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A method for the synthesis of rafoxanide 6, a halogenated salicylanilide used as an efficient anthelmintic in sheep and cattle, is presented. Rafoxanide 6 was synthesized in only three steps from readily available 4-chlorophenol with 74% overall yield. The synthesis has two key stages: the first was salicylic acid iodination, adding iodine in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, which allowed obtaining a 95% yield. The second key stage was the reaction of 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid 5 with aminoether 4, where salicylic acid chloride was formed in situ with PCl3 achieving 82% yield. Chemical characterization of both intermediates and final product was achieved through physical and spectroscopic (IR, NMR and MS) techniques. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11696-023-02846-9.
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RESUMEN Introducción: La hipertensión arterial es la más común de las enfermedades que afectan la salud de los individuos en las poblaciones mundiales. Objetivo: Evaluar el cumplimiento del Programa de Prevención, Diagnóstico y Control de la Hipertensión Arterial en el municipio Santa Clara, en el año 2016. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación observacional, descriptiva, de corte transversal en sistemas y servicios de salud. Se definieron criterios y variables, escala de clasificación, descripción operacional con indicadores y estándar, en tres dimensiones. Resultados: La dimensión estructura fue evaluada de no satisfactorio solo en el 30,76 %. En las dimensiones proceso y resultado todos los indicadores examinados resultaron no satisfactorios. Conclusiones: El Programa de Prevención, Diagnóstico y Control de la Hipertensión Arterial en el municipio de Santa Clara fue evaluado de no satisfactorio.
ABSTRACT Introduction: arterial hypertension is the most common of the diseases affecting individuals' health in world populations. Objective: to evaluate compliance with the Prevention, Diagnosis and Control Program of Arterial Hypertension in Santa Clara municipality, in 2016. Methods: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in health systems and services. Criteria and variables, rating scale, operational description with indicators and standards were defined in three dimensions. Results: the structure dimension was evaluated as unsatisfactory only in 30.76%. All indicators examined in the result and process dimensions were unsatisfactory. Conclusions: the Prevention, Diagnosis and Control Program of Arterial Hypertension in Santa Clara municipality was evaluated as unsatisfactory.
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Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , Hipertensão/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Resumen Presentamos el caso de una paciente que tenía un tumor del páncreas -denominado glucagonoma- y cuyo diagnóstico se sospechó por las manifestaciones cutáneas, las cuales nos condujeron realizar una tomografía axial computarizada (TAC). En ella se halló una masa. La paciente se remitió a cirugía y presentó una buena evolución.
Abstract This is a case report of a patient with a pancreatic tumor, known as glucagonoma, whose diagnosis was suspected because of skin manifestations which led to performing a CT scan, finding the mass. She underwent surgery with satisfactory results.
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Humanos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pâncreas , Pele , Manifestações Cutâneas , Diagnóstico , GlucagonomaRESUMO
Phytophthora cinnamomi is a phytopathogen that causes extensive damage in different crops, and therefore, produces important economic losses all around the world. Chemical fungicides are a key factor for the control of this disease. However, ecological and environmental considerations, as well as the appearance of strains that are resistant to commercial fungicides, have prompted the quest for new antifungal agents which are of low ecological impact. In this work, a series of new 2-allylphenol derivatives was synthesized, and their structures were confirmed by FT-IR, NMR, and MS. Some of the synthesized compounds, more specifically nitro derivatives, exhibit strong growth inhibition of P. cinnamomi with EC50 as low as 10.0 µg/mL. This level of activity is similar to that exhibited by METALAXYL MZ 58 WP, a commonly-used commercial fungicide; therefore, these compounds might be of agricultural interest due to their potential use as fungicides against P. cinnamomi. The results indicate that this activity depends on the chemical structures of the 2-allylphenol derivatives, and that it is strongly enhanced in molecules where nitro and hydroxyl groups adopt a -para configuration. These effects are discussed in terms of the electronic distribution of the aromatic ring induced by substituent groups.
