RESUMO
Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia del cerclaje cervical profiláctico en pacientes con embarazos únicos, cérvix >25 mm e historia de nacimientos prematuros espontáneos, asociados con infección bacteriana ascendente (IBA). Métodos: Estudio clínico en pacientes con embarazos únicos y partos prematuros y/o abortos de 2° trimestre espontáneos previos, sin partos de término, asociados con IBA. Se incluyeron los casos con longitud cervical de >25 mm al ingreso. Se comparó el cerclaje cervical hecho en pacientes derivadas antes de las 20 semanas, con el manejo expectante en mujeres enviadas después de esta edad gestacional y que mantuvieron longitud cervical >25 mm durante los controles. Se excluyeron embarazadas con cérvix <25 mm al ingreso del estudio, con acortamiento cervical <25 mm durante el manejo con conducta expectante y mujeres con nacimientos prematuros previos sin histología placentaria. Resultados: Se incluyeron 51 pacientes, 23 con cerclaje y 28 sin cerclaje. El cerclaje cervical profiláctico, redujo significativamente la frecuencia del nacimiento prematuro <37semanas (4,3 por ciento vs 35,7 por ciento), <34 semanas (4,3 por ciento vs 28,6 por ciento) y la corioamnionitis histológica (4,3 por ciento vs 32,1 por ciento), OR (IC95 por ciento) 0,08 (0,09-0,70), 0,11(0,01-0,99) y 0,01 (0,010,83), respectivamente. Conclusiones: En pacientes con nacimientos prematuros previos asociados con IBA, embarazo único y longitud cervical >25 mm, el cerclaje profiláctico, reduce la frecuencia del nacimiento prematuro <37 y <34 semanas y de la corioamnionitis histológica.
Aims: Determine the effectiveness of prophylactic cerclage in women with singleton pregnancies, cervix >25 mm and a history of spontaneous premature deliveries associated to ascending bacterial infection (ABI). Methods: Women with singleton pregnancies and history of preterm births, with no full term deliveries, associated to ABI. Cases with >25 mm cervical length at admission were included. Cervical cerclage performed on patients derived before 20 weeks of pregnancy was compared to the expectant management of women submitted at a later gestational stage with sustained cervical length of >25 mm. Pregnant women with <25 mm cervix at referral, with cervical shortening <25 mm at expectant management, and women with previous preterm birth without placental histology were excluded. Results: 51 patients were included, 23 with cerclage and 28 without cerclage. Prophylactic cerclage significantly reduced the frequency of premature birth <37 weeks, 4.3 percent vs 35.7 percent and <34 weeks, 4.3 percent vs 28.6 percent and histologic chorioamnionitis 4.3 percent vs 32.1percent (9/28), OR (95 percent CI) 0.08 (0.09-0.70), 0.11(0.01-0.99) and 0.01 (0.01-0.83), respectively. Conclusions: In patients with preterm births associated to ABI, singleton pregnancy and cervical length >25 mm, prophylactic cerclage reduces the frequency of premature delivery <37 and <34 weeks as well as histologic chorioamnionitis.
Assuntos
Recém-Nascido , Cerclagem Cervical , Colo do Útero/patologia , Infecções Bacterianas/prevenção & controle , Trabalho de Parto Prematuro/prevenção & controle , Peso ao Nascer , Corioamnionite/patologia , Mortalidade Neonatal Precoce , Idade Gestacional , Idade Materna , Resultado da GravidezRESUMO
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system. It is manifested in the young adult who presents at the beginning alternation between transient neurological dysfunction and normality, followed by a progressive level of disability. MS affects the quality of life in the young adults in their full productive and creative age limiting not only in their personal lives but also affects to the whole society in terms of "dreams and life projects". Besides, this illness also influences the family group who has to assume progressively the help and care for the patient. In healthcare aspect MS implies intensive and progressive resources. In Chile, although we don't have epidemiological studies that indicate which is the MS prevalence it exist a projection that states 14 per 100.000 inhabitants. Considering a population of 16.5 million of inhabitants our expectative of patients with MS is of 2310 cases in our country. The MS immunomodulating injectable disease-modifying therapies are of high cost and were not available in a regular way in the state health care system of Chile (FONASA) that attends the 70 percent of the population; the other 30 percent has different private health insurances. In 2008 the ministry of health decided to initiate and pilot (exploratory) program which had a great meaning and impact concerning to start offering immunomodulating therapies to relapsing remitting MS, for patients belonging to FONASA system. The pilot program was thought with a double mission, on the one hand to achieve that a very limited group of MS patients belonging to FONASA system (80 cases) from all over the country had access to immunomodulating injectable disease-modifying therapies of high cost in a regular way. The second objective was to obtain clinical and epidemiological information which let us to evaluate the clinical and administrative obstacles generated by the incorporation of this treatment in the public health...
