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Bentazon (Basagran®) belongs to the chemical group of benzothiadiazinones. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the influence of herbicide bentazon (3 µg.L-1, 6 µg.L-1, 12 µg.L-1, 300 µg.L-1) in Danio rerio embryos development. The study tested environmental relevant concentrations of bentazon as well as the limit established for drinking water (300 µg.L-1) in Brazil. We performed behavioral and developmental analyzes during 96 h of exposure. The bentazon measurements after experimental period showed reduction ranging from 5.0 to 18.93% between exposed groups. Our results showed significant differences in the heart rate, which was significantly higher in groups exposed to all bentazon concentrations compared to control groups. The absence of alterations in the behavioral parameters showing that the herbicide bentazon at the concentrations tested had few adverse effects on the development and behavior of the Danio rerio embryos. Considering the toxic point of view, there is a chance that bentazon acts together with other environmental contaminants as an additive or synergistic way.

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OBJECTIVE: To understand the meaning of life as perceived by nurses at work in oncology palliative care. METHOD: This is a qualitative study, with a phenomenological approach, based on the theoretical-philosophical framework by Viktor Emil Frankl. It was developed with nurses in a unit specialized in oncology palliative care located in the city of Rio de Janeiro and used phenomenological interviews. Data were processed using the phenomenological method by Amedeo Giorgi. RESULTS: Thirty-four nurses participated in the study. The study conveys an existential message to nurses through selftranscendence. Through their work, they represent their own identity, which is directly impacted by the way they perceive freedom and responsibility in the face of actions taken. They build their reality and make work viable as a source of life. The care provided is no longer just a task to be qualified as a solidary, relational, existential, dynamic, and temporal issue. CONCLUSION: The experience in a scenario of life finitude allows these professionals to experience an authentic encounter with their self, the awakening of values giving meaning to their existence, and self-transcendence, deeply contributing to society through a more human, comprehensive, and quality assistance.

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The high demand for food consequently increases the entry of agricultural residues into water resources, and this phenomenon can affect non-target organisms in different ways. Environmentally relevant pesticide effects (per se or in combinations) are scarce in the scientific literature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate: (1) the presence of pesticide residues in an important Brazilian source of water supply and power generation (Jacuí river), during 1 year of monitoring. (2) in a laboratory study verify the effects of the most frequently, herbicide, fungicide, and insecticide found in Jacuí river (individualized or in a mixture) on biochemical parameters in different tissues of Oreochromis niloticus. Twenty pesticide residues were detected in superficial water samples, and two of them are banned in Brazilian territory. Atrazine (0.56 µg L-1), azoxystrobin (0.024 µg L-1), and imidacloprid (0.11 µg L-1) were the most frequently herbicide, fungicide, and insecticide, respectively, found in the river and were used in the laboratory assay. O. niloticus exposed to the pesticide mixture exhibited more biochemical effects than individualized exposure groups. This response can be a result of the combined pesticide effects, culminating in an additive or synergistic effect, depending on the biomarker. In individual exposure groups, atrazine presented the most pronounced alterations, followed by azoxystrobin and imidacloprid. Overall, pesticide exposure increased levels of oxidative stress parameters, reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, and induced acetylcholinesterase activity. These findings highlight the threat to aquatic organisms which may be exposed to a miscellaneous of toxic compounds in the environment.