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Antiparasitários/síntese química , Antiparasitários/farmacologia , Fenóis/síntese química , Fenóis/farmacologia , Phytophthora/efeitos dos fármacos , Antiparasitários/química , Técnicas de Química Sintética , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Testes de Sensibilidade Parasitária , Fenóis/química , Doenças das Plantas/parasitologiaRESUMO
Botrytis cinerea is a worldwide spread fungus that causes the grey mold disease, which is considered the most important factor in postharvest losses in fresh fruit crops. Consequently, the control of gray mold is a matter of current and relevant interest for agricultural industries. In this work, a series of phenylpropanoids derived from eugenol were synthesized and characterized. Their effects on the mycelial growth of a virulent and multi-resistant isolate of B. cinerea (PN2) have been evaluated and IC50 values for the most active compounds range between 31â»95 ppm. The antifungal activity exhibited by these compounds is strongly related to their chemical structure, i.e., increasing activity has been obtained by isomerization of the double bond or introduction of a nitro group on the aromatic ring. Based on the relationship between the fungicide activities and chemical structure, a mechanism of action is proposed. Finally, the activity of these compounds is higher than that reported for the commercial fungicide BC-1000 that is currently employed to combat this disease. Thus, our results suggest that these compounds are potential candidates to be used in the design of new and effective control with inspired natural compounds of this pathogen.
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Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Botrytis/efeitos dos fármacos , Eugenol/análogos & derivados , Eugenol/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/química , Eugenol/química , Fungicidas Industriais/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estrutura Molecular , Fenótipo , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologiaRESUMO
Introducción: en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General Docente Dr. Agostinho Neto no se ha esclarecido la influencia de las estaciones del año en el perfil de la morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivo: determinar la influencia de la variabilidad de las estaciones del año en el perfil de morbilidad y mortalidad de la UCI del HospitalGeneral Docente Dr Agostinho Neto durante el año 2018. Método: se hizo un estudio retrospectivo del total de pacientes ingresados (n=549) y seleccionó una muestra aleatoria de 365 pacientes. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, motivo de ingreso, índice de gravedad, estancia en la unidad, necesidad de ventilación mecánica, estado al egreso. Todas se relacionaron con las estaciones del año. Resultados: el mayor número de pacientes ingresó durante el verano (31,8 por ciento). No hubo relación significativa entre la estación del año y la variable sexo (p < 0,05), pero sí con la edad, APACHE II, estancia en la unidad y necesidad de ventilación mecánica (p < 0,05). En primavera y verano la enfermedad más común fue la cerebrovascular, mientras que en otoño e invierno la más común fue la neumonía grave adquirida en la comunidad. Las variables estancia en la unidad, ingreso de pacientes por enfermedades de carácter clínico según tipo de paciente clínico y mortalidad se relacionaron significativamente con la estación del año (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: la variabilidad climática del contexto guantanamero influyó en el perfil de morbilidad de la unidad de cuidados intensivos y midió el pronóstico de los pacientes que ingresan con enfermedad crítica(AU)
Introduction: in the intensive care unit of the General Teaching Hospital Dr Agostinho Neto the influence of the seasons of the year on the profile of morbidity and mortality has not been clarified. Objective: to determine the influence of the variability of season of the year on the morbidity and mortality profile of the ICU of the General Teaching Hospital Dr Agostinho Neto during the year 2018. Method: a retrospective study was made of the total number of admitted patients (n = 549) and a random sample of 365 patients was selected. The variables studied were: age, sex, reason for admission, severity index, stay in the unit, need for mechanical ventilation, discharge status. All were related to the weather. Results: the largest number of patients admitted during the summer (31.8per cent). There was no significant relationship between the weather station and the sex variable (p <0.05), but with age, APACHE II, stay in the unit and need for mechanical ventilation (p <0.05). In spring and summer the most common disease was cerebrovascular, while in autumn and winter the most common was community-acquired severe pneumonia. Thevariables stay in the unit, patient entry for diseases of a clinical nature according to the type of clinical patient and mortality were significantly related to the weather station (p <0.05). Conclusions: the climatic variability of the Guantanamo context influenced the morbidity profile of the intensive care unit and measured the prognosis of patients admitted with critical illness(AU)