Introducción El presente documento corresponde al informe del primer año de trabajo operativo del "Programa piloto de tratamiento con inmunomoduladores, para pacientes beneficiarios de Fonasa1, que padecen esclerosis múltiple (EM)", elaborado por el equipo del centro de referencia nacional, para este programa, con sede en el Servicio de Neurología del Complejo Asistencial Barros Luco (CABL) del SSMS2. Dado su origen no incluye antecedentes del proceso de gestión ni toma de decisiones del nivel Minsal3 o Fonasa. Este trabajo, no es ni aspira ser: un ensayo clínico, una guía de práctica clínica, una revisión bibliográfica, ni una puesta al día sobre el tratamiento de la Esclerosis Múltiple (EM), es simplemente el informe anual de un centro de referencia, para una tarea específica, a la autoridad ministerial competente. El informe incluye algunos antecedentes generales y referencias presentadas como "notas al pie", sólo para contextualizar la información presentada4. La EM es una enfermedad crónica del SNC, de origen incierto, inmunológicamente mediada, bien definida en sus características inmunopatogénicas, patológicas, imagenológicas y clínicas. Se expresa en el adulto joven, quien presenta inicialmente alternancia entre disfunción neurológica transitoria y normalidad y cuya progresión determina múltiples efectos discapacitantes. La EM afecta la calidad de vida de adultos jóvenes en plena edad productiva y creativa limitando tanto los "sueños y proyectos de vida" como el desarrollo laboral, social y afectivo. Además trasciende al grupo familiar, cuando deben asumir la asistencia del paciente. En lo sanitario, la EM, genera uso intensivo y progresivo de recursos. Las terapias inmunomoduladores para la EM, que tienen la posibilidad de detener o reducir la evolución de la modalidad recurrente remitente de la EM, no se encontraban disponibles en forma regular en el sector público de salud de nuestro país, por esto el presente programa piloto...
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Esclerose Múltipla/tratamento farmacológico , Fatores Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Programas Nacionais de Saúde , Setor Público , Chile , Seguro Saúde , Interferon beta/uso terapêutico , Seleção de Pacientes , Projetos Piloto , Peptídeos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The objective of this study was to describe the nonfatal unintentional injuries among children aged <15 years treated in four emergency departments (EDs) in Nicaragua. The 2004 Injury Surveillance System included all cases of injuries that attended the four hospital EDs (n = 37,577). We analysed the records of 13,426 children aged <15 years who sustained nonfatal unintentional injuries. The leading causes of injuries were falls (50.5%), blunt force trauma (13.2%) and transport-related incidents (11.5%). Transport-related injuries primarily involved cyclists (42.3%) and motor-vehicle passengers (32.5%). Ten per cent of the injured children were hospitalised. This is the first study to present the epidemiology of nonfatal unintentional injuries among children treated in EDs in Nicaragua. Unintentional injuries are an important cause of morbidity, but the burden remains largely unaddressed. The implementation of the already well-established transportation-related prevention strategies should be a priority. Prevention of falls (falls being the leading cause of injury among children) demands further study.
