RESUMO
Craniofacial bone defect anomalies affect both soft and hard tissues and can be caused by trauma, bone recessions from tumors and cysts, or even from congenital disorders. On this note, cleft/lip palate is the most prevalent congenital craniofacial defect caused by disturbed embryonic development of soft and hard tissues around the oral cavity and face area, resulting in most cases, of severe limitations with chewing, swallowing, and talking as well as problems of insufficient space for teeth, proper breathing, and self-esteem problems as a consequence of facial appearance. Spectacular advances in regenerative medicine have arrived, giving new hope to patients that can benefit from new tissue engineering therapies based on the supportive action of 3D biomaterials together with the synergic action of osteo-inductive molecules and recruited stem cells that can be driven to the process of bone regeneration. However, few studies have focused on the application of tissue engineering to the regeneration of the cleft/lip and only a few have reported significant advances to offer real clinical solutions. This review provides an updated and deep analysis of the studies that have reported on the use of advanced biomaterials and cell therapies for the regeneration of cleft lip and palate regeneration.
Assuntos
Materiais Biocompatíveis/uso terapêutico , Fenda Labial/terapia , Fissura Palatina/terapia , Medicina Regenerativa/métodos , Animais , Fenda Labial/epidemiologia , Fenda Labial/patologia , Fenda Labial/fisiopatologia , Fissura Palatina/epidemiologia , Fissura Palatina/patologia , Fissura Palatina/fisiopatologia , Ácido Fólico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Fólico/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/uso terapêutico , Osteogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Transplante de Células-Tronco/métodos , Engenharia Tecidual/métodosRESUMO
The fungal pathogen Candida glabrata has a well-defined oxidative stress response, is extremely resistant to oxidative stress and can survive inside phagocytic cells. In order to further our understanding of the oxidative stress response in C. glabrata, we characterized the superoxide dismutases (SODs) Cu,ZnSOD (Sod1) and MnSOD (Sod2). We found that Sod1 is the major contributor to total SOD activity and is present in cytoplasm, whereas Sod2 is a mitochondrial protein. Both SODs played a central role in the oxidative stress response but Sod1 was more important during fermentative growth and Sod2 during respiration and growth in non-fermentable carbon sources. Interestingly, C. glabrata cells lacking both SODs showed auxotrophy for lysine, a high rate of spontaneous mutation and reduced chronological lifespan. Thus, our study reveals that SODs play an important role in metabolism, lysine biosynthesis, DNA protection and aging in C. glabrata.