Introdução: na unidade de terapia intensiva do Hospital Universitário Dr Agostinho Neto a influência das estações do ano sobre o perfil de morbidade e mortalidade ainda não foi esclarecida. Objetivo: determinar a influência da variabilidade das estações do ano no perfil de morbimortalidade da UTI do Hospital Universitário de General Dr Agostinho Neto durante o ano de 2018. Método: estudo retrospectivo do número total de pacientes internados (n = 549) e uma amostra aleatória de 365 pacientes foi selecionada. As variáveis estudadas foram: idade, sexo, motivo da internação, índice de gravidade, permanência na unidade, necessidade de ventilação mecânica, estado de descarga. Todos estavam relacionados com a estação do ano. Resultados: o maior número de pacientes internados no verão (31,8 por cento). Não houve relação significativa entre a estação do ano e a variável sexo (p <0,05), mas com a idade, APACHE II, permanecer na unidade e necessidade de ventilação mecânica (p <0,05). Na primavera e no verão, a doença mais comum era a cerebrovascular, enquanto no outono e no inverno a mais comum era pneumonia grave adquirida na comunidade. As variáveis permaneceram na unidade, a entrada do paciente para doenças de natureza clínica de acordo com o tipo de paciente clínico e a mortalidade foram significativamente relacionadas com o clima (p <0,05). Conclusões: a variabilidade climática do contexto de Guantánamo influenciou o perfil de morbidade da unidade de terapia intensiva e mediu o prognóstico de pacientes internados com doença crítica(AU)
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Humanos , Estações do Ano , Morbidade , Mortalidade , Unidades de Terapia IntensivaRESUMO
RESUMEN Introducción: los meningiomas de la vaina del nervio óptico son tumores meningoteliales originados de células aracnoideas que producen disminución de la visión y proptosis con un compromiso ocular variable. Presentación del caso: se trata de una paciente de 65 años de edad con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial que ingresó por proptosis, disminución de la visión y quemosis conjuntival del ojo derecho, evidenciándose en el examen del fondo de ojo la presencia de disco óptico pequeño de bordes definidos de coloración normal, sin compromiso del grosor de la capa de fibras nerviosas de la retina con dilatación vascular moderada a predominio venoso sin evidencia de alteraciones maculares, hemorragias ni exudados. Los estudios campimétricos evidenciaron la presencia de escotoma altitudinal con toma del cuadrante temporal inferior y el estudio de los potenciales evocados visuales mostró caída de su amplitud. Mediante el estudio de resonancia magnética nuclear se observó la existencia de una imagen isointensa homogénea de bordes bien definidos, que no comprometía la estructura axonal del nervio óptico y que respeta la porción intracanalicular e intracraneal, confirmándose el diagnóstico de meningioma de las vainas del nervio óptico. Conclusiones: Se confirma el diagnóstico de meningioma de las vainas del nervio óptico del ojo derecho en una paciente con proptosis unilateral y quemosis conjuntival, lo que constituye una inusual forma de presentación con manifestaciones oftalmológicas.
ABSTRACT Introduction: meningiomas of the optic nerve sheath are meningothelial tumors originating from arachnoid cells that produce decrease of vision and proptosis with variable ocular involvement. Case report: a 65-year-old female patient with a history of hypertension who was admitted due to proptosis, decrease of vision and conjunctival chemosis of the right eye; fundus of the eye examination revealed the presence of a small optic disc of defined edges of normal coloration, without compromise of the thickness of the layer of nervous fibers of the retina with moderate vascular dilatation to venous predominance without evidence of macular alterations, hemorrhages or exudates. The campimetric studies showed the presence of altitudinal scotoma with lower temporal quadrant capture, and the study of the visual evoked potentials showed fall of its amplitude. Through the study of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR, the existence of a homogeneous isointense image of well-defined edges was observed, which did not compromise the axonal structure of the optic nerve and which respects the intracanalicular and intracranial portion that confirmed the diagnosis of meningioma of the optic nerve sheaths. Conclusions: the diagnosis of meningioma of the optic nerve sheaths on the right eye was confirmed in a patient with unilateral proptosis and conjunctival chemosis, which constitutes an unusual presentation with ophthalmological manifestations.
