to gain access to DNA sequences coding for particular genes. DNA can then be transcribed into mRNA, followed by different processes leading to mature mRNA leaving the nucleus for protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. Any dysregulation in these processes results in disease. In the beginning of this millennium the human genome project sequenced the whole genome. Surprisingly, one of the main findings was only 2% of the genome represented protein coding sequences, which raised the question about the remainder of the genome and cell identity. Based on principles derived from the human genome project many investigations have shed light on mechanisms associated with disease. Thanks to advancements in differential gene expression, researchers are seeking for a better understanding in pathological processes associated with disease and the development of diagnostic tools.
Assuntos
Humanos , Epigenômica , Acetilação , MetilaçãoRESUMO
The seedless grapes BRS Clara and BRS Morena, developed in Brazil, are currently growing in popularity due to their premium texture and taste. However, there are no reports on the polyphenoloxidase (PPO) from these cultivars. In this paper, active and latent PPO from BRS Clara and BRS Morena seedless grapes were extracted using the non-ionic detergents Triton-X-100 (active) and Triton-X-114 (latent), and their catecholase activities were characterized. The PPO extracted using Triton-X-110 exhibited maximum activities at pH 6.0 and at 25 °C. Above 30 °C, a gradual decline in activities was noted, with complete inactivation at 60 °C. The PPO from grapes extracted with Triton-X-114 was activated with 0.2% of the ionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and exhibited maximum activities at pH 5.5 and at 30 °C. It was stable until the temperature reached 60 °C.
Assuntos
Catecol Oxidase/isolamento & purificação , Frutas/enzimologia , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Vitis/enzimologia , Brasil , Catecol Oxidase/química , Catecol Oxidase/metabolismo , Detergentes , Ativação Enzimática , Estabilidade Enzimática , Frutas/química , Frutas/metabolismo , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Isoenzimas/química , Isoenzimas/isolamento & purificação , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Cinética , Octoxinol , Fenóis/análise , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Polietilenoglicóis , Dodecilsulfato de Sódio , Temperatura , Vitis/química , Vitis/metabolismoRESUMO
The Bacillus subtilis genome encodes three apparent lipoyl ligase homologues: yhfJ, yqhM and ywfL, which we have renamed lplJ, lipM and lipL respectively. We show that LplJ encodes the sole lipoyl ligase of this bacterium. Physiological and biochemical characterization of a ΔlipM strain showed that LipM is absolutely required for the endogenous lipoylation of all lipoate-dependent proteins, confirming its role as the B. subtilis octanoyltransferase. However, we also report that in contrast to Escherichia coli, B. subtilis requires a third protein for lipoic acid assembly, LipL. B. subtilis ΔlipL strains are unable to synthesize lipoic acid despite the presence of LipM and the sulphur insertion enzyme, LipA, which should suffice for lipoic acid biosynthesis based on the E. coli model. LipM is only required for the endogenous lipoylation pathway, whereas LipL also plays a role in lipoic acid scavenging. Expression of E. coli lipB allows growth of B. subtilisΔlipL or ΔlipM strains in the absence of supplements. In contrast, growth of an E. coliΔlipB strain can be complemented with lipM, but not lipL. These data together with those of the companion article provide evidence that LipM and LipL catalyse sequential reactions in a novel pathway for lipoic acid biosynthesis.
Assuntos
Bacillus subtilis/enzimologia , Bacillus subtilis/genética , Vias Biossintéticas/genética , Genes Bacterianos , Ácido Tióctico/biossíntese , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Escherichia coli/genética , Deleção de Genes , Teste de Complementação Genética , Modelos BiológicosRESUMO
Lipoic acid is an essential cofactor required for the function of key metabolic pathways in most organisms. We report the characterization of a Bacillus subtilis mutant obtained by disruption of the lipA (yutB) gene, which encodes lipoyl synthase (LipA), the enzyme that catalyzes the final step in the de novo biosynthesis of this cofactor. The function of lipA was inferred from the results of genetic and physiological experiments, and this study investigated its role in B. subtilis fatty acid metabolism. Interrupting lipoate-dependent reactions strongly inhibits growth in minimal medium, impairing the generation of branched-chain fatty acids and leading to accumulation of copious amounts of straight-chain saturated fatty acids in B. subtilis membranes. Although depletion of LipA induces the expression of the Delta5 desaturase, controlled by a two-component system that senses changes in membrane properties, the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids is insufficient to support growth in the absence of precursors for branched-chain fatty acids. However, unsaturated fatty acids generated by deregulated overexpression of the Delta5 desaturase functionally replaces lipoic acid-dependent synthesis of branched-chain fatty acids. Furthermore, we show that the cold-sensitive phenotype of a B. subtilis strain deficient in Delta5 desaturase is suppressed by isoleucine only if LipA is present.