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The insecticides imidacloprid (IMI), a neonicotinoid, and propoxur (PRO), an N-methylcarbamate compound, are pesticides widely used throughout the world. Although they are not used together to combat pests, both are often found in freshwater near agricultural areas. Thereby, the goal of this study was to evaluate the additive effects of IMI and PRO mixtures at environmental concentrations in relation to isolated compounds on Rhamdia quelen, a neotropical fish. The fish was exposed to IMI (0.11 µg/L), PRO (0.039 µg/L), or Mix (0.11 µg/L IMI plus 0.039 µg/L PRO) during 96 h. Glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were determined. To verify oxidative damage thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyl (PC), reactive oxygen species contents (ROS), antioxidant capacity against peroxides (ACAP) were determined in gills, liver, brain and muscle. The results shows that a mixture of these pesticides at environmental concentrations inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain and induced oxidative damage in all analyzed tissues. These results reinforce the hypothesis that mixture of contaminants present in environment could induce additive or synergistic effects on fish species.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the meaning of life as perceived by nurses at work in oncology palliative care. Method: This is a qualitative study, with a phenomenological approach, based on the theoretical-philosophical framework by Viktor Emil Frankl. It was developed with nurses in a unit specialized in oncology palliative care located in the city of Rio de Janeiro and used phenomenological interviews. Data were processed using the phenomenological method by Amedeo Giorgi. Results: Thirty-four nurses participated in the study. The study conveys an existential message to nurses through selftranscendence. Through their work, they represent their own identity, which is directly impacted by the way they perceive freedom and responsibility in the face of actions taken. They build their reality and make work viable as a source of life. The care provided is no longer just a task to be qualified as a solidary, relational, existential, dynamic, and temporal issue. Conclusion: The experience in a scenario of life finitude allows these professionals to experience an authentic encounter with their self, the awakening of values giving meaning to their existence, and self-transcendence, deeply contributing to society through a more human, comprehensive, and quality assistance.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comprender el sentido de la vida percibido por los enfermeros en su trabajo con los cuidados paliativos oncológicos. Método: Estudio de carácter cualitativo, con abordaje fenomenológico, fundamentado en el referencial teórico-filosófico de Viktor Emil Frankl. Se desarrolló con enfermeros de una unidad especializada en cuidados paliativos oncológicos ubicada en el municipio de Río de Janeiro mediante entrevistas fenomenológicas. Los datos fueron tratados con el método fenomenológico de Amedeo Giorgi. Resultados: Han participado 34 enfermeros. Para ellos, el trabajo transmite un mensaje existencial a través de la autotrascendencia. Con su trabajo, representan su propia identidad, que se ve directamente impactada por la forma en la que perciben la libertad y la responsabilidad hacia las acciones practicadas. Construyen su realidad y la convierten en una fuente de vida viable. El cuidado que se presta deja de ser una mera tarea para calificarse como una condición solidaria, relacional, existencial, dinámica y temporal. Conclusión: La experiencia en el escenario de la finitud de la vida permite a estos profesionales el auténtico encuentro con sí mismos, el despertar de los valores que dan sentido a su existencia y la autotrascendencia, contribuyendo profundamente hacia la sociedad a través de una asistencia más humana, integral y de calidad.

RESUMO Objetivo: Compreender o sentido da vida percebido pelos enfermeiros no trabalho em cuidados paliativos oncológicos. Método: Estudo de natureza qualitativa, com abordagem fenomenológica, fundamentado no referencial teórico-filosófico de Viktor Emil Frankl. Desenvolveu-se com enfermeiros em uma unidade especializada em cuidados paliativos oncológicos localizada no município do Rio de Janeiro por meio de entrevista fenomenológica. Os dados foram tratados pelo método fenomenológico de Amedeo Giorgi. Resultados: Participaram 34 enfermeiros. O trabalho veicula para os enfermeiros uma mensagem existencial por meio da autotranscendência. Pelo trabalho, representam a própria identidade que é diretamente impactada pela forma como percebem a liberdade e responsabilidade perante as ações assumidas. Constroem a sua realidade e o viabilizam como fonte de vida. O cuidado prestado deixa de ser apenas uma tarefa para ser qualificado como uma condição solidária, relacional, existencial, dinâmica e temporal. Conclusão: A experiência no cenário da finitude da vida possibilita a estes profissionais o encontro autêntico com seu eu, o despertar de valores que dão sentido a seu existir e à autotranscendência, contribuindo profundamente à sociedade por meio de uma assistência mais humana, integral e de qualidade.

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ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify situations of violence in the daily work of the health professionals of the Family Health Strategy and to describe the conducts adopted by these professionals in relation to the situations of violence identified. Method: a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study whose scenario was a Family Clinic of the city of Rio de Janeiro. Eighteen health professionals participated. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and subjected to content analysis. Results: three thematic categories emerged: Situations of workplace violence in the Family Health Strategy; Consequences of workplace violence on the Family Health Strategy; The nurse's role as leader of the Family Health Team and the strategies adopted in the face of workplace violence. Conclusions: situations of interpersonal violence and collective violence were identified, exemplified by the contact with armed violence in the territory, racial discrimination, peer violence and violence suffered by the user, such as domestic violence, directly affecting the professional. The importance is highlighted of the nurse's role as leader of the Family Health Strategy team, envisioning the management of violence situations, often neglected.

RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar las situaciones de violencia en la rutina laboral de los profesionales de salud de la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia y describir las conductas que adoptan estos profesionales ante las situaciones de violencia identificadas. Método: estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio que tuvo como escenario a una Clínica de Salud Familiar del municipio de Río de Janeiro. Participaron 18 profesionales de la salud. Los datos se recolectaron a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y se los sometió a análisis de contenido. Resultados: surgieron tres categorías temáticas: Situaciones de violencia laboral en la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia; Consecuencias de la violencia laboral en la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia y Desempeño de los enfermeros como líderes de los equipos de Salud de la Familia y las estrategias adoptadas ante la violencia laboral. Conclusiones: se identificaron situaciones de violencia interpersonal y colectiva, ejemplificadas por el contacto con la violencia armada en el campo de acción, discriminación racial, violencia entre pares y violencia sufrida por el usuario, como ser la violencia doméstica, que afecta directamente al profesional. Se destaca la importancia del desempeño de los enfermeros como líderes de los equipos de la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia, con vistas a manejar las situaciones de violencia laboral, muchas veces desatendidas.

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar as situações de violência no cotidiano de trabalho dos profissionais de saúde da Estratégia de Saúde da Família e descrever as condutas adotadas por esses profissionais perante as situações de violência identificadas. Método: estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório cujo cenário foi uma Clínica da Família do município do Rio de Janeiro. Participaram 18 profissionais da saúde. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas semiestruturadas e submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Resultados: emergiram três categorias temáticas: Situações de violência no trabalho na Estratégia de Saúde da Família; Consequências da violência no trabalho na Estratégia de Saúde da Família; Atuação do enfermeiro como líder da Equipe de Saúde da Família e as estratégias adotadas perante a violência no trabalho. Conclusões: foram identificadas situações de violência interpessoal e a violência coletiva, exemplificadas pelo contato com a violência armada no território, discriminação racial, violência entre os pares e violência sofrida pelo usuário, como a violência doméstica, afetando diretamente o profissional. Destaca-se a importância da atuação do enfermeiro como líder da equipe da Estratégia de Saúde da Família vislumbrando o gerenciamento das situações de violência no trabalho, muitas vezes negligenciadas.

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Objetivo: Refletir sobre a saúde da pessoa idosa na pandemia pelo COVID - 19, para a elaboração de orientações de enfermagem, dirigidas a Atenção Primária à Saúde e à Assistência Hospitalar Especializada. Método: Análise e discussão à luz da produção científica sobre a COVID 19, pautando-se em indicadores epidemiológicos, clínicos, políticos, sociais e espirituais, considerados estruturantes do cuidado de enfermagem. Resultados: Identificou-se que a prática de enfermagem deve ser direcionada à pessoa idosa em três situações específicas e a seus desdobramentos: o idoso frágil e acamado na comunidade; o idoso autônomo e independente em isolamento social; o idoso em potencial risco de hospitalização. Conclusão: O estudo identificou que idosos acamados, residentes em comunidades, compõem o grupo de alto risco dessa pandemia. Entende-se que os esforços para que a situação seja contida, requer empenho coletivo e conscientização da população e do cuidador do idoso. Sendo então, a articulação, os esforços e apelos realizados pelos profissionais de saúde, parte fundamental, para que ocorra a promoção da saúde e não só auxílio para resolutividade de comorbidades e recuperação dele. Ademais, também é dever do Estado acolher a população vulnerável, considerando os determinantes sociais implicados no processo de adoecimento a fim de minimizar os danos (AU)

