RESUMO

Vaccination is a strategy to the prevention and control of reproductive diseases caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1), however the various compositions of commercial vaccines should be evaluated for their ability to induce protection mediated by antibodies. The objective of this research was to evaluate the production of specific neutralizing Abs against BVDV-1 and 2, and BoHV-1 induced by commercial vaccines composed by different adjuvants. Holstein heifers were vaccinated and distributed in three experimental groups: Group I (G1) was vaccinated with a commercial vaccine containing inactivated BVDV-1, BVDV-2 and BoHV-1 diluted in alum hydroxide as adjuvant (n=9); Group II (G2) was vaccinated with an product containing inactivated strains of BVDV-1, BVDV-2, BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 diluted in oil emulsion as adjuvant (n=10); Group III (G3) was vaccinated with a commercial vaccine containing inactivated BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, besides live modified thermosensitive BoHV-1, diluted in Quil A, amphigen and cholesterol (n=10); A control, non-vaccinated group (n=6) was mock vaccinated with saline. Heifers received two subcutaneous doses of 5mL of each commercial vaccine on the right side of the neck, with 21 days interval. Humoral immune response was assessed by the virus neutralization test (VN) against BVDV-1 (NADL and Singer strains), BVDV-2 (SV253 strain) and BoHV-1 (Los Angeles strain) in serum samples collected on vaccination days zero (D0), 21 (D21) and 42 (D42; 21 days after boosting). Neutralizing Abs against BVDV-1 NADL was detected only in D42, regardless of the vaccine used. Similar geometric mean titers (GMT) for BVDV-1 NADL were observed between G1 (log2=5.1) and G3 (log2=5.1). The seroconversion rate (%) was higher in G1 (78%) when compared to G2 (10%) and G3 (40%)...

A vacinação é utilizada como estratégia para a prevenção e controle das doenças reprodutivas, causadas pelos vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) e herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BoHV-1), entretanto, as diversas composições de vacinas comerciais devem ser avaliadas quanto a sua eficiência protetiva mediada por anticorpos (Acs). O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a produção Acs neutralizantes específicos para cepas de BVDV-1 e 2, e BoHV-1 induzida por vacinas comerciais contendo diferentes tipos de adjuvantes. Para tal, novilhas Holandesas foram vacinadas e distribuídas em três grupos experimentais: Grupo I (G1) foi vacinado com uma vacina comercial composta por cepas inativadas de BVDV-1, BVDV-2 e BoHV-1 diluídas em hidróxido de alumínio como adjuvante (n=9); Grupo II (G2) foi vacinado com produto contendo as cepas inativadas de BVDV-1, BVDV-2, BoHV-1 e BoHV-5 em uma emulsão oleosa como adjuvante (n=10); O Grupo III (G3) foi vacinado com uma vacina comercial contendo BVDV-1 e BVDV-2 inativado, além do BoHV-1 vivo modificado e termosensivel, diluídos em adjuvante contendo Quil A, Amphigem e colesterol (n=10); O Grupo Controle não vacinado (n=6) foi inoculado com solução salina. As novilhas receberam duas doses das respectivas vacinas ou solução salina (5mL), com intervalo de 21 dias, por via subcutânea, na tábua do pescoço do lado direito. A resposta imune humoral foi avaliada pelo teste de vírus neutralização (VN) contra o BVDV-1 (cepas NADL e Singer), BVDV-2 (cepa SV253) e BoHV-1 (cepa Los Angeles) em amostras de soro coletadas nos dias (D) de vacinação zero (D0), 21 dias após 1ª dose (D21)e 42 (D42; 21 dias após A 2ª dose). Os anticorpos neutralizantes contra o BVDV-1 NADL foram detectados apenas em D42, independentemente da vacina utilizada. Os títulos médios geométricos (GMT) de anticorpos foram semelhantes entre G1 (log2=5,1) e G3 (log2=5,1). A taxa de soroconversão foi maior no G1 (78%) quando comparado ao G2 (10%) e G3 (40%)...(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Vaccination is a strategy to the prevention and control of reproductive diseases caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1), however the various compositions of commercial vaccines should be evaluated for their ability to induce protection mediated by antibodies. The objective of this research was to evaluate the production of specific neutralizing Abs against BVDV-1 and 2, and BoHV-1 induced by commercial vaccines composed by different adjuvants. Holstein heifers were vaccinated and distributed in three experimental groups: Group I (G1) was vaccinated with a commercial vaccine containing inactivated BVDV-1, BVDV-2 and BoHV-1 diluted in alum hydroxide as adjuvant (n=9); Group II (G2) was vaccinated with an product containing inactivated strains of BVDV-1, BVDV-2, BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 diluted in oil emulsion as adjuvant (n=10); Group III (G3) was vaccinated with a commercial vaccine containing inactivated BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, besides live modified thermosensitive BoHV-1, diluted in Quil A, amphigen and cholesterol (n=10); A control, non-vaccinated group (n=6) was mock vaccinated with saline. Heifers received two subcutaneous doses of 5mL of each commercial vaccine on the right side of the neck, with 21 days interval. Humoral immune response was assessed by the virus neutralization test (VN) against BVDV-1 (NADL and Singer strains), BVDV-2 (SV253 strain) and BoHV-1 (Los Angeles strain) in serum samples collected on vaccination days zero (D0), 21 (D21) and 42 (D42; 21 days after boosting). Neutralizing Abs against BVDV-1 NADL was detected only in D42, regardless of the vaccine used. Similar geometric mean titers (GMT) for BVDV-1 NADL were observed between G1 (log2=5.1) and G3 (log2=5.1). The seroconversion rate (%) was higher in G1 (78%) when compared to G2 (10%) and G3 (40%). For BVDV-1 Singer, it was also possible to detect Abs production in G1 (log2=5.8, 100% seroconversion rate) and G3 (log2=3.5, seroconversion rate = 60%), only after the booster dose (D42). Neutralizing Abs to BVDV-2 (SV253) were detected only in G3, observing 90% seroconversion associated with high titers of Abs (log2=6.7) after the 2nd dose of vaccine (D42). Heifers from G1 and G3 responded to BoHV-1 after the first dose (D21): G1 (log2=2.5, seroconversion rate = 67%) and G3 (log2=0.7, seroconversion rate = 80%). In D42, a higher magnitude response was observed in the heifers from G3 (log2=6.1, 100%) compared with G1 (log2=4.3, 100%) and G2 (log2=2.7, 60%). Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the commercial vaccine contained aluminum hydroxide (G1) was most effective in the induction of antibodies against BVDV-1. On the other hand, this vaccine did not induce the production of neutralizing Abs against BVDV-2. Only the heifers from G3 (Quil A, amphigen and cholesterol) generated neutralizing Abs against BVDV-2. The animals that received commercial vaccine containing oil emulsion as adjuvant (G2) had a weak/undetectable response against BVDV-1 and BVDV-2. The best protective response against BoHV-1 was observed in heifers vaccinated with the live modified thermosensitive virus.(AU)

