RESUMO
Social cognition (SC) deficits have been linked to Parkinson's disease (PD) but have been less well researched than general cognitive processes, especially in early-onset PD (EOPD), despite this population often having greater social and family demands. Most studies focus on recognition of facial emotion, theory of mind (ToM), and decision-making domains, with limited research reporting on social reasoning. The main objective of this work was to compare SC ability across four domains: emotional processing, social reasoning, ToM, and decision-making between patients with EOPD and healthy controls. Twenty-five nondemented patients with EOPD and 25 controls matched for sex, age, and educational level were enrolled. A battery that included six SC tests was administered to all study participants; a decision-making scale was completed by participants' partners. Statistically significant differences were found between patients with EOPD and controls in all subtests across the four SC domains studied. The EOPD group demonstrated worse performance on all tasks, with large effect sizes. Differences remained significant after adjusting for Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test scores for all SC subtests except the decision-making scale and the Iowa gambling task. No significant correlations between SC and other clinical PD variables were found. Our study shows that patients with EOPD perform significantly below controls in multiple SC domains affecting recognition of facial emotion, social reasoning, ToM, and decision-making. Only decision-making seems to be mediated by overall cognitive ability. The confounding or contributing effect of other clinical PD variables should be studied further.
RESUMO
Resumen La neuromielitis óptica (NMO) o enfermedad de Devic, es una enfermedad inflamatoria infrecuente del sistema nervioso central (SNC) que afecta predominantemente el nervio óptico y la médula espinal. El mecanismo de la enfermedad es dado por la producción de anticuerpos IgG cuyo principal blanco inmunitario es el canal acuaporina 4 (AQP4), los cuales desencadenan un proceso inflamatorio y desmielinizante en dichas estructuras. Presentamos el caso de una paciente, quien desarrolló episodios sensitivos crónicos fluctuantes con afección visual, sin mejoría con el tratamiento convencional; durante el abordaje diagnóstico se encontraron lesiones desmielinizantes y anticuerpos anti-AQP4 positivos, por lo que se concluyó el diagnóstico de NMO, y respondió de manera positiva al tratamiento con anticuerpos monoclonales.
Abstract Optic neuromyelitis or Devic's disease is a rare inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that predominantly affects the optic nerve and spinal cord. The mechanism of the disease is given by the production of IgG antibodies whose main target is the acuaporine channel 4 (AQP4) that trigger an inflammatory and demyelinating process in the aforementioned structures. We present the case of a patient who developed chronic and fluctuating sensitive episodes with visual impairment, without improvement after conventional treatment. During the diagnostic approach we found demyelinating lesions and positive AQP4-antibodies, this lead to a diagnosis of optic neuromyelitis. A positive response was obtained to the therapy with monoclonal antibodies.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease whose physiopathogenesis shows a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Given that those factors have not been documented in our country, we describe the clinical and demographic characteristics from a sample of patients with MS. METHODS: We carried out an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, and retrolective study in a Center for Demyelinating Diseases. We took the information from the clinical records of a sample of patients with multiple sclerosis, who arrived to the center from April 2014 to July 2015. RESULTS: We obtained data from 313 patients, out of which 65.5 % were women. Mean age was 41 years (SD 11.22). Minimum age of diagnosis was 12 years and maximum, 66 years; mean age of diagnosis was 32 years (SD 9.72). With regards to clinical variables, 3.4 % presented radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS), 82 % relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), 13.9 % secondary-progressive MS (SPMS), and 0.8 % primary-progressive MS (PPMS). Of all the patients, 10 % had first or second degree relatives with diagnosis of this disease; 16 % had foreign ancestors; 27 % were smokers. Treatment consisted of glatiramer acetate, 28 %; intramuscular interferon beta 1a, 18 %; subcutaneous interferon beta 1a, 16 %; subcutaneous interferon beta 1b, 30 %; fingolimod, 3 %; and others, 5 %. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical and demographic characteristics are similar to those reported in international literature. More studies would be needed to typify Mexican population with MS.
Introducción: la esclerosis múltiple (EM) es una enfermedad que presenta una compleja interacción de factores genéticos y ambientales en su fisiopatogenia. Dado que esos factores han sido poco abordados en México, describimos las características clínicas y demográficas de una muestra de pacientes con EM. Métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal y retrolectivo, realizado en un hospital de tercer nivel. Se obtuvo información de expedientes clínicos de una muestra de pacientes con el diagnóstico de EM, captados de abril de 2014 a julio de 2015. Resultados: se obtuvieron datos de 313 pacientes, 65.5 % mujeres, con edad promedio de 41 años (DE 11.22). La edad mínima del diagnóstico fue de 12 años y la máxima de 66; el promedio de edad del diagnóstico fue 32 años (DE 9.72). De la variante clínica 3.4 % tuvo síndrome neurológico aislado (CIS), EM remitente-recurrente 82 %, EM secundaria progresiva 13.9 % y EM primaria progresiva 0.8 %. El 10 % de los pacientes tenía parentesco de primer o segundo grado con diagnóstico de EM. El 16 % tuvo ascendencia extranjera. El 27 % tenía hábito tabáquico. Los tratamientos utilizados fueron el acetato de glatiramero 28 %, interferon beta 1a IM 18 %, interferon beta 1a SC 16 %, interferon beta 1b SC 30 %, fingolimod 3 % y otros 5 %. Conclusiones: las características clínicas y demográficas son similares a lo reportado en la literatura internacional. Se requieren más estudios para caracterizar mejor a la población mexicana con EM.