Objective: to reflect on elderly health during the COVID-19 pandemic and elaborate nursing guidelines focused on Primary Health Care and Specialized Hospital Care. Method: discussion and analysis of scientific production on COVID-19, based on epidemiological, clinical, political, social and spiritual indicators, which are considered to be the pillars of nursing care. Results: the nursing practice should be directed to the elderly in three specific situations and their consequences: the frail and bedridden elderly in the community; the autonomous and independent elderly in social isolation; the elderly at potential risk of hospitalization. Conclusion: the study shows that bedridden elderly people living in communities are the high-risk group of this pandemic. Efforts to contain the situation require collective commitment, awareness of the population, and attention of the elderly person's caregiver. Therefore, the articulation, efforts and appeals made by health professionals is fundamental for health promotion and not only assistance for the resolution of comorbidities and recovery. Moreover, the Government is responsible for embracing the vulnerable population, considering the social determinants involved in the process of illness in order to minimize the damage (AU)

Objetivo: reflexionar sobre la salud de los ancianos en la pandemia del COVID - 19, para la elaboración de pautas de enfermería dirigidas a la Atención Primaria de Salud y Atención Hospitalaria Especializada. Método: análisis y discusión a la luz de la producción científica sobre COVID 19, basado en indicadores epidemiológicos, clínicos, políticos, sociales y espirituales, considerados base de la estructura de la atención de enfermería. Resultados: se identificó que la práctica de enfermería debía dirigirse a los ancianos en tres situaciones específicas y sus consecuencias: los ancianos frágiles y acostados en la comunidad; los ancianos autónomos e independientes en aislamiento social; ancianos con riesgo potencial de hospitalización. Conclusión: el estudio identificó que los ancianos postrados en cama que viven en comunidades son el grupo de alto riesgo de esta pandemia. Se entiende que los esfuerzos para contener la situación requieren un compromiso y conciencia colectiva de la población y del cuidador de los ancianos. Así, la articulación, los esfuerzos y los llamamientos realizados por los profesionales de la salud, son una parte fundamental para la promoción de la salud y no sólo la asistencia para la resolución de las comorbilidades y la recuperación de las mismas. Además, también es deber del Estado acoger a la población vulnerable, teniendo en cuenta los determinantes sociales involucrados en el proceso de la enfermedad para minimizar el daño (AU)

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Brazilian freshwater ecosystems are continuously exposed to pesticides and domestic sewage. The Uruguay River was chosen for this study because of its international importance, as it flows through Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. It receives contaminants such as pesticides and domestic residues. Thus, the aim of this study to assess the accumulation of pesticides in muscle of the fish Astyanax jacuhiensis, its biochemical responses, and the presence of pesticides in water. In total, seven pesticides were registered in water from both river sites. Eight pesticides were detected in fish muscle. The biochemical responses showed that brain lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyl (PC) in A. jacuhiensis were higher in the summer. Muscle showed the highest LPO levels in the spring and the highest PC in the summer. Liver LPO and PC levels were higher in the spring and summer. In the gills, the PC was higher in the spring and the LPO in the spring and winter. In the brain and in the gills, glutathione-S-transferase activity was high in the summer and autumn. Catalase activity was lower during the winter and spring. Non-protein thiol (NPSH) levels were lower in the brain in the winter and spring. Muscle tissue showed lower NPSH in the winter (site 1). Liver NPSH showed increased levels in liver in the spring and winter (site 2). The biochemical results clearly is related to pesticides and/or to the presence of other contaminants in the water such as metals or domestic sewage. The accumulation of pesticides in fish muscle added evidence that pesticides have been used in the area surrounding the Uruguay River. In conclusion, the biomarkers assayed in the present study could be used in future investigations considering other sampling sites along Uruguay River.

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Understanding how temperature alone affects biomarkers commonly used in ecotoxicology studies and biomonitoring programs is important to obtain a more real response in field studies, especially in freshwater. Thus, we analyzed the behavioral responses, the lethality, and the biochemical biomarkers in the freshwater crustacean Aegla longirostri at different water temperatures. Animals were exposed under laboratory conditions, to 18 °C, 21 °C, 24 °C, and 26 °C for 48 h. There were significant changes in biochemical parameters in different tissues (hepatopancreas, gills, and muscle) and in the behavioral tests in A. longirostri. Hepatopancreas was especially affected by the elevation of temperature, as showed by the high levels of carbonyl proteins. The activity of acetylcholinesterase increased in a temperature-dependent manner in muscle. Glutathione S-transferase activity decreased with the elevation of temperature in all tissues sampled. The results obtained in this study indicate that when assessing the health of polluted limnic ecosystems through the use of organisms in situ, the intrinsic effect of abiotic factors, such as temperature, on biomarkers must be considered.