A vacinação é utilizada como estratégia para a prevenção e controle das doenças reprodutivas, causadas pelos vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) e herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BoHV-1), entretanto, as diversas composições de vacinas comerciais devem ser avaliadas quanto a sua eficiência protetiva mediada por anticorpos (Acs). O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a produção Acs neutralizantes específicos para cepas de BVDV-1 e 2, e BoHV-1 induzida por vacinas comerciais contendo diferentes tipos de adjuvantes. Para tal, novilhas Holandesas foram vacinadas e distribuídas em três grupos experimentais: Grupo I (G1) foi vacinado com uma vacina comercial composta por cepas inativadas de BVDV-1, BVDV-2 e BoHV-1 diluídas em hidróxido de alumínio como adjuvante (n=9); Grupo II (G2) foi vacinado com produto contendo as cepas inativadas de BVDV-1, BVDV-2, BoHV-1 e BoHV-5 em uma emulsão oleosa como adjuvante (n=10); O Grupo III (G3) foi vacinado com uma vacina comercial contendo BVDV-1 e BVDV-2 inativado, além do BoHV-1 vivo modificado e termosensivel, diluídos em adjuvante contendo Quil A, Amphigem e colesterol (n=10); O Grupo Controle não vacinado (n=6) foi inoculado com solução salina. As novilhas receberam duas doses das respectivas vacinas ou solução salina (5mL), com intervalo de 21 dias, por via subcutânea, na tábua do pescoço do lado direito. A resposta imune humoral foi avaliada pelo teste de vírus neutralização (VN) contra o BVDV-1 (cepas NADL e Singer), BVDV-2 (cepa SV253) e BoHV-1 (cepa Los Angeles) em amostras de soro coletadas nos dias (D) de vacinação zero (D0), 21 dias após 1ª dose (D21)e 42 (D42; 21 dias após A 2ª dose). Os anticorpos neutralizantes contra o BVDV-1 NADL foram detectados apenas em D42, independentemente da vacina utilizada. Os títulos médios geométricos (GMT) de anticorpos foram semelhantes entre G1 (log2=5,1) e G3 (log2=5,1). A taxa de soroconversão foi maior no G1 (78%) quando comparado ao G2 (10%) e G3 (40%). Para o BVDV-1 Singer, somente após D42 foi observada a produção de Acs no G1 (log2=5,8; taxa de soroconversão de 100%) e G3 (log2=3,5; taxa de soroconversão = 60%). Os anticorpos contra BVDV-2 (SV253) foram detectados apenas nas novilhas do G3, observando-se taxa de soroconversão de 90% com altos títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes (log2=6,7) em D42. Novilhas G1 e G3 responderam ao BoHV-1 após a primeira dose (D21): G1 (log2=2,5; taxa de seroconversão = 67%) e G3 (log2=0,7; taxa de seroconversão = 80%). Em contrapartida, foi observada uma maior magnitude de resposta para as novilhas G3 (log2=6,1; 100%) em D42, em relação aos animais G1 (log2=4,3; 100%) e G2 (log2=2,7; 60%). Com base nos dados obtidos, foi possível concluir que a vacina composta por hidróxido de alumínio (G1) foi mais eficaz na produção de anticorpos contra o BVDV-1, em contrapartida esse produto não induziu anticorpos contra o BVDV-2. Apenas as novilhas do G3 (Quil A, amphigen e colesterol) geraram Acs neutralizantes contra o BVDV-2. Os animais que receberam a vacina em emulsão oleosa (G2) como adjuvante apresentaram uma resposta fraca/indetectável contra o BVDV-1 e BVDV-2. A melhor resposta protetiva contra o BoHV-1 foi observada nas novilhas vacinadas com a vacina viva modificada termosensível.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

