RESUMO
Little is known concerning the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in people and animals in rural Mexico. Serum samples and tissues from 150 dogs (Canis familaris), 150 cats (Felis catus), 65 opossums (Didelphis virginianus), 249 rats (Rattus spp.), 127 mice (Mus musculus), and 69 squirrels (Spermophilus variegatus) from the Durango area were evaluated for T. gondii infection. Using a modified agglutination test and a serum dilution of 1:25, antibodies to this parasite were found in 68 (45.3%) of 150 dogs, 14 (9.3%) of 150 cats, 11 (16.6%) of 66 opossums, 2 (0.8%) of 249 rats, 4 (3.1%) of 127 mice, and 0 of 69 squirrels. Tissues (brain and heart) of dogs, cats, opossums, rats, mice, and squirrels were bioassayed in mice for the presence of T. gondii. Viable T. gondii was isolated in tissues from 3 of 28 seropositive dogs and 5 of 8 seropositive cats, but not from the other animals. The DNA obtained from the 3 T. gondii isolates from dogs, 6 isolates from 5 cats, and 4 isolates from free-range chickens from Mexico, previously isolated, were genotyped. The PCR-RFLP typing, which used 11 markers (B 1, SAGI, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and Apico), identified 5 genotypes. One genotype (the 4 chicken isolates) belongs to the clonal Type III lineage, three genotypes were reported in previous reports, and 1 genotype is unique.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/parasitologia , Galinhas/parasitologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Gambás/parasitologia , Doenças dos Roedores/parasitologia , Toxoplasmose Animal/parasitologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Bioensaio/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Gatos , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Cães , Feminino , Genótipo , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Camundongos/parasitologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/parasitologia , Ratos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Roedores/epidemiologia , Sciuridae/parasitologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Toxoplasma/classificação , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Toxoplasmose Animal/epidemiologiaRESUMO
There is scarce information concerning the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in people of rural Mexico. Anti-T. gondii immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM antibodies were sought in 462 adult inhabitants from 3 rural communities of Durango, Mexico, using enzyme-linked immunoassays. In total, 110 (23.8%) of 463 persons had IgG anti-T. gondii antibodies. Ten (2.2%) of them also had IgM anti-T. gondii antibodies. Prevalences of T. gondii IgG antibodies in the 3 communities varied from 14.8 to 35.8%. The highest prevalence of infection was observed in participants older than 70 yr and in those with good housing conditions. Toxoplasma gondii infection was significantly associated with consumption of squirrel (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 4.22; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11-16.05) and turkey meat (adjusted OR = 4.58; 95% CI = 1.14-18.44). This is the first epidemiological study of T. gondii prevalence in rural Mexico.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasmose/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Estudos Transversais , Escolaridade , Feminino , Habitação/normas , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Masculino , Carne/classificação , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Distribuição por SexoRESUMO
Municipal waste is a potential source of infection for Toxoplasma gondii as it may contain contaminated meat with parasite tissue cysts and cat excrement with parasite oocysts. Therefore, we sought to determine the prevalence of T. gondii infection and associated characteristics in two populations exposed to municipal solid waste in Durango, Mexico. Ninety waste pickers and 83 waste workers of Durango City, Mexico were examined for T. gondii infection. They were tested for anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies using enzyme-linked immunoassays. In addition, socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics from each participant were obtained. Nineteen (21.1%) of the 90 waste pickers and seven (8.4%) of the 83 waste workers were positive for anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies. The difference in prevalence among the groups was statistically significant (P =0.03). Waste pickers aged 31-50 years showed a significantly higher prevalence (40.9%) than waste workers of the same age group (2.9%, P < 0.001). Anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies were found in two (2.2%) of the waste pickers but in none of the waste workers. The seroprevalence of T. gondii was significantly higher in workers of the waste transfer station (25.0%) than in drivers or helpers of waste vehicles (2.5%) (P =0.03). Multivariate analysis showed that T. gondii infection was associated with consuming food found in the garbage [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 4.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6-11.8] and with lack of education (adjusted OR = 3.2; 95% CI 1.1-8.8). From this study, we conclude: (i) waste pickers may represent a risk group for T. gondii infection; (ii) lack of education might be a contributing factor for T. gondii infection; (iii) the higher the exposure to garbage, the higher the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection; (iv) Eating food products from the garbage may represent an important route for T. gondii infection.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Higiene , Doenças Profissionais/epidemiologia , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasmose/epidemiologia , Adulto , Animais , Gatos , Escolaridade , Feminino , Contaminação de Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Parasitologia de Alimentos , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças Profissionais/prevenção & controle , Exposição Ocupacional , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Toxoplasmose/prevenção & controle , ZoonosesRESUMO
Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are structurally similar parasites, with many hosts in common. The prevalence of antibodies to T. gondii and N. caninum was determined in sera from dogs from Durango City, Mexico. Using a modified agglutination test, antibodies to T. gondii were found in 52 (51.5%) of the 101 dogs with titers of 1:25 in 27, 1:50 in 11, 1:100 in 5, 1:200 in 4, 1:400 in 2, 1:800 in 2, and 1:3,200 or higher in 1. Antibodies to N. caninum were determined by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and the Neospora sp. agglutination test (NAT). Two of the 101 dogs had N. caninum antibodies; these dogs did not have T. gondii antibodies, supporting the specificity of the tests used. The N. caninum antibody titers of the 2 dogs were: 1:400 by IFAT and 1:200 by NAT in 1, and 1:25 by NAT and IFAT in the other. Results indicate that these 2 structurally similar protozoans are antigenically different.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Coccidiose/veterinária , Doenças do Cão , Neospora/imunologia , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasmose Animal/epidemiologia , Animais , Coccidiose/epidemiologia , Coccidiose/parasitologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Cães , Feminino , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Toxoplasmose Animal/parasitologiaRESUMO
The prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii was determined in sera from 105 domestic cats from Durango City, Mexico. Using a modified agglutination test, antibodies to this parasite were found in 21% of the 105 cats, with titers of 1:25 in 3 cats, 1:50 in 4 cats, 1:200 in 5 cats, 1:400 in 2 cats, 1:800 in 2 cats, 1:1,600 in 4 cats, and 1:3,200 or higher in 2 cats. Cats older than 1 yr had a significantly higher frequency of infection than that found in cats younger than 0.5 yr (41 vs. 13.2%, respectively; odds ratio = 4.55; 95% CI = 1.24-17.18; P = 0.01). Overall, the seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies in cats in Durango, Mexico, is much lower compared with those reported in other countries.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasmose Animal/epidemiologia , Animais , Doenças do Gato/imunologia , Doenças do Gato/parasitologia , Gatos , Feminino , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Toxoplasmose Animal/imunologia , Toxoplasmose Animal/parasitologiaRESUMO
We sought to determine the prevalence and associated characteristics of hepatitis A, B, C and D viruses and HIV infections in a prison in Durango, Mexico. Sera from 181 inmates were analysed for HAV antibody, hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), HCV antibody, HDV antibody, HIV antibody and HCV genotypes. Prevalence of HAV antibody, HBcAb, HBsAg, HCV antibody, HDV antibody and HIV antibody were 99.4, 4.4, 0.0, 10.0, 0.0 and 0.6% respectively. HCV genotype 1a predominated in HCV-infected inmates (62.5%), followed by HCV genotype 1b (25%) and HCV genotype 3 (12.5%). An association between HBV infection and age > 30 years was found. HCV infection was associated with being born in Durango City, history of hepatitis, ear piercing, tattooing, drug abuse history, intravenous drug use and lack of condom use. We concluded that the prevalence of HAV, HBV, HDV and HIV infections in inmates in Durango, Mexico were comparable to those of the Mexican general population and blood donors, but lower than those reported in other prisons around the world. However, HCV infection in inmates was higher than that reported in Mexican blood donors but lower than those reported in other prisons of the world. These results have implications for the optimal planning of preventive and therapeutic measures.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/epidemiologia , Hepatite B/epidemiologia , Hepatite C/epidemiologia , Hepatite D/epidemiologia , Prisioneiros/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/diagnóstico , Estudos de Coortes , Comorbidade , Intervalos de Confiança , Estudos Transversais , DNA Viral/análise , Feminino , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite/análise , Hepatite B/diagnóstico , Hepatite C/diagnóstico , Hepatite D/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Razão de Chances , Prevalência , Prisões , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To characterize the rpoB gene mutations of the rifampicin-resistant M. tuberculosis strains isolated in pulmonary tuberculosis patients from Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-seven clinical M. tuberculosis isolates cultured on Löwenstein-Jensen media and obtained from consecutive tuberculosis patients in 5 public hospitals were analyzed by PCR and the INNO-LiPA Rif TB for amplification and detection of mutations associated with rifampicin resistance, respectively. RESULTS: Twenty-three out of 37 isolates (62.2%) were found to be wild type (rifampicin susceptible), while 14 isolates (37.8%) contained mutations associated with rifampicin resistance. Seven out of the 37 isolates (18.9%) had a delta S1 mutation, in the nucleotide position number 511; one (2.7%) had a R4b mutation, in nucleotide H526D; five (13.5%) contained a R5 mutation, in nucleotide S531L; and one (2.7%) showed a double mutation delta S1/R4b. CONCLUSION: According to the marker used (rifampicin resistance), at least five different strains of M. tuberculosis circulate among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Mexico. rpoB gene mutations associated with rifampicin resistance are common in Mexico. A single mutation in nucleotide 511 was the most frequently observed, followed by single mutations in nucleotides S531L and H526D.