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Background: The biological behaviour and clinical significance of mercury toxicity vary according to its chemical structure. Mercury differs in its degree of toxicity and in its effects on the nervous, digestive and immune systems as well as on organs such as the lungs, kidneys, skin, eyes and heart. Human exposure occurs mainly through inhalation of elemental mercury vapours during industrial and artisanal processes such as artisanal and small-scale gold mining. Case presentation: A 52-years-old female, housewife, with a body mass index of 25.3 kg/cm², without smoking or alcohol habits or any important clinical or chronic cardiovascular history, was admitted to the emergency room due to probable accidental poisoning by butane gas. Clinical manifestations with a headache, dizziness, cough, and dyspnoea of medium to small efforts. An initial physical exploration with Glasgow scored at 15, with arrhythmic heart sounds, pulmonary fields with bilateral subcrepitant rales and right basal predominance. Electrocardiographic findings were as follows: a cardiac frequency of 50 beats per minute and atrioventricular dissociation. Laboratory parameters were: white blood cells at 15.8 × 108/L; aspartate aminotransferase at 38 U/L; lactate dehydrogenase at 1288 U/L; creatine-kinase at 115 U/L; CK-MB fraction at 28 U/L; and other biochemical parameters were within the reference values. A radiographic evaluation showed flow cephalization, diffuse bilateral infiltrates with right basal predominance. In addition, the patient presented data of low secondary expenditure to third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block for which the placement of a transvenous pacemaker was decided, substantially improving the haemodynamic parameters. Subsequently, after a family interrogation, the diagnosis of mercury inhalation poisoning was established. An initial detection of mercury concentration (Hg(0)) was carried out, reporting 243.5 µg/L. In view of this new evidence, mercury chelation therapy with intravenous calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (CaNa2·EDTA) was initiated. After 8-days of hospital stay, she presented a favourable evolution with both clinical and radiological improvements, so that the mechanical ventilation progressed to extubating. Subsequently, she was referred for cardiology because of her persistent 3rd-degree atrioventricular block, deciding to place a definitive bicameral pacemaker. The patient was discharged from the hospital 14 days after admission due to clinical improvements with mercury plasma levels at 5 µmol/L and a heart rhythm from the pacemaker. Conclusions: We show evidence that acute exposure to elemental mercury can affect the heart rhythm, including a complete atrioventricular blockage.
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Bloqueio Atrioventricular/etiologia , Intoxicação por Mercúrio/complicações , Bloqueio Atrioventricular/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Mercúrio/análise , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Marca-Passo ArtificialRESUMO
The antifungal activity of polygodial, a secondary metabolite extracted from Canelo, on mycelial growth of different Botrytis cinerea isolates has been evaluated. The results show that polygodial affects growth of normal and resistant isolates of B. cinerea with EC50 values ranging between 117 and 175 ppm. In addition, polygodial markedly decreases the germination of B. cinerea, i.e., after six hours of incubation the percentage of germination decreases from 92% (control) to 25% and 5% in the presence of 20 ppm and 80 ppm of polygodial, respectively. Morphological studies indicate that conidia treated with polygodial are smaller, with irregular membrane border, and a lot of cell debris, as compared to conidia in the control. The existence of polygodial-induced membrane damage was confirmed by SYTOX® Green uptake assay. Gene expression studies confirm that the effect of polygodial on B. cinerea is mainly attributed to inhibition of germination and appears at early stages of B. cinerea development. On the other hand, drimenol, a drimane with chemical structure quite similar to polygodial, inhibits the mycelial growth efficiently. Thus, both compounds inhibit mycelial growth by different mechanisms. The different antifungal activities of these compounds are discussed in terms of the electronic density on the double bond.