After vaccination, vaccine components must activate the immune response, but the ideal vaccine should not result in undesirable effects in cattle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inflammatory and humoral responses and adverse reactions induced by three adjuvanted commercial vaccines against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1). Holstein heifers (n = 35) were divided into four groups by adjuvant compounds: Vaccine A (Alum; n=9), Vaccine B (Oil-in-water; n=10), Vaccine C (Amphigen/Quil A cholesterol and dimethyl-dioctadecyl ammonium (DDA) bromide (QAD; n=10), and Control (n=6). Heifers were assessed at 0 h, 6, 24, 48, 72 and 168 h post-vaccination; serology was evaluated at first dose (D0), booster (D21) and D42. Heifers vaccinated with Vaccine B (p= 0.0001) and C (p= 0.0001) had a more intense local reaction, while there was a higher rectal temperature detected in heifers vaccinated with Vaccine C (p= 0.020). There was greater systemic reaction observed for heifers vaccinated with Vaccines B and C at 48h (p= 0.002) after a second dose. Clinical pathology parameters [white blood count (WBC) (p = 0.001), neutrophils (p = 0.0001) and haptoglobin concentrations (p = 0.0001)] were higher in animals vaccinated with Vaccine C. Neutralizing Abs against BVDV type 1 strains, NADL and Singer, were detected in animals vaccinated with Vaccines A or C at D42, while BVDV-2 antibodies were detected only in animals vaccinated with Vaccine C. A BHV-1 antibody was detected in all three vaccine groups (Vaccines A, B or C) at day 42 (21 days post booster vaccination). The findings of this research were based on three different commercial laboratory formulations and also according to the conditions which the study was conducted. In this context, vaccine containing mineral oil or Amphigen/QAD presented greater local reactivity and induced a significant systemic inflammatory response. Vaccinated heifers with Alum and Amphigen/QAD commercial vaccines enhanced humoral immune response against BVDV and BHV-1.

