RESUMO
Se determinó la composición molecular de ácidos húmicos (AH), extraídos del horizonte 'A' de suelos altoandinos de Colombia dedicados a tres usos: bosque primario, cultivos y praderas. Los AH se obtuvieron mediante extracción secuencial de la materia orgánica humificada (MOH) con soluciones de tetraborato, pirofosfato e hidróxido de sodio (0,1N), y fueron purificados mediante diferentes procesos analíticos. Su composición molecular se determinó a través de Py-GC/MS y THMA. Los diferentes productos de la pirólisis se clasificaron atendiendo a la familia química a la que pertenecen; prevalecieron los ácidos grasos (FA) como el producto más abundante en los AH de todos los usos, mientras que los fenoles, esteroles, S-compuestos y terpenos se encontraron en menor abundancia. Se presentaron diferencias en los porcentajes de abundancia relativa de los grupos identificados, demostrando así que el cambio de uso de suelo influye en sus propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas, por lo que se perciben diferentes grados de transformación que afectan la composición de los AH y su reactividad en el suelo.
It was determined the molecular composition of humic acids (HA) extracted from 'A' horizon in Colombian high Andean soils dedicated to three uses: primary forest, croplands and pastures. The AH were obtained by sequential extraction of humified organic matter (HOM) with tetraborate, pyrophosphate and sodium hydroxide (0.1N) solutions; HA were purified through various analytical processes. Its chemical composition was determined by Py-GC/MS and THMA. Different pyrolysis products were classified in response to the chemical family to which they belong, prevailed fatty acids (FA) as the most abundant in all AH, while phenols, sterols, terpenes and S-compounds were found in lower abundance. There were differences in the percentages of relative abundance of the identified groups, showing that the land use change influences the physical, chemical, and biological propertiers of soils that are perceived at different levels of transformation, affecting the HA composition and its reactivity in the soil.
Foi determinada a composição molecular de ácidos húmicos (AH), extraídos do horizonte 'A' dos solos altoandinos, Colômbia, surgiro a três usos: floresta primária, cultivo e pastagem. Os AH se obtiveram através de extração sequencial da Matéria Orgânica Humificada (MOH) com soluções de tetraborato, pirofosfato e hidróxido de sódio (0,1N), e foram purificados por diversos processos analíticos. A sua composição química foi determinada por Py-GC/MS e THMA. Os diferentes produtos da pirolise foram classificados atendendo à família química à que pertencem, prevaleceram os ácidos gordurosos (FA) como o produto mais abundante em todos os AH, enquanto os fenóis, esteróis, S-compostos e terpenos foram encontrados em menor abundância. Surgiram diferenças nas percentagens da abundância relativa dos grupos identificados, mostrando que a mudança de uso de solo influencia nas propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo podendo ser perceptíveis diferentes graus de transformação, que afetam a composição dos AH e sua reatividade no solo.
RESUMO
A number of multiresistant bacterial pathogens inactivate antibiotics by producing Zn(II)-dependent ß-lactamases. We show that metal uptake leading to an active dinuclear enzyme in the periplasmic space of Gram-negative bacteria is ensured by a cysteine residue, an unusual metal ligand in oxidizing environments. Kinetic, structural and affinity data show that such Zn(II)-cysteine interaction is an adaptive trait that tunes the metal binding affinity, thus enabling antibiotic resistance at restrictive Zn(II) concentrations.
Assuntos
Zinco/metabolismo , beta-Lactamases/metabolismo , Adaptação Fisiológica , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Desenho de Fármacos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Ligantes , Modelos Moleculares , Oxirredução , Periplasma , Ligação Proteica , Conformação Proteica , Zinco/química , beta-Lactamases/genéticaRESUMO
Metallo-beta-lactamases (MbetaLs) are bacterial Zn(II)-dependent hydrolases that confer broad-spectrum resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. These enzymes can be subdivided into three subclasses (B1, B2 and B3) that differ in their metal binding sites and their characteristic tertiary structure. To date there are no clinically useful pan-MbetaL inhibitors available, mainly due to the unawareness of key catalytic features common to all MbetaL brands. Here we have designed, expressed and characterized two double mutants of BcII, a di-Zn(II) B1-MbetaL from Bacillus cereus, namely BcII-R121H/C221D (BcII-HD) and BcII-R121H/C221S (BcII-HS). These mutants display modified environments at the so-called Zn2 site or DCH site, reproducing the metal coordination environments of structurally related metallohydrolases. Through a combination of structural and functional studies, we found that BcII-HD is an impaired beta-lactamase even as a di-Zn(II) enzyme, whereas BcII-HS exhibits the ability to exist as mono or di-Zn(II) species in solution, with different catalytic performances. We show that these effects result from an altered position of Zn2, which is incapable of providing a productive interaction with the substrate beta-lactam ring. These results indicate that the position of Zn2 is essential for a productive substrate binding and hydrolysis.