Assuntos
Ferimentos e Lesões/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Nicarágua/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Índices de Gravidade do Trauma , Ferimentos e Lesões/classificaçãoRESUMO
Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) worídwide. In women, chlamydia infections are 75 percent asymptomatic and can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Infants exposed to the microorganism at birth also have a high risk to develop conjunctivitis and pneumonía. Aim: To determine the prevalence of C trachomatis in women in the Metropolitan área of Santiago (Chile). Patients and methods: Cervical specimens were collected from 403 women attending three gynecological outpatient settings from Apríl 2003 to June 2005. These included one public hospital (n =100), a prívate medical center (n =268), and a clinic for adolescents (n =35). Mean ages ofeach group of patients were 35.6±8,2, 33.4±8.1 and 16.9±4.2 years, respectively. The diagnosis of C trachomatis was performed by the amplification byPCRofa 517-base pair segment of the cryptic plasmid on specimens extracted by a commercial procedure. Positive specimens were conñrmed by nested PCRs targeting the ompl gene. The presence of vaginal infections and its association with C trachomatis was investigated in a subset of 223 women ofthe prívate center. Residís: C trachomatis was detected in the cervix of 19 out of 403 women, resulting in a prevalence of 4.7 percent. The distribution of positive cases among different age groups was not significantly different. Women presenting with bacterial vaginosis had a significantly higher prevalence of C trachomatis infection (p <0.01). Conclusions: This study found a high prevalence of C trachomatis among gynecologic patients that should prompt preventive strategies.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Infecções por Chlamydia/epidemiologia , Chlamydia trachomatis/isolamento & purificação , Cervicite Uterina/epidemiologia , Vaginite/epidemiologia , Distribuição por Idade , Colo do Útero/microbiologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/diagnóstico , Chlamydia trachomatis/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Porinas/genética , Prevalência , População Urbana , Cervicite Uterina/diagnóstico , Cervicite Uterina/microbiologia , Vagina/microbiologia , Esfregaço Vaginal , Vaginite/diagnóstico , Vaginite/microbiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. In women, chlamydia infections are 75% asymptomatic and can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Infants exposed to the microorganism at birth also have a high risk to develop conjunctivitis and pneumonia. AIM: To determine the prevalence of C trachomatis in women in the Metropolitan area of Santiago (Chile). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cervical specimens were collected from 403 women attending three gynecological outpatient settings from April 2003 to June 2005. These included one public hospital (n=100), a private medical center (n=268), and a clinic for adolescents (n=35). Mean ages of each group of patients were 35.6+/-8,2, 33.4+/-8.1 and 16.9+/-4.2 years, respectively. The diagnosis of C trachomatis was performed by the amplification by PCR of a 517-base pair segment of the cryptic plasmid on specimens extracted by a commercial procedure. Positive specimens were confirmed by nested PCRs targeting the ompl gene. The presence of vaginal infections and its association with C trachomatis was investigated in a subset of 223 women of the private center. RESULTS: C trachomatis was detected in the cervix of 19 out of 403 women, resulting in a prevalence of 4.7%. The distribution of positive cases among different age groups was not significantly different. Women presenting with bacterial vaginosis had a significantly higher prevalence of C trachomatis infection (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study found a high prevalence of C trachomatis among gynecologic patients that should prompt preventive strategies.
Assuntos
Infecções por Chlamydia/epidemiologia , Chlamydia trachomatis/isolamento & purificação , Cervicite Uterina/epidemiologia , Vaginite/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Colo do Útero/microbiologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Infecções por Chlamydia/diagnóstico , Chlamydia trachomatis/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Porinas/genética , Prevalência , População Urbana , Cervicite Uterina/diagnóstico , Cervicite Uterina/microbiologia , Vagina/microbiologia , Esfregaço Vaginal , Vaginite/diagnóstico , Vaginite/microbiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Background : Streptococcus agalactiae or group B streptococcus, GBS, is the leading cause of neonatal and maternal infections and an opportunistic pathogen in adults with underlying disease. In the last decade, a dramatic increase in the resistance of this microorganism to erythromycin and clindamycin has been observed. Aim: To determine the serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates of S agalactiae collected from infections and colonization and to assess the genetic mechanisms of macrolide and clindamycin resistance. Material and methods: A total of 100 GBS isolates were collected between 1998 and 2002, in Santiago, Chile. They were isolated from the amniotic fluid from patients with premature rupture of membranes (7 isolates), blood from neonatal sepsis (10 isolates), neonate colonizations (2 strains), skin and soft tissue infections (7 isolates), urinary tract infections (5 isolates), genital infections (3 isolates), articular fluid (one isolate), and 65 strains were recovered from vaginal colonization55. Results: Serotypes Ia, II and III were the predominant serotypes identified in our study, accounting for 90 (90 percent) of the strains. Five isolates belonged to serotypes Ib (5 percent) and two (2 percent) to serotype V respectively; no strains belonging to serotype IV were found. All strains were susceptible to penicillin G, ampicillin and cefotaxime, and four isolates (4 percent) were resistant to both erythromycin (MIC >64 µg/ml) and clindamycin (MIC >64 µg/ml). The strains had a constitutive macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (cMLSB) resistance phenotype and the erm(A) gene was present in the four isolates. Conclusions: Serotypes Ia, II and III were the predominant serotypes in this study. All strains were susceptible to penicillin G, ampicillin and cefotaxime, and four (4 percent) strains were resistant to both erythromycin and clindamycin. The cMLSB resistance phenotype, and the erm(A) gene was detected in resistant strains (Rev MÚd Chile 2004; 132: 549-55).