Assuntos
Bacillus subtilis/genética , Bacillus subtilis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/biossíntese , Sulfurtransferases/genética , Sulfurtransferases/metabolismo , Bacillus subtilis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Vias Biossintéticas , Meios de Cultura/química , Deleção de Genes , Técnicas de Inativação de GenesRESUMO
Polygalacturonases production by newly isolated Monascus sp N8 and Aspergillus sp N12 strains was carried out in solid-state fermentation using mixtures of wheat bran, sugar cane bagasse and orange bagasse as carbon sources. The maximal activity values of exo-polygalacturonases (exo-Pg) from Monascus sp and Aspergillus sp were obtained using wheat bran/sugar cane bagasse/orange bagasse mixture (6.6 U/mL) and wheat bran/orange bagasse mixture (10 U/mL), respectively. Enzyme production by both strains was higher at 45°C after 72 h and 1.6 U/mL at 50°C after 120 h. Endo-polygalacturonase (endo-Pg) production was higher in wheat bran/orange bagasse mixture and was not affected by temperature of incubation for both fungi. Endo-Pg production by Monascus was 1.8 U/mL at 45°C and 50°C, after 72. Similar values were obtained in Aspergillus sp culture, 1.9 U/mL at 45°C and 1.8 U/mL at 50°C. Exo-Pg from both strains showed optimum activity at pH 5.5. Maximal activity was determined at 60°C for enzyme from Monascus sp and 50°C for that produced by Aspergillus sp. Exo-Pg from Monascus sp was stable at pH range 4.5-6.0 whereas that from Aspergillus sp enzyme was stable at pH 4.0. Both enzymes showed stability when incubated at 50°C for 1 h, in absence of substrate.
A produção de poligalacturonases pelas linhagens fúngicas recentemente isoladas, Monascus sp N8 e Aspergillus sp N12, foi estudada através de fermentação em estado sólido usando como substratos misturas de farelo de trigo, bagaço da cana-de-açúcar e bagaço de laranja. A atividade máxima de exo-Pg produzida por Monascus sp (6,6 U/mL) foi obtida quando o meio de cultivo utilizado continha mistura de farelo de trigo, bagaço da cana-de-açúcar e bagaço de laranja (1:1:1), enquanto que Aspergillus sp produziu maior quantidade da enzima (10 U/mL) em meio de farelo de trigo e bagaço de laranja. A maior produção de exo-Pg foi obtida através de incubação das culturas a 45°C quando comparadas àquelas incubadas a 50°C. A produção de endo-poligalacturonase (endo-Pg) pelas duas linhagens não foi afetada pela temperatura de incubação. A atividade de endo-Pg em meio de cultura Monascus sp foi 1.8 U/mL a 45°C em 72 hs de fermentação e 1,6 U/mL a 50°C em 120 hs de fermentação nas mesmas condições. Valores semelhantes foram obtidos pelo cultivo de Aspergillus sp com 1.9 U/mL a 45°C a 1.8 U/mL at 50°C. As exo-poligalacturonases produzidas por ambas as linhagens mostraram maiores atividades em pH 5,5. Enzimas de Monascus sp foi mais ativa a 60°C e a de Aspergillus sp, a 50°C. A exo-Pg produzida por Monascus sp foi estável em valores de pH entre 4,5-6,0, enquanto a de Aspergillus sp foi estável somente em pH 4,0. Ambas as enzimas mostraram-se estáveis por 1 hora a 50°C, quando incubadas em ausência de substrato.