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: Vaccination is a strategy to the prevention and control of reproductive diseases caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1), however the various compositions of commercial vaccines should be evaluated for their ability to induce protection mediated by antibodies. The objective of this research was to evaluate the production of specific neutralizing Abs against BVDV-1 and 2, and BoHV-1 induced by commercial vaccines composed by different adjuvants. Holstein heifers were vaccinated and distributed in three experimental groups: Group I (G1) was vaccinated with a commercial vaccine containing inactivated BVDV-1, BVDV-2 and BoHV-1 diluted in alum hydroxide as adjuvant (n=9); Group II (G2) was vaccinated with an product containing inactivated strains of BVDV-1, BVDV-2, BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 diluted in oil emulsion as adjuvant (n=10); Group III (G3) was vaccinated with a commercial vaccine containing inactivated BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, besides live modified thermosensitive BoHV-1, diluted in Quil A, amphigen and cholesterol (n=10); A control, non-vaccinated group (n=6) was mock vaccinated with saline. Heifers received two subcutaneous doses of 5mL of each commercial vaccine on the right side of the neck, with 21 days interval. Humoral immune response was assessed by the virus neutralization test (VN) against BVDV-1 (NADL and Singer strains), BVDV-2 (SV253 strain) and BoHV-1 (Los Angeles strain) in serum samples collected on vaccination days zero (D0), 21 (D21) and 42 (D42; 21 days after boosting). Neutralizing Abs against BVDV-1 NADL was detected only in D42, regardless of the vaccine used. Similar geometric mean titers (GMT) for BVDV-1 NADL were observed between G1 (log2=5.1) and G3 (log2=5.1). The seroconversion rate (%) was higher in G1 (78%) when compared to G2 (10%) and G3 (40%). For BVDV-1 Singer, it was also possible to detect Abs production in G1 (log2=5.8, 100% seroconversion rate) and G3 (log2=3.5, seroconversion rate = 60%), only after the booster dose (D42). Neutralizing Abs to BVDV-2 (SV253) were detected only in G3, observing 90% seroconversion associated with high titers of Abs (log2=6.7) after the 2nd dose of vaccine (D42). Heifers from G1 and G3 responded to BoHV-1 after the first dose (D21): G1 (log2=2.5, seroconversion rate = 67%) and G3 (log2=0.7, seroconversion rate = 80%). In D42, a higher magnitude response was observed in the heifers from G3 (log2=6.1, 100%) compared with G1 (log2=4.3, 100%) and G2 (log2=2.7, 60%). Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the commercial vaccine contained aluminum hydroxide (G1) was most effective in the induction of antibodies against BVDV-1. On the other hand, this vaccine did not induce the production of neutralizing Abs against BVDV-2. Only the heifers from G3 (Quil A, amphigen and cholesterol) generated neutralizing Abs against BVDV-2. The animals that received commercial vaccine containing oil emulsion as adjuvant (G2) had a weak/undetectable response against BVDV-1 and BVDV-2. The best protective response against BoHV-1 was observed in heifers vaccinated with the live modified thermosensitive virus.

RESUMO: A vacinação é utilizada como estratégia para a prevenção e controle das doenças reprodutivas, causadas pelos vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) e herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BoHV-1), entretanto, as diversas composições de vacinas comerciais devem ser avaliadas quanto a sua eficiência protetiva mediada por anticorpos (Acs). O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a produção Acs neutralizantes específicos para cepas de BVDV-1 e 2, e BoHV-1 induzida por vacinas comerciais contendo diferentes tipos de adjuvantes. Para tal, novilhas Holandesas foram vacinadas e distribuídas em três grupos experimentais: Grupo I (G1) foi vacinado com uma vacina comercial composta por cepas inativadas de BVDV-1, BVDV-2 e BoHV-1 diluídas em hidróxido de alumínio como adjuvante (n=9); Grupo II (G2) foi vacinado com produto contendo as cepas inativadas de BVDV-1, BVDV-2, BoHV-1 e BoHV-5 em uma emulsão oleosa como adjuvante (n=10); O Grupo III (G3) foi vacinado com uma vacina comercial contendo BVDV-1 e BVDV-2 inativado, além do BoHV-1 vivo modificado e termosensivel, diluídos em adjuvante contendo Quil A, Amphigem e colesterol (n=10); O Grupo Controle não vacinado (n=6) foi inoculado com solução salina. As novilhas receberam duas doses das respectivas vacinas ou solução salina (5mL), com intervalo de 21 dias, por via subcutânea, na tábua do pescoço do lado direito. A resposta imune humoral foi avaliada pelo teste de vírus neutralização (VN) contra o BVDV-1 (cepas NADL e Singer), BVDV-2 (cepa SV253) e BoHV-1 (cepa Los Angeles) em amostras de soro coletadas nos dias (D) de vacinação zero (D0), 21 dias após 1ª dose (D21)e 42 (D42; 21 dias após A 2ª dose). Os anticorpos neutralizantes contra o BVDV-1 NADL foram detectados apenas em D42, independentemente da vacina utilizada. Os títulos médios geométricos (GMT) de anticorpos foram semelhantes entre G1 (log2=5,1) e G3 (log2=5,1). A taxa de soroconversão foi maior no G1 (78%) quando comparado ao G2 (10%) e G3 (40%). Para o BVDV-1 Singer, somente após D42 foi observada a produção de Acs no G1 (log2=5,8; taxa de soroconversão de 100%) e G3 (log2=3,5; taxa de soroconversão = 60%). Os anticorpos contra BVDV-2 (SV253) foram detectados apenas nas novilhas do G3, observando-se taxa de soroconversão de 90% com altos títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes (log2=6,7) em D42. Novilhas G1 e G3 responderam ao BoHV-1 após a primeira dose (D21): G1 (log2=2,5; taxa de seroconversão = 67%) e G3 (log2=0,7; taxa de seroconversão = 80%). Em contrapartida, foi observada uma maior magnitude de resposta para as novilhas G3 (log2=6,1; 100%) em D42, em relação aos animais G1 (log2=4,3; 100%) e G2 (log2=2,7; 60%). Com base nos dados obtidos, foi possível concluir que a vacina composta por hidróxido de alumínio (G1) foi mais eficaz na produção de anticorpos contra o BVDV-1, em contrapartida esse produto não induziu anticorpos contra o BVDV-2. Apenas as novilhas do G3 (Quil A, amphigen e colesterol) geraram Acs neutralizantes contra o BVDV-2. Os animais que receberam a vacina em emulsão oleosa (G2) como adjuvante apresentaram uma resposta fraca/indetectável contra o BVDV-1 e BVDV-2. A melhor resposta protetiva contra o BoHV-1 foi observada nas novilhas vacinadas com a vacina viva modificada termosensível.

