RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are a significant disease burden worldwide. It is imperative to improve neurosurgeons' training during and after their medical residency with appropriate neurotrauma competencies. Unfortunately, the development of these competencies during neurosurgeons' careers and in daily practice is very heterogeneous. This article aimed to describe the development and evaluation of a competency-based international course curriculum designed to address a broad spectrum of needs for taking care of patients with neurotrauma with basic and advanced interventions in different scenarios around the world. METHODS: A committee of 5 academic neurosurgeons was involved in the task of building this course curriculum. The process started with the identification of the problems to be addressed and the subsequent performance needed. After this, competencies were defined. In the final phase, educational activities were designed to achieve the intended learning outcomes. In the end, the entire process resulted in competency and outcomes-based education strategy, including a definition of all learning activities and learning outcomes (curriculum), that can be integrated with a faculty development process, including training. Further development was completed by 4 additional academic neurosurgeons supported by a curriculum developer specialist and a project manager. After the development of the course curriculum, template programs were developed with core and optional content defined for implementation and evaluation. RESULTS: The content of the course curriculum is divided into essentials and advanced concepts and interventions in neurotrauma care. A mixed sample of 1583 neurosurgeons and neurosurgery residents attending 36 continuing medical education activities in 30 different cities around the world evaluated the course. The average satisfaction was 97%. The average usefulness score was 4.2, according to the Likert scale. CONCLUSIONS: An international competency-based course curriculum is an option for creating a well-accepted neurotrauma educational process designed to address a broad spectrum of needs that a neurotrauma practitioner faces during the basic and advanced care of patients in different regions of the world. This process may also be applied to other areas of the neurosurgical knowledge spectrum. Moreover, this process allows worldwide standardization of knowledge requirements and competencies, such that training may be better benchmarked between countries regardless of their income level.
Assuntos
Internato e Residência/estatística & dados numéricos , Neurocirurgiões/educação , Neurocirurgia/educação , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/educação , Currículo/estatística & dados numéricos , Educação Médica Continuada/estatística & dados numéricos , HumanosRESUMO
Material for all seven South American species of late Oligocene and Miocene scutelliform, non-lunulate sand dollars (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida) was examined, resulting in revision of several taxa, and description of a new family, Placatenellidae n. fam., to house Placatenella n. gen. and Camachoaster n. gen. Known only from the state of Pará, Brazil, and previously described as a member of Abertella Durham, 1953, A. complanata Brito, 1981 is redescribed on the basis of analysis of the holotype and subsequently described material from the same region. A. complanata is removed from synonymy with A. pirabensis (Marchesini Santos, 1958), and transferred as the type species of Placatenella n. gen. A new taxon, Camachoaster n. gen., is described to hold C. maquedensis n. sp. The Abertellidae Durham, 1955 is revised and the concept of the genus Abertella restricted to include only those forms with a posterior notch and all interambulacra discontinuous, including A. pirabensis, which is redescribed from the only known specimen, confirming that this species lacks any trace of an anal lunule but possesses features fully congruent with its placement in Abertella. Iheringiellidae n. fam. is established to house the common but taxonomically challenging taxon, Iheringiella Berg, 1898. New data on the occurrence and location of the types of Iheringiella are discussed, and comments on the status of Eoscutella mirandae Parma, 1985 provided. A tabular key to all seven South American non-lunulates is given, along with discussion of the relationship between the posterior notch and the anal lunule.
Assuntos
Ouriços-do-Mar , Animais , Brasil , FilogeniaRESUMO
A new species of monophorasterid sand dollar, Monophoraster telfordi n. sp., is described from the Early Miocene basal horizons of the Chenque Formation of Patagonia, Santa Cruz Province, in southern Argentina. The new taxon raises the number of known species in the family to six, and represents first unequivocal record of the genus for the Early Miocene of South America. It is therefore also the oldest member of the genus. M. telfordi is characterized by its test width to length ratio, which is much higher than for the other two described species in the genus, but less than that known for the extremely wide members of the sister taxon, Amplaster. M. telfordi is also unusual among monophorasterids in lacking broad continuity between basicoronal and post-basicoronal plates in the oral interambulacra. A key is provided to all the known species of Monophorasteridae.
Assuntos
Ouriços-do-Mar/classificação , Animais , Argentina , Geografia , Sedimentos Geológicos , Ouriços-do-Mar/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
La Sociedad Venezolana de Coloproctología desea conocer el perfil del coloproctólogo venezolano para promover y estructurar el desarrollo de la especialidad. Se envió un cuestionario a todos los miembros activos titulares y asociados de la Sociedad Venezolana de Corporación para investigar demografía, formación y experiencia coloproctológica, distribución hospitalaria y características de la práctica coloproctológica durante el último año transcurrido. Los resultados fueron analizados estadísticamente mediante análisis de varianza y test de Pearson Chi cuadrado; el nivel de significancia fue p<-0,05. La Sociedad Venezolana de Coloproctología registra 118 especialistas para abril de 2005. Se analizaron 49 cuestionarios (41,5%). La edad promedio: 48 años (33-72). La mayoría ejercen en la capital de país (55,1%). La formación ha sido principalmente en programas reconocidos (77,55%). Poco más de la mitad (53%) combinan el ejercicio privado y público y el 43% ejercen la medicina privada exclusivamente. La práctica de los miembros titulares es predominante coloproctológica (antes que de cirugía general) y principalmente de cirugía anorrectal. La cirugía laparoscópica colorrectal es practicada frecuentemente por 26,53% de la membresía general de los miembros. Los miembros títulares de la Sociedad Venezolana de Coloproctología mantienen una práctica acorde a la especialidad. Sin embargo, debe lograrse una distribución geográfica uniforme, mayor a casos de cirugía abdominal y aumentar la oferta de cirugía laparoscópica colorrectal.