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Intensive agricultural and livestock activities demand high pesticide use and, consequently, contaminants reach aquatic ecosystems. In the lower Jacuí River, southern Brazil, there is a lack of knowledge about pesticide residues in water samples and the biochemical responses in native fish species. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the influence of pesticide residues and water parameters to biomarker responses in the native fish Astyanax spp. We performed seasonal biomonitoring in 2017 with water samples and fish collections. Biomarkers of oxidative stress, antioxidants, biotransformation, and neurotoxicity were analyzed in fish tissues. Fourteen pesticide residues were detected; they presented correlations with detoxification enzyme and oxidative stress biomarkers. These data indicate that most of variations can be related to the pesticide presence in water indicating high aquatic pollution in this place.

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Aquatic environments are affected by the use of pesticides in agricultural areas near rivers. To assess the impact of pesticide residues on affected environments Danio rerio (zebrafish) embryos have become an alternative model for biomonitoring studies. In the present study, zebrafish embryos were used as bioindicator of water quality in the Vacacaí river, located in the city of Santa Maria, southern Brazil. We hypothesized that it would be possible to observe changes in the biomarkers tested in the embryos. Exposures were performed over a total of eight months during the year 2018 using water collected in a river located near agricultural areas. Twenty-four pesticides were found in river water samples. The most frequently found were atrazine, quinclorac and clomazone. During exposure (96 h) spontaneous movement, the heart rate and hatching rate were evaluated. After the exposure time the embryos were euthanized for biochemical assays. We analyzed biomarkers such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT). We observed increases in GST and TBARS, especially during periods of major water contamination such as January, February, October, and November. Pesticides can affect the development of native species that reproduce during periods of high agricultural production. These results demonstrate the potential use of biochemical parameters combined with developmental and behavioral analyses in zebrafish embryos for biomonitoring studies.

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Objetivou-se identificar evidências científicas acerca do sentido da vida dos enfermeiros no trabalho em cuidados paliativos no contexto hospitalar numa perspectiva existencialista. Revisão integrativa conduzida nas bases indexadas LILACS, MEDLINE, BDENF, CINAHL e SCOPUS no período de 2008 a junho de 2019, seguindo as recomendações da ferramenta PRISMA. Foram selecionados 12 artigos internacionais dos quais emergiram três categorias temáticas: "experiências existenciais de enfermeiros que trabalham aos cuidados paliativos", "os sentidos e significados atribuídos pelos enfermeiros em cuidados paliativos", e "estratégias de enfrentamento e intervenções apontadas como superação de questões existenciais". Para que o trabalho dos enfermeiros tenha sentido e represente um valor importante em sua vidas, torna-se importante conhecer as fontes motivadoras que orientam suas decisões, bem como a criação de janelas estratégicas no cuidado que promovam satisfação e desempenho no processo de trabalho e favoreça a cultura do cuidado a pacientes em cuidados paliativos.

The aim was to identify the scientific evidence surrounding the meaning of life of nurses working in palliative care in a hospital, through an existential perspective. The integrative review was performed through searches in the indexed databases LILACS, MEDLINE, BDENF, CINAHL, and SCOPUS from 2008 to June 2019, following the PRISMA recommendations. Twelve international papers were selected from which three categories emerged: "existential experiences of nurses working in palliative care", "the meanings and significations assigned by nurses in palliative care" and, "coping strategies and interventions pointed out as overcoming existential questions". It is important to know the motivating sources guiding nurses' decisions, as well as the creation of strategic windows in care to give meaning to the nurses' work. Additionally, to represent an essential value in their lives, that will promote satisfaction and favor the care culture to patients in palliative care.