RESUMO

Rumen fluid obtained from slaughter houses is sometimes used for transfaunation. In this study, we evaluated the ruminal fluid of cattle fed on pasture or pasture and concentrate and slaughtered recently.The rumen fluid samples were stored in a water bath, at ambient temperature, cooled, or frozen and subjected to physical, chemical, and microbiological evaluation for 24 h. The color, consistency, and odor changed primarily in the cooled samples, followed by the ambient temperature and water bath samples. The pH of fresh ruminal fluid was 7.5 in the pasture group and 6.4 in the pasture and concentrate group. The methylene blue reduction time of the fresh ruminal fluid was 2.35 min in the pasture group and 1.86 min in the pasture and concentrate group; the best values were observed in the water bath group. The chloride content was 15.7 mEq/l in the pasture group and 16.3±3.6 mEq/l in the pasture and concentrate group. A predominance of gram-negative bacteria was observed. The concentration of protozoa was 51.5 in the pasture group and 47.5 × 104/ml in the pasture and concentrate group, with a slight predominance of small protozoa; motility was better in the water bath samples than in the ambient temperature, cooled, and frozen samples. The viability of ruminal fluid collected from freshly slaughtered cattle was influenced by food provided in vivo; however, changes as a function of time and storage temperature were more remarkable. The rumen fluid was viable for up to 9 h when stored in the water bath (38°C) and 2 h at ambient temperature, and it was observed to be nonviable when subjected to cooling or freezing.(AU)

Algumas vezes é necessário utilizar fluido ruminal obtido em abatedouros para transfaunação. Este estudo avaliou o fluido ruminal de bovinos recém abatidos alimentados in vivo com pasto ou pasto e concentrado estocados sob banho-maria, temperatura ambiente, refrigerado ou congelado submetidos à análise física, química e microbiológica por 24 horas. A cor, consistência e odor se alteraram primeiramente em refrigeração, seguido por temperatura ambiente e banho-maria. A fresco (TF) o pH foi de 7,5 no grupo pasto e 6,4 no grupo pasto e concentrado. O tempo de redução do azul de metileno a fresco foi 2.35 min no grupo pasto e 1.86 no grupo que recebeu pasto e concentrado, os melhores valores foram encontrados no grupo banho-maria. A concentração de cloreto no grupo pasto foi 15,7 e no grupo pasto e concentrado foi 16,3 mEq/L. Em relação às bactérias houve predomínio de Gram negativas. A concentração de protozoários foi 51,5 no grupo pasto e 47,5x104/ml no grupo pasto e concentrado com ligeira dominância de protozoários pequenos; a motilidade foi melhor em banho maria que em temperatura ambiente, refrigerado ou congelado, respectivamente. A viabilidade do fluido ruminal coletado de bovinos recém abatidos é influenciada pela alimentação in vivo, mas as alterações decorrentes do tempo e da temperatura de estocagem são mais marcantes. O fluido ruminal é viável por nove horas quando estocado em banho-maria (38°C), duas horas sob temperatura ambiente e mostra-se inadequado após refrigeração ou congelamento.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Rumen fluid obtained from slaughter houses is sometimes used for transfaunation. In this study, we evaluated the ruminal fluid of cattle fed on pasture or pasture and concentrate and slaughtered recently.The rumen fluid samples were stored in a water bath, at ambient temperature, cooled, or frozen and subjected to physical, chemical, and microbiological evaluation for 24 h. The color, consistency, and odor changed primarily in the cooled samples, followed by the ambient temperature and water bath samples. The pH of fresh ruminal fluid was 7.5 in the pasture group and 6.4 in the pasture and concentrate group. The methylene blue reduction time of the fresh ruminal fluid was 2.35 min in the pasture group and 1.86 min in the pasture and concentrate group; the best values were observed in the water bath group. The chloride content was 15.7 mEq/l in the pasture group and 16.3±3.6 mEq/l in the pasture and concentrate group. A predominance of gram-negative bacteria was observed. The concentration of protozoa was 51.5 in the pasture group and 47.5 × 104/ml in the pasture and concentrate group, with a slight predominance of small protozoa; motility was better in the water bath samples than in the ambient temperature, cooled, and frozen samples. The viability of ruminal fluid collected from freshly slaughtered cattle was influenced by food provided in vivo; however, changes as a function of time and storage temperature were more remarkable. The rumen fluid was viable for up to 9 h when stored in the water bath (38°C) and 2 h at ambient temperature, and it was observed to be nonviable when subjected to cooling or freezing.