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Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Botrytis/efeitos dos fármacos , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologia , Vitis/microbiologia , Antifúngicos/química , Fungicidas Industriais/farmacologia , Regulação Fúngica da Expressão Gênica , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Sesquiterpenos/químicaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to determine the antifungal activity of Drimenol (1) and its synthetic derivatives, nordrimenone (2), drimenyl acetate (3), and drimenyl-epoxy-acetate (4), and to establish a possible mechanism of action for drimenol. For that, the effect of each compound on mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea was assessed. Our results showed that compounds 1, 2, 3 and 4 are able to affect Botrytis cinerea growth with EC50 values of 80, 92, 80 and 314ppm, respectively. These values suggest that the activity of these compounds is mainly determined by presence of the double bond between carbons 7 and 8 of the drimane ring. In addition, germination of B. cinerea in presence of 40 and 80ppm of drimenol is reduced almost to a half of the control value. Finally, in order to elucidate a possible mechanism by which drimenol is affecting B. cinerea, the determination of membrane integrity, reactive oxygen species production and gene expression studies of specific genes were performed.
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Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Botrytis/efeitos dos fármacos , Fungicidas Industriais/farmacologia , Esporos Fúngicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Terpenos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/química , Botrytis/metabolismo , Fungicidas Industriais/química , Sesquiterpenos Policíclicos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Esporos Fúngicos/metabolismo , Terpenos/químicaRESUMO
Fundamento: el trabajo metodológico con enfoque interdisciplinario es una fortaleza para realizar una labor integral desde los colectivos de año de la carrera de Medicina. Objetivo: identificar las necesidades para acometer un trabajo metodológico que sustente la interdisciplinariedad desde el colectivo de año de primer año de la carrera de Medicina en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara. Métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva con enfoque cualitativo, durante tres cursos (2013-2015). Se utilizaron métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis e inducción-deducción, y empíricos: el análisis documental para la determinación de los núcleos teóricos de contenidos y sus posibilidades de interrelación, y el trabajo grupal para obtener una información homogénea sobre la problemática analizada. Resultados: se delimitaron las necesidades para lograr la interdisciplinariedad, tanto en su dimensión de proyecto como en la de proceso desde el trabajo metodológico del colectivo de año de primer año de la carrera de Medicina. En los documentos no se evidencia cómo alcanzar la integración disciplinar e interdisciplinar, no se precisa cómo deben integrarse las asignaturas del ciclo entre ellas y entre ciclos, ni se orienta metodológicamente cómo lograrlo. La discusión grupal confirmó estas limitaciones. Conclusiones: la identificación de estas necesidades sirve de diagnóstico y evaluación constante y gradual para lograr la efectividad deseada a través de la planificación y realización de un trabajo metodológico que tribute a la interdisciplinariedad; es un reto a enfrentar en un proceso docente educativo pertinente para contribuir a la formación del médico general desde el primer año de la carrera.
Background: methodological work with interdisciplinary approach is a strength for a comprehensive collective work through the year teaching staff of the medical career. Objective: to identify the needs to undertake methodological work that supports interdisciplinary work through the first year teaching staff of the medical career at Villa Clara University of Medical Sciences. Methods: a descriptive study was carried out within the qualitative approach, for three years (2013-2015). Theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis and induction-deduction, and empirical ones documentary analysis for the determination of the theoretical core content and possibilities of interaction and group work to obtain homogeneous information on the issues discussed. Results: the needs to achieve interdisciplinarity through the methodological work were defined, either in its project dimension or in the process one of the first year teaching staff of the medical career. In the documents there is no evidence about how to achieve disciplinary and interdisciplinary integration; it's neither specified how subjects should be integrated among them and between cycles, nor methodologically orientations about how to achieve it. Group discussion confirmed these limitations. Conclusions: the identification of these needs is a diagnostic, steady and gradual assessment to achieve the desired effectiveness through the planning and implementation of a methodological work that tribute to interdisciplinarity; it is a challenge to face in a relevant educational process to contribute to the comprehensive formation of the general practitioner since the first year of the career.
