RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: It has been considered a study of nutritional menus offered at noon School in Granada. Balanced diet in children and youth will enable the prevention of diseases in adulthood. Comparing the menus prepared on school and the services offered by catering. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The menus are aimed at 5,399 children from Granada, analyzed 354 school menus from 29 centres, public and private schools. Eleven colleges have their own kitchen, while 18 had hired a catering service. The amounts provided in each menu were estimated using standardized photographs of different sizes ration identified by those responsible for the dining room or by weighing Served directly from the ration. Nutritional assessment was determined by software, and the statistical treatment with the program SPSS v. 15.0. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in the intakes of energy and nutrients from the menus developed in the centres and catering services. In the catering firms, the available energy and nutrition is similar, and in the menus prepared at the centres, there are significant differences in relation to some nutrients, depending on whether public school or private. CONCLUSIONS: The energy, protein and lipid is high and low input from carbohydrates. It is the frequency of excessive consumption of meat and derivatives. To balance the diet of school, it is necessary to complement the menu of midday meals with the rest of the day.
Assuntos
Alimentos , Valor Nutritivo , Criança , Serviços de Alimentação , Humanos , Instituições Acadêmicas , EspanhaRESUMO
A 350 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) oral dose of uranyl nitrate (UN) caused 100% mortality in mice three days after administration, due to resulting kidney lesions. Mortality decreased 50% after an oral (o) or subcutaneous (sc) dose of bisodic etidronate (EHBP). Given that bone is also a target organ for uranium (U) in acute intoxication, the aim of this work was to study the effect of exposure to a lethal oral dose of UN on endochondral ossification, and the latter's response to EHBP treatment. One hundred male Balb/c mice weighing 25 g were assigned to one of ten groups. Group I served as control. Group II received a lethal 350 mg/kg b.w. oral dose of UN by gavage. Groups III, IV, VII, and VIII received an equal dose of UN immediately followed by a single 500 mg/kg oral dose of EHBP in groups III and VII and a single 50 mg/kg subcutaneous dose of EHBP in groups IV and VIII. Groups V and IX only received a single 500 mg/kg oral dose of EHBP, and groups VI and X received a single 50 mg/kg subcutaneous dose of EHBP. The animals in groups II, III, IV, V, and VI were sacrificed 48 h after the onset of the experiment, whereas those in groups VII, VIII, IX, and X were killed at 14 days. Histologic and histomorphometric studies were performed on the femurs to determine growth cartilage width, bone volume, and metaphyseal bone activity. Our results showed that all growth cartilage and metaphyseal bone histomorphometric parameters were significantly lower in animals exposed to UN at 48 h than in controls. EHPB administration was found to prevent this condition at 48 h reaching similar values to those of controls. Although histomorphometric values did not reach control values at 14 days, they were higher than those of animals exposed to UN at 48 h not treated with EHBP. It is noteworthy that these values also decreased in animals only receiving EHBP at 14 days. Our results show that EHBP effectively ameliorates the adverse effects of a lethal dose of UN on endochondral ossification.
Assuntos
Condrogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Difosfonatos/farmacologia , Fêmur/efeitos dos fármacos , Lâmina de Crescimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Nitrato de Uranil/toxicidade , Administração Oral , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Interações Medicamentosas , Fêmur/patologia , Lâmina de Crescimento/patologia , Injeções Subcutâneas , Longevidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB CRESUMO
Intoxication with uranium compounds is both an occupational risk for the workers engaged in the different processes of the elaboration of nuclear fuel and a risk for the population at large in terms of contaminated water and food. The toxic effects of uranium can be reduced by the administration of a biphosphonate, ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-biphosphonate (EHBP), subcutaneously or intraperitoneally. The aim of the present work was to examine whether orally administered EHBP reduces the lethal effect of a single orally administered toxic dose of uranyl nitrate. Nine groups of 20 male Balb-c mice were used. Five groups received 350 mg kg(-1) of uranyl nitrate orally administered by gavage, four were co-treated 20 min later with EHBP either by gavage (350, 500, or 700 mg kg(-1)) or by subcutaneous injection (50 mg kg(-1)), and one group was not treated. Four groups of animals received only EHBP in doses and routes the same as those used in the intoxicated animals. Survival was assessed for 14 d. On day 14 the surviving animals of all groups were killed. An additional group of uranium intoxicated animals was killed on day 2 after the start of the experiment. Kidneys were examined histologically. On day 3 all the animals treated with uranyl nitrate alone and 20% of the animals treated with 700 mg kg(-1) of EHBP alone were dead. Survival at day 14 of the groups of mice intoxicated with uranyl nitrate and treated with EHBP (50 mg kg(-1) orally or 50 mg kg(-1) subcutaneously) was 45.0 and 49.6%, respectively. Tubule necrosis lesions were present in kidneys of mice intoxicated with uranyl nitrate, whereas lesions were less severe in mice treated with EHBP. Oral administration of EHBP is effective for reducing the lethal effect of uranium, and it is at least as useful as subcutaneous administration for prompt therapy of oral uranium exposure, achieving a survival rate of almost 50%.
Assuntos
Difosfonatos/administração & dosagem , Lesões Experimentais por Radiação/tratamento farmacológico , Protetores contra Radiação/administração & dosagem , Urânio/intoxicação , Administração Oral , Animais , Injeções Subcutâneas , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most frequent solid tumor in the Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México (INP). The bilateral presentation occurs in 25% of all patients. We present some epidemiological data of this form of the disease, in learn these epidemiological variables in our series. We reviewed the clinical charts from 1972 to 1994. We analyzed age, sex, timing of presentation of the second affected eye, positive family history, clinical staging, and the development of secondary malignancies. A total of 105 cases were detected from 412 RB total cases (25%). We observed a male predominance 1.6:1.0 p = 0.04 versus females. The clinical staging showed: retinal stage 9/102, ocular stage 58/102, orbital stage 26/102 and non classified 9/102 p < 0.00001. The asynchronous form is a rare presentation in our experience: 16/105 cases p = 0.00001 (15%). Only 16/105 patients had a positive family history of RB (15%). We found 2 of 105 cases with secondary malignancies (0.01%). The asynchronous form constitutes a rare presentation. We cannot explain the etiology for the high prevalence of bilateral disease. The frequency of secondary malignancies is lower than that reported in the literature.