Algumas vezes é necessário utilizar fluido ruminal obtido em abatedouros para transfaunação. Este estudo avaliou o fluido ruminal de bovinos recém abatidos alimentados in vivo com pasto ou pasto e concentrado estocados sob banho-maria, temperatura ambiente, refrigerado ou congelado submetidos à análise física, química e microbiológica por 24 horas. A cor, consistência e odor se alteraram primeiramente em refrigeração, seguido por temperatura ambiente e banho-maria. A fresco (TF) o pH foi de 7,5 no grupo pasto e 6,4 no grupo pasto e concentrado. O tempo de redução do azul de metileno a fresco foi 2.35 min no grupo pasto e 1.86 no grupo que recebeu pasto e concentrado, os melhores valores foram encontrados no grupo banho-maria. A concentração de cloreto no grupo pasto foi 15,7 e no grupo pasto e concentrado foi 16,3 mEq/L. Em relação às bactérias houve predomínio de Gram negativas. A concentração de protozoários foi 51,5 no grupo pasto e 47,5x104/ml no grupo pasto e concentrado com ligeira dominância de protozoários pequenos; a motilidade foi melhor em banho maria que em temperatura ambiente, refrigerado ou congelado, respectivamente. A viabilidade do fluido ruminal coletado de bovinos recém abatidos é influenciada pela alimentação in vivo, mas as alterações decorrentes do tempo e da temperatura de estocagem são mais marcantes. O fluido ruminal é viável por nove horas quando estocado em banho-maria (38°C), duas horas sob temperatura ambiente e mostra-se inadequado após refrigeração ou congelamento.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The present report describes the case of a male adult Dorper sheep with abdominal distention. The animal had already presented several episodes of bloat. Ruminocentesis was performed and there was a lot of gas output. An attempt was made to pass an orogastric tube up to the rumen in order to remove the content, but there was no progression. Contrast radiograph revealed esophageal dilation, accumulation of contrast in the esophageal lumen and ventral displacement of the trachea, suggesting megaesophagus. The patient still had signs of pneumonia resulting from aspiration of regurgitated content. The animal was submitted to euthanasia and in necropsy, there was enlargement of esophageal diameter and food content inside. Microscopic examination showed edema at lamina propria and submucosa of the esophagus. Megaesophagus diagnosis was based on clinical signs associated with findings from contrast radiograph and post-mortem exam.(AU)

O presente relato descreve o caso de um ovino adulto Dorper com distensão abdominal. O animal já havia apresentado vários episódios de timpanismo. Inicialmente realizou-se rumenocentese devido à intensa produção de gás e, então, tentou-se passar uma sonda orogástrica para remover o conteúdo ruminal, mas não houve progressão. A radiografia contrastada revelou dilatação esofágica, acúmulo de contraste na luz do esôfago e deslocamento ventral da traqueia, sugerindo megaesôfago. O paciente ainda apresentava pneumonia resultante da aspiração de conteúdo regurgitado. O animal foi submetido à eutanásia e necropsia com observação de aumento do diâmetro esofágico e acúmulo de conteúdo alimentar na luz. O exame microscópico mostrou edema na lâmina própria e submucosa do esôfago. O diagnóstico de megaesôfago foi baseado nas manifestações clínicas associadas aos resultados da radiografia contrastada e exame post mortem.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The present report describes the case of a male adult Dorper sheep with abdominal distention. The animal had already presented several episodes of bloat. Ruminocentesis was performed and there was a lot of gas output. An attempt was made to pass an orogastric tube up to the rumen in order to remove the content, but there was no progression. Contrast radiograph revealed esophageal dilation, accumulation of contrast in the esophageal lumen and ventral displacement of the trachea, suggesting megaesophagus. The patient still had signs of pneumonia resulting from aspiration of regurgitated content. The animal was submitted to euthanasia and in necropsy, there was enlargement of esophageal diameter and food content inside. Microscopic examination showed edema at lamina propria and submucosa of the esophagus. Megaesophagus diagnosis was based on clinical signs associated with findings from contrast radiograph and post-mortem exam.