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Educação Médica , Educação de Pós-Graduação em MedicinaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: A complication underserved in diabetic patients is the cognitive deficits that can reach dementia. Studying the association between electrophysiological, neuropsychological, and biochemical measures could provide a breakthrough in the understanding of this phenomenon. OBJECTIVES: To compare P200 parameters between subjects with and without diabetes mellitus type 2 and to determine their relationship with biochemical and neuropsychological indicators. METHODS: This is an observational, prospective, transversal and analytical study. Seventy-four participants were divided into two groups: 37 with diabetes mellitus type 2, and 37 subjects as controls. P200 latency, amplitude, and rate of rise to somatosensory stimuli were measured and related to the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) test and blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin. RESULTS: Diabetics showed longer latency (p < 0.042, 1-tail) and lower MMSE score (p < 0.0001) than controls. Negative associations of amplitude and rising rate with glycosylated hemoglobin were observed in patients (p < 0.025); also, between amplitude and blood glucose (p < 0.038, 1-tail) and between MMSE score and time with diabetes mellitus type 2 (p < 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: The P200 parameters of the somatosensory system are sensitive to metabolic deterioration of diabetic patients, so its use in monitoring the cognitive state of patients is recommended.
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Glicemia/fisiologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/metabolismo , Adulto , Transtornos Cognitivos/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Sepsis is a systemic uncontrolled inflammatory response in the presence of an infection. It remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. According to its severity, sepsis can progress to three different states: severe sepsis, septic shock, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, related to organ dysfunction and/or tissue hypoperfusion. Different processes underlie its pathophysiology; among them are oxidative stress, endothelial and mitochondrial dysfunction, and angiogenesis-related factors. However, no studies have integrated these elements in sepsis. The main difficulty in sepsis is its diagnosis. Currently, the potential of inflammatory biomarkers in septic patients remains weak. In this context, the research into new biomarkers is essential to aid with sepsis diagnosis and prognostication. Furthermore, even though the current management of severe forms of sepsis has been effective, morbimortality remains elevated. Therefore, it is essential to explore alternative approaches to therapy development. The aim of this review is to present an update of evidence supporting the role of oxidative stress and angiogenesis-related factors in the pathophysiology of the different forms of sepsis. It proposes a novel convergence between both elements in their role in the disease, and it will cover their utility as new diagnostic tools, predictors of outcome, and as novel therapeutic targets.
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Indutores da Angiogênese/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Sepse/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , HumanosRESUMO
Twelve drimanes, including polygodial (1), isopolygodial (2), drimenol (3), confertifolin (4), and isodrimenin (5), were obtained from natural sources. Semi-synthetic derivatives 6-12 were obtained from 1 and 2, and cytotoxic activity was evaluated in vitro against cancer cell lines (HT-29, MDA-MB231, DHF, MCF-7, PC-3, DU-145, and CoN). IC50 values were determined at concentrations of 12.5-100 µM of each compound for 72 h. In addition, it was found that polygodial (1), 8, and 12 induced changes in mitochondrial membrane permeability in CoN, MCF-7, and PC-3 cells.
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Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Permeabilidade da Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Furanos/farmacologia , Células HT29 , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Células MCF-7 , Membranas Mitocondriais/efeitos dos fármacos , Sesquiterpenos Policíclicos , Terpenos/farmacologia , Tetra-Hidronaftalenos/farmacologiaRESUMO
This is a second part of a research aimed to study the effects of alcohol on the electrophysiological processes in student volunteers. The first part showed that alcohol slowed the Omitted Stimulus Potential (OSP). This work studied the ethanol effects on the parameters (i.e. rate of rise, amplitude and peak latency) of the P2 component of the evoked potentials (EPs) yielded by trains of auditory stimuli. It is hypothesized here that if P2 and OSP waves share some common neural processes then alcohol should also affect these specific parameters. A dose of 0.8 g/kg of alcohol or a placebo (0 g/kg) was administered to two groups of 15 young men who were tested before and again after treatment. The pre-post treatment change in each of the measurements was used to assess the treatment effects. The results showed that compared to placebo, alcohol slowed the P2 rise rate and reduced its amplitude, with no effects on peak latency. The rise rate is more sensitive to alcohol but more resistant to the adaptation process. Alcohol resembles the response inhibition model acting against the adaptation. The rise rate of the P2 and the OSP waves are affected by alcohol in a similar fashion, suggesting similar neural generative mechanisms.