Assuntos
Streptococcus agalactiae/isolamento & purificação , Streptococcus agalactiae , Ampicilina/farmacologia , Cefotaxima/farmacologia , Clindamicina/farmacologia , Eritromicina/farmacocinética , Penicilinas/farmacologia , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Sorotipagem , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos , Tetraciclina/farmacologiaRESUMO
La infección vulvovaginal (IVV) es una causa frecuente de consulta ginecológica en adolescentes siendo Vaginosis bacteriana, candidiasis y trichomoniasis sus etiologías más frecuentes. Estudios anteriores en adolescentes chilenas arrojan cifras disímiles respecto a la contribución de cada una de las etiologías anteriores. Nuestro objetivo fue identificar las etiologías más frecuentes de IVV en adolescentes sintomáticas que consultaron en un Centro de atención adolescente del área Norte de Santiago. Se tomaron muestras de flujo vaginal de 100 adolescentes las que fueron analizadas mediante Gram y cultivo. Noventa y una pacientes tenían vida sexual activa y 9 eran vírgenes. Se detectó 62% de vulvovaginitis, correspondiendo 31% a vaginosis bacteriana (VB), 24% a candidiasis, 2% a trichomoniasis y 5% etiología mixta (VB asociado candidiasis). Se encontró IVV en ambos grupos de adolescentes. Al analizar los resultados por edad, se observó un aumento en la incidencia de vulvovaginitis en adolescentes de mayor edad.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Feminino , Vulvovaginite/diagnóstico , Vulvovaginite/epidemiologia , Vulvovaginite/etiologiaRESUMO
Las especies de Candida, es la segunda mayor frecuencia de vulvovaginitis. En los últimos años Candida no albicans, aumentó su frecuencia y el diagnóstico es difícil. El empleo de Agar Cromocandida, facilite la diferenciación entre Candida albicans y Candida spp. El uso combinado de medio cromogénico y el test del tubo, permite identificar los diferentes tipos de Candida
Assuntos
Humanos , Candida , Técnicas In Vitro , Esfregaço Vaginal , Candida , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Meios de CulturaAssuntos
Humanos , Acinetobacter/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Pele/parasitologia , Acinetobacter/isolamento & purificação , Acinetobacter/classificação , Acinetobacter/patogenicidade , Infecções por Acinetobacter/tratamento farmacológico , Amicacina/farmacologia , Gentamicinas/farmacologia , Sulbactam/farmacologia , Técnicas BacteriológicasRESUMO
This report characterizes a multiresistant Vibrio Cholerae 01 strain, isolated from a patient with cholera and investigates the mechanism of resistance. The analyzed strain was resistant to tetracycline, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The resistance was mediated by a 101 megadalton plasmid that was transferred to the resultant of a conjugation assay between the multiresistant V. Cholerae strain and E. coli C-600 used as receptor strain, that acquired the triple resistance of the parental strain. The resistant V. Cholerae strain had a Ogawa serotype, El Tor biotype and toxigenic capacity, demonstrated by ELISA and latex agglutination techniques. The biochemical features of the strain were identical to those of susceptible strains, except for the resistance to 10 and 150 ug o 129 vibriostatic factor. The emergence of plasmid mediated resistance to drugs of choice in the treatment of cholera must alert Chilean and Latin American health authorities, considering the cholera will continue affecting the region
Assuntos
Vibrio cholerae/isolamento & purificação , Vibrio cholerae/imunologia , Vibrio cholerae/patogenicidade , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos/imunologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Antibacterianos/farmacologiaRESUMO
La frecuencia con que se aisla haemophilus influenzae en infecciones maternas y neonatales, particularmente en partos prematuros, ha aumentado. Se describen tres casos clínicos de madres con antecedentes de rotura de membranas reciente y de hasta 24 horas, en cuyo líquido amniótico se aislaron cepas no capsuladas de haemophilus influenzae de serotipo no b, una de ellas biotipo II (las otras dos no fueron tipificadas). Los recién nacidos pesaron respectivamente 1.670, 950 y 1.680 g. En el primer caso, la madre y el recién nacido fueron tratados con antibióticos y no presentaron signos de infección sistémica. En el segundo caso la madre no recibió antibióticos al ingresar, a pesar de haberlo hecho con fiebre, sino hasta el puerperio inmediato; el niño fue afectado por septicemia a haemophilus influenzae, neumonía, dificultad respiratoria severa y hemorragia intracraneana, falleciendo a la edad de 12 dias. En el tercer caso, la madre recibió antibióticos sólo en el puerperio (por fiebre en el período expulsivo), pero el niño desde el nacimiento; en éste se aisló haemophilus influenzae del unto caseoso, sin signos de infección sistémica. El examen microbiológico del líquido amnióticop en mujeres embarazadas con rotura prematura de membranas puede ser de gran utilidad para manejar adecuadamente el riesgo de infecciones perinatales por estos agentes