O presente relato descreve o caso de um ovino adulto Dorper com distensão abdominal. O animal já havia apresentado vários episódios de timpanismo. Inicialmente realizou-se rumenocentese devido à intensa produção de gás e, então, tentou-se passar uma sonda orogástrica para remover o conteúdo ruminal, mas não houve progressão. A radiografia contrastada revelou dilatação esofágica, acúmulo de contraste na luz do esôfago e deslocamento ventral da traqueia, sugerindo megaesôfago. O paciente ainda apresentava pneumonia resultante da aspiração de conteúdo regurgitado. O animal foi submetido à eutanásia e necropsia com observação de aumento do diâmetro esofágico e acúmulo de conteúdo alimentar na luz. O exame microscópico mostrou edema na lâmina própria e submucosa do esôfago. O diagnóstico de megaesôfago foi baseado nas manifestações clínicas associadas aos resultados da radiografia contrastada e exame post mortem.

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BACKGROUND: Cryptococcus gattii-induced cryptococcosis is an emerging infectious disease of humans and animals with worldwide distribution and public health importance due to its significant morbidity and mortality rate. The present study aimed to report a case of pulmonary infection by C. gattii molecular type VGII in State of São Paulo, Brazil. CASE PRESENTATION: A 5-year-old goat showing intermittent dry cough, ruminal tympany, anorexia, fever, tachycardia and tachypnea was presented for necropsy at the Veterinary Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil. Postmortem examination revealed numerous 2.0-6.0 cm diameter yellow gelatinous pulmonary masses. Tissues were evaluated by a combination of pathological, mycological, and molecular diagnostic techniques. Microscopically, pneumonia granulomatous, multifocal to coalescing, moderate, with many intralesional carminophilic yeasts was observed. The immunohistochemistry and mycological culture confirmed Cryptococcus spp. Internal transcribed spacers and orotidine monophosphate pyrophosphorylase nucleotide differentiation demonstrated that the isolate corresponds to the C. gattii VGII molecular subtype. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first report of a pulmonary infection in a goat linked to C. gattii molecular type VGII in Southeastern Brazil. Our findings emphasize the need for an active surveillance program for human and animal new infections to improve the current public health policies due to expansion of the epidemiological niche of this important microorganism.

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Background: Infections are caused by Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and still continue to be a worldwide plague in cattle industry. It is responsible for sudden death syndromes in adult cattle with high mortality rates, abortions, acute gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases. The BVDV infection occurs in early pregnancy (40-142 days), in immunosuppressed females or cows results in 100% of persistently infected (PI) calves that are seronegative and asymptomatic at birth. Evidences suggests that BVDV contributes to BRD complex potentiating secondary infections caused by Mannheimia haemolytica e Pasteurella multocida due to its immunosuppressive action. However, the farmers have often associated the respiratory syndrome with other infectious agents. This paper reports the attendance of dairy calves manifesting clinical signs of bronchopneumonia, which led to the screening of the persistently infected animals to control of the BVDV infection in the herd. Materials, Methods & Results: During the technical assistance, ten calves manifesting bronchopneumonia were selected to trans-tracheal lavage (TL) in order to identify possible infectious agents. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detected the presence of BVDV in two heifers. Pasteurella multocida was the unique bacterial agent isolated from TL (5/10, 50%). These data motivated the technical team and [...](AU)

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Background: Infections are caused by Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and still continue to be a worldwide plague in cattle industry. It is responsible for sudden death syndromes in adult cattle with high mortality rates, abortions, acute gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases. The BVDV infection occurs in early pregnancy (40-142 days), in immunosuppressed females or cows results in 100% of persistently infected (PI) calves that are seronegative and asymptomatic at birth. Evidences suggests that BVDV contributes to BRD complex potentiating secondary infections caused by Mannheimia haemolytica e Pasteurella multocida due to its immunosuppressive action. However, the farmers have often associated the respiratory syndrome with other infectious agents. This paper reports the attendance of dairy calves manifesting clinical signs of bronchopneumonia, which led to the screening of the persistently infected animals to control of the BVDV infection in the herd. Materials, Methods & Results: During the technical assistance, ten calves manifesting bronchopneumonia were selected to trans-tracheal lavage (TL) in order to identify possible infectious agents. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detected the presence of BVDV in two heifers. Pasteurella multocida was the unique bacterial agent isolated from TL (5/10, 50%). These data motivated the technical team and [...]