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RESUMO Objetivo Analisar as demandas no itinerário terapêutico de idosos na rede de saúde. Método Estudo descritivo, corte temporal, de abordagem qualitativa. Amostra constituída por 23 idosos, entre 70 e 79 anos em tratamento ambulatorial, entre junho de 2014 a julho de 2015. As entrevistas semiestruturadas foram realizadas individualmente, dentro da unidade que compõe o nível secundário da Rede de Atenção à Saúde. Transcrição das entrevistas e análise dos dados orientadas pelos princípios da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados. Resultados Foram evidenciadas experiências de idas e vindas pela rede; longos e complexos caminhos e percursos; falta de humanidade e demora no atendimento. Conclusão e implicações para a prática Para os idosos, a estrutura da rede de saúde gera itinerários permeados por fluxos de incertezas com relação à sua condição de saúde e doença, atravessada também pela demora nos exames e no tratamento. O estudo indica que existe a necessidade de avaliações e intervenções de enfermagem sensíveis às vivências do idoso nos diferentes níveis de atenção.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar las demandas en el itinerario terapéutico de personas mayores en la red de salud. Método Estudio descriptivo, corte temporal, de abordaje cualitativa. Muestra constituida por 23 pacientes, entre 70 y 79 años en tratamiento ambulatorio, de junio de 2014 a julio de 2015. Las entrevistas semiestructuradas fueron realizadas individualmente, dentro de la unidad que conforma el nivel secundario de la Red de Atención a la Salud. Las transcripciones y el análisis de las entrevistas grabadas se realizaron siguiendo los principios de la Teoría Fundamentada en los Datos. Resultados Se evidenciaron experiencias de idas y venidas en la red; largos y complejos caminos y trayectos; falta de humanidad y retraso en el atendimiento. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica: Para los mayores, la estructura de la red de salud genera itinerarios impregnados por flujos de incertidumbres con respecto a su estado de salud y enfermedad, también por la demora en los exámenes y tratamiento. El estudio señala la necesidad existente de evaluación e intervenciones de enfermería sensibles a las experiencias de las personas mayores en diferentes niveles de atención del sistema de salud.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the demands in the therapeutic itinerary of the elderly within the health care network. Method Descriptive, time cut, qualitative approach study. Sample consisted of 23 elderly, aged 70 to 79 years attending an outpatient care unit, from June 2014 to July 2015. The semi-structured interviews were conducted individually, in the unit that makes up the secondary level of the Health Care Network. The transcripts of the recorded interviews and data analysis were based on the principles of Grounded Theory. Results Experiences of comings and goings within the health care network were evidenced; long and complex paths and trajectories; lack of humanity and delay in service. Conclusion and implications for practice For the elderly, the health network structure generates itineraries that are permeated by streams of uncertainty regarding their health condition and illness, also pervaded by delayed exams and treatment. The study points out the existing need for nursing assessment and interventions sensitive to the elderly's experiences at different levels of the healthcare system.

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Objetivou-se identificar evidências científicas acerca do sentido da vida dos enfermeiros no trabalho em cuidados paliativos no contexto hospitalar numa perspectiva existencialista. Revisão integrativa conduzida nas bases indexadas LILACS, MEDLINE, BDENF, CINAHL e SCOPUS no período de 2008 a junho de 2019, seguindo as recomendações da ferramenta PRISMA. Foram selecionados 12 artigos internacionais dos quais emergiram três categorias temáticas: "experiências existenciais de enfermeiros que trabalham aos cuidados paliativos", "os sentidos e significados atribuídos pelos enfermeiros em cuidados paliativos", e "estratégias de enfrentamento e intervenções apontadas como superação de questões existenciais". Para que o trabalho dos enfermeiros tenha sentido e represente um valor importante em sua vidas, torna-se importante conhecer as fontes motivadoras que orientam suas decisões, bem como a criação de janelas estratégicas no cuidado que promovam satisfação e desempenho no processo de trabalho e favoreça a cultura do cuidado a pacientes em cuidados paliativos.

The aim was to identify the scientific evidence surrounding the meaning of life of nurses working in palliative care in a hospital, through an existential perspective. The integrative review was performed through searches in the indexed databases LILACS, MEDLINE, BDENF, CINAHL, and SCOPUS from 2008 to June 2019, following the PRISMA recommendations. Twelve international papers were selected from which three categories emerged: "existential experiences of nurses working in palliative care", "the meanings and significations assigned by nurses in palliative care" and, "coping strategies and interventions pointed out as overcoming existential questions". It is important to know the motivating sources guiding nurses' decisions, as well as the creation of strategic windows in care to give meaning to the nurses' work. Additionally, to represent an essential value in their lives, that will promote satisfaction and favor the care culture to patients in palliative care.