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Bebidas Alcoólicas , Etanol/farmacologia , Potenciais Evocados Auditivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Eletroencefalografia , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Molecular-based characterizations of Andean peoples are traditionally conducted in the service of elucidating continent-level evolutionary processes in South America. Consequently, genetic variation among "western" Andean populations is often represented in relation to variation among "eastern" Amazon and Orinoco River Basin populations. This west-east contrast in patterns of population genetic variation is typically attributed to large-scale phenomena, such as dual founder colonization events or differing long-term microevolutionary histories. However, alternative explanations that consider the nature and causes of population genetic diversity within the Andean region remain underexplored. Here we examine population genetic diversity in the Peruvian Central Andes using data from the mtDNA first hypervariable region and Y-chromosome short tandem repeats among 17 newly sampled populations and 15 published samples. Using this geographically comprehensive data set, we first reassessed the currently accepted pattern of western versus eastern population genetic structure, which our results ultimately reject: mtDNA population diversities were lower, rather than higher, within Andean versus eastern populations, and only highland Y-chromosomes exhibited significantly higher within-population diversities compared with eastern groups. Multiple populations, including several highland samples, exhibited low genetic diversities for both genetic systems. Second, we explored whether the implementation of Inca state and Spanish colonial policies starting at about ad 1400 could have substantially restructured population genetic variation and consequently constitute a primary explanation for the extant pattern of population diversity in the Peruvian Central Andes. Our results suggest that Peruvian Central Andean population structure cannot be parsimoniously explained as the sole outcome of combined Inca and Spanish policies on the region's population demography: highland populations differed from coastal and lowland populations in mtDNA genetic structure only; highland groups also showed strong evidence of female-biased gene flow and/or effective sizes relative to other Peruvian ecozones. Taken together, these findings indicate that population genetic structure in the Peruvian Central Andes is considerably more complex than previously reported and that characterizations of and explanations for genetic variation may be best pursued within more localized regions and defined time periods.
Assuntos
DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Y , Feminino , Haplótipos , Humanos , Masculino , Repetições de Microssatélites , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Peru , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Dinâmica Populacional , América do SulRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Diabetic retinopathy remains the leading visual complication of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) in productive patients. It evolves from a non-proliferative stage, occasionally asymptomatic, until a proliferative phase with neovascularization, retinal detachment and blindness. There are many reports that compare visual, biochemical or electrophysiological parameters among diabetic patients and healthy controls. However, much less information has been published comparing parameters between diabetics with and without non-proliferative retinopathy. Thus, it is essential to know what changes take place in the retina and the visual post retinal pathway as the disease progresses, but before the establishment of a proliferative process involving blindness. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare and correlate electrophysiological and visual parameters of diabetics with and without non-proliferative retinopathy, using modern, non invasive techniques. These data will allow us to a better understanding of the process and to determine the use of these parameters in the monitoring of diabetes and its complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is an observational, prospective, transversal and analytical study. Twenty-two patients with DM2 were divided into two groups (50% on each group): group with non-proliferative retinopathy and group without retinopathy. We measured the central fovea thickness (CFT) by optical coherence tomography, the P100 wave of the Visual Evoked Potentials (VEP) and other visual and biochemical parameters. RESULTS: Retinopathy patients had lower visual acuity (p < 0.047), lower P100 amplitude (p < 0.043) and lower rate of rise (p < 0.026, 1-tailed). They also showed a more biochemical disturbance with higher glycemia (p < 0.015) and HbA1c (p < 0.033), and longer disease duration (p < 0.011), compared with those without retinopathy. Visual acuity showed a negative correlation with disease duration (r = -0.65; p < 0.017) and severity of ocular damage (r = -0.76; p < 0.007) in patients with retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with retinopathy have lower visual acuity, decreased central visual fibers and a tendency to increase the ECF. Although the data favor the use of these non-invasive techniques to monitor the disease and prevent progression of visual complications, additional studies are needed with larger sample size to confirm the results obtained here.