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The detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection, especially among persistently infected calves (PI), should be performed earlier in order to eliminate the source of the infection and to prevent the spread of the disease in the herd. However, colostrum intake can influence the results of some of the tests used to diagnose the BVDV infection. Therefore, this study evaluated the efficacy of serum neutralization (SN) test in conjunction with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the diagnosis of BVDV infection before colostrum intake. The deliveries of the animals were assisted to select 52 newborn Holstein calves for inclusion in the study. Initially, the whole blood and serum samples were collected from the calves before (T0) and after (T1) the colostrum intake. The calves that were RT-PCR positive at any of the time-points were retested on the 30th day post birth (T2). The presence of specific antibodies for BVDV was evaluated by SN, and that of viral RNA by the RT-PCR. The BVDV-specific antibodies were observed in the serum of 13.46% (7/52) of the calves at T0 because of fetal infection. At T1, seroconversion was observed in 100% (52/52) of the calves. The geometric mean titers (GMT) of the antibodies for BVDV increased significantly from T0 (14.52) to T1 (2490) (P = 0.0001). Of the four calves that were RT-PCR positive before colostrum...(AU)

Infecção causada pelo BVDV, especialmente bezerras persistentemente infectadas (PI), deve ser detectada precocemente para eliminação da fonte de infecção e disseminação da doença no rebanho. No entanto, a mamada de colostro interfere em alguns testes adotados para o diagnóstico da Diarréia Viral Bovina. Assim, esta pesquisa avaliou o uso da soroneutralização (SN) em associação com a reação em cadeia de polimerase precedida da transcrição reversa (RT-PCR) para diagnóstico da infecção pelo BVDV antes da mamada de colostro. Partos foram acompanhados para seleção de 52 bezerras da raça Holandesa. Inicialmente foram coletadas amostras de sangue total e soro de todos os animais antes (T0) e após a mamada do colostro (T1). Os animais positivos no RT-PCR em qualquer momento foram retestados aos 30 dias de vida (T2). A detecção de anticorpos específicos para o BVDV foi feita por meio da técnica de soroneutralização e a detecção do RNA viral pela técnica de RT-PCR. Foram observados anticorpos neutralizantes no soro sanguíneo em 13,46% (7/52) bezerras no T0, proveniente de infecção fetal; e no T1 observou-se soroconversão de 100% (52/52) das bezerras. Os títulos médios geométricos (GMT) de anticorpos para BVDV aumentaram significativamente do T0 (14,52) para o T1 (2.490) (P=0,0001). Quatro bezerros foram positivos no RT-PCR antes da mamada de colostro (T0), sendo que dois deles eram...(AU)

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The detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection, especially among persistently infected calves (PI), should be performed earlier in order to eliminate the source of the infection and to prevent the spread of the disease in the herd. However, colostrum intake can influence the results of some of the tests used to diagnose the BVDV infection. Therefore, this study evaluated the efficacy of serum neutralization (SN) test in conjunction with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the diagnosis of BVDV infection before colostrum intake. The deliveries of the animals were assisted to select 52 newborn Holstein calves for inclusion in the study. Initially, the whole blood and serum samples were collected from the calves before (T0) and after (T1) the colostrum intake. The calves that were RT-PCR positive at any of the time-points were retested on the 30th day post birth (T2). The presence of specific antibodies for BVDV was evaluated by SN, and that of viral RNA by the RT-PCR. The BVDV-specific antibodies were observed in the serum of 13.46% (7/52) of the calves at T0 because of fetal infection. At T1, seroconversion was observed in 100% (52/52) of the calves. The geometric mean titers (GMT) of the antibodies for BVDV increased significantly from T0 (14.52) to T1 (2490) (P = 0.0001). Of the four calves that were RT-PCR positive before colostrum...

Infecção causada pelo BVDV, especialmente bezerras persistentemente infectadas (PI), deve ser detectada precocemente para eliminação da fonte de infecção e disseminação da doença no rebanho. No entanto, a mamada de colostro interfere em alguns testes adotados para o diagnóstico da Diarréia Viral Bovina. Assim, esta pesquisa avaliou o uso da soroneutralização (SN) em associação com a reação em cadeia de polimerase precedida da transcrição reversa (RT-PCR) para diagnóstico da infecção pelo BVDV antes da mamada de colostro. Partos foram acompanhados para seleção de 52 bezerras da raça Holandesa. Inicialmente foram coletadas amostras de sangue total e soro de todos os animais antes (T0) e após a mamada do colostro (T1). Os animais positivos no RT-PCR em qualquer momento foram retestados aos 30 dias de vida (T2). A detecção de anticorpos específicos para o BVDV foi feita por meio da técnica de soroneutralização e a detecção do RNA viral pela técnica de RT-PCR. Foram observados anticorpos neutralizantes no soro sanguíneo em 13,46% (7/52) bezerras no T0, proveniente de infecção fetal; e no T1 observou-se soroconversão de 100% (52/52) das bezerras. Os títulos médios geométricos (GMT) de anticorpos para BVDV aumentaram significativamente do T0 (14,52) para o T1 (2.490) (P=0,0001). Quatro bezerros foram positivos no RT-PCR antes da mamada de colostro (T0), sendo que dois deles eram...

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