Assuntos
Aspergillus , Citrus sinensis , Técnicas In Vitro , Monascus/isolamento & purificação , Poligalacturonase , Saccharum , Fermentação , MétodosRESUMO
Polygalacturonases production by newly isolated Monascus sp N8 and Aspergillus sp N12 strains was carried out in solid-state fermentation using mixtures of wheat bran, sugar cane bagasse and orange bagasse as carbon sources. The maximal activity values of exo-polygalacturonases (exo-Pg) from Monascus sp and Aspergillus sp were obtained using wheat bran/sugar cane bagasse/orange bagasse mixture (6.6 U/mL) and wheat bran/orange bagasse mixture (10 U/mL), respectively. Enzyme production by both strains was higher at 45ºC after 72 h and 1.6 U/mL at 50ºC after 120 h. Endo-polygalacturonase (endo-Pg) production was higher in wheat bran/orange bagasse mixture and was not affected by temperature of incubation for both fungi. Endo-Pg production by Monascus was 1.8 U/mL at 45ºC and 50ºC, after 72. Similar values were obtained in Aspergillus sp culture, 1.9 U/mL at 45ºC and 1.8 U/mL at 50ºC. Exo-Pg from both strains showed optimum activity at pH 5.5. Maximal activity was determined at 60ºC for enzyme from Monascus sp and 50ºC for that produced by Aspergillus sp. Exo-Pg from Monascus sp was stable at pH range 4.5-6.0 whereas that from Aspergillus sp enzyme was stable at pH 4.0. Both enzymes showed stability when incubated at 50ºC for 1 h, in absence of substrate.
A produção de poligalacturonases pelas linhagens fúngicas recentemente isoladas, Monascus sp N8 e Aspergillus sp N12, foi estudada através de fermentação em estado sólido usando como substratos misturas de farelo de trigo, bagaço da cana-de-açúcar e bagaço de laranja. A atividade máxima de exo-Pg produzida por Monascus sp (6,6 U/mL) foi obtida quando o meio de cultivo utilizado continha mistura de farelo de trigo, bagaço da cana-de-açúcar e bagaço de laranja (1:1:1), enquanto que Aspergillus sp produziu maior quantidade da enzima (10 U/mL) em meio de farelo de trigo e bagaço de laranja. A maior produção de exo-Pg foi obtida através de incubação das culturas a 45ºC quando comparadas àquelas incubadas a 50ºC. A produção de endo-poligalacturonase (endo-Pg) pelas duas linhagens não foi afetada pela temperatura de incubação. A atividade de endo-Pg em meio de cultura Monascus sp foi 1.8 U/mL a 45ºC em 72 hs de fermentação e 1,6 U/mL a 50ºC em 120 hs de fermentação nas mesmas condições. Valores semelhantes foram obtidos pelo cultivo de Aspergillus sp com 1.9 U/mL a 45ºC a 1.8 U/mL at 50ºC. As exo-poligalacturonases produzidas por ambas as linhagens mostraram maiores atividades em pH 5,5. Enzimas de Monascus sp foi mais ativa a 60ºC e a de Aspergillus sp, a 50ºC. A exo-Pg produzida por Monascus sp foi estável em valores de pH entre 4,5-6,0, enquanto a de Aspergillus sp foi estável somente em pH 4,0. Ambas as enzimas mostraram-se estáveis por 1 hora a 50ºC, quando incubadas em ausência de substrato.
RESUMO
A produção de pectina liase e poligalacturonase por linhagens de fungos filamentosos isoladas, foi estudada através de fermentação em estado sólido utilizando subprodutos agro-industriais. Os fungos Moniliella sp SB9 e Penicillium sp EGC5 produziram consideráveis quantidades de PG e PL em substrato composto por mistura de bagaço de laranja, bagaço de cana de açúcar e farelo de trigo (1:1:1). As enzimas PG e PL, produzidas por Moniliella sp, apresentaram atividades ótimas em pH de 4,5 e 10,0 e em temperaturas de 55°C e 45°C, respectivamente. As mesmas enzimas, produzidas por Penicillium sp apresentaram atividades ótimas em pH 4,5-5,9 e 9,0 e 40°C, respectivamente.