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Retinopatia Diabética/diagnóstico , Retina/patologia , Tomografia de Coerência Óptica/métodos , Adulto , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatologia , Retinopatia Diabética/patologia , Potenciais Evocados Visuais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fatores de Tempo , Acuidade VisualRESUMO
Context: Laurelia sempervirens (R. et P.) Tul., is an evergreen tree that growths in southern Chile, its leaves and bark are used in folk medicine as an infusion. Objective: The antimicrobial activities of the essential oil and ethyl acetate extract obtained from the bark of Laurelia sempervirens were investigated. Materials and methods: Ethyl acetate extract and essential oil were analyzed by GC- mass and the antimicrobial activity was investigated against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Results: The extract and essential oil showed a strong antimicrobial activity against bacteria such as Acinetobacter baumanii, a relevant world nosocomial pathogen Discussion and conclusion: These findings demonstrate that the ethyl acetate extract and essential oil of L.sempervirens bark have excellent antimicrobial activities and thus have great potential as a source for natural health products.
Contexto: Laurelia sempervirens (R. et P.) Tul., es un árbol de hoja perenne que crece en el sur de Chile, sus hojas y corteza se utilizan en medicina popular como infusión. Objetivo: Investigar la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial y el extracto de acetato de etilo obtenido de la corteza de Laurelia sempervirens. Materiales y métodos: El extracto de acetato de etilo y el aceite esencial se analizaron por GC-masa y la actividad antimicrobiana se analizó contra bacterias gram positivas y gram negativas. Resultados: El extracto y aceite esencial evidenció una fuerte actividad antimicrobiana frente a la bacteria, Acinetobacter baumanii patógeno que causa infecciones nosocomiales de relevancia mundial. Discusión y conclusiones: Estos hallazgos demuestran que el extracto de acetato de etilo y aceite esencial de corteza de L.sempervirens tienen excelentes actividades antimicrobianas y por lo tanto tienen un gran potencial como fuente de productos naturales para la salud.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Bactérias , Folhas de Planta/química , Laurus/química , Acetatos , Acinetobacter baumannii , Chile , Cromatografia , Casca de Planta/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologiaRESUMO
Se realizó una investigación en sistemas y servicios de salud de tipo descriptiva, con el objetivo principal de identificar factores subjetivos que limitan el acceso al tratamiento estomatológico de las embarazadas. El universo estuvo constituido por mujeres que parieron en el territorio de la provincia de Camagüey durante el primer semestre de 2009, y la muestra estuvo conformada por 239 de estas féminas, que tuvieron nacidos vivos en el Hospital Materno Ana Betancourt, de la capital provincial, en febrero de ese año. Se diseñó una encuesta para explorar conocimientos, aptitudes y prácticas, como instrumento cuantitativo, recogiéndose un grupo de variables, que sirvieron para dar salida a los objetivos trazados. Los datos obtenidos fueron procesados utilizando estadísticas descriptivas, exponiéndose en tablas para una mejor comprensión y de cuya información se conocieron, los principales factores subjetivos que influyen en el acceso de las embarazadas al tratamiento estomatológico, arribándose a conclusiones precisas.
We carried out a descriptive research in health systems and services, with the main objective of identifying subjective factors limiting the pregnant women's access to the stomatologic service. The universe was formed by women who delivered children in the territory of the province of Camaguey during the first semester of 2009. The sample was formed by 239 of these women, who gave birth to children born alive in the Maternity Hospital Ana Betancourt of the provincial capital, in February of that year. We designed a survey to explore knowledge, aptitudes and practices as a quantitative instrument, collecting a group of variables that allowed fulfilling the planned objectives. The obtained data were processed using descriptive statistics, and exposed in charts for a better comprehension. From this information we knew the main subjective factors influencing in the pregnant women's access to the stomatologic treatment, arriving to specific conclusions.