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Zinc is an essential trace mineral that is involved in many biological processes. In elevated concentrations, this metal may have toxic effects for aquatic organisms. Physicochemical properties of water, such as salinity and hardness, can influence the bioavailability of zinc and, therefore its toxicity in aquatic environments. Therefore, this study aimed investigate the influence of salinity, hardness on Zn toxicity on the behaviours and biochemical parameters of the estuarine guppy (Poecilia vivipara). The fish were exposed to waterborne zinc (500 µg L-1) in salt water (25 ppt) or hard water (120 mg L-1 CaCO3). For behavioural analysis, the locomotive and exploratory parameters of fish in novel environment and light-dark tests were evaluated. We observed that exposure to hard water decreased the distance covered by the fish, and when zinc also present the vertical exploratory behavior decreased. When zinc was tested alone, an increase in the maximum speed of fish was recorded. Activities of antioxidant enzymes, levels of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, total peroxidation and, reactive oxygen species content, antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals, non-proteins thiols levels, acetylcholinesterase and Na+/K+-ATPase activities were evaluated in the whole fish body. The integrated biomarker response was calculated for each parameter to aid in the interpretation of the results and indicated that hard water containing zinc had the greatest effect on the biochemical parameters of the fish. In general, neither salinity nor hardness were totally effective in protecting the guppy from the biochemical damage caused by exposure to zinc.

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This work investigated the preventive effect of diphenyl diselenide [(PhSe)2] against the toxic effects of mercury in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). The animals were treated during 30 consecutive days with a (PhSe)2 supplemented feed (3.0 mg kg-1) or commercial feed. During the last 5 days the animals received a daily intraperitoneal dose of HgCl2 (1.7 mg kg-1) or Saline (0.9%). Twenty-four hours after the last HgCl2 injection, the animals were euthanized by spinal cord section to biological material obtainment. Hepatic (AST and ALT) and renal (ammonia and creatinine) toxicity biomarkers, δ-ALA-D activity, TBARS, total and non-protein thiols levels and hepatic, renal and blood mercury (Hg) and zinc (Zn) content were evaluated. Considering renal parameters, HgCl2 exposition increased serum creatinine levels and decreased δ-ALA-D activity, total and non-protein thiols and TBARS levels. HgCl2 exposure also decreased blood δ-ALA-D activity. With exception of blood δ-ALA-D activity and total thiols levels, (PhSe)2 supplementation partially prevented mercury induced alterations. Animals exposed to HgCl2 presented an increase in liver and kidney Hg content and a decrease in liver and blood Zn content. The alteration in blood Zn content was partially prevented with (PhSe)2 supplementation. With the exception of mercury and zinc content, no effects of HgCl2 exposure on hepatic tissue were observed. These results show that (PhSe)2 supplementation can represent a promising alternative to prevent the toxic effects presented by Hg exposure.

Assuntos

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The use of commercial pesticides combinations increases the risk of intoxication in non-target aquatic organisms. Here, we investigate the potential of a commercial pesticide formulation containing (CYP) plus chlorpyrifos (CPF) to induce oxidative damage on two fish species (common carp and zebrafish). Carp and zebrafish were exposed for 96 h under laboratory conditions. Fish were divided in three different groups: CTL, 0.3 µg L-1 or 0.6 µg L-1 of CYP and 0.5 or 1 µg L-1 of CPF in commercial formulation. Both carp and zebrafish showed an increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity when compared to control group. Other oxidative parameters responded differently to exposure in carp and zebrafish. There were an increase in ascorbic acid (ASA) levels and decrease in catalase (CAT) activity and non-protein thiols (NPSH) levels in treated groups of carps. In the other hand, zebrafish showed significant decrease in ASA and increase in CAT activity and NPSH levels. Overall, we demonstrate noxious effects on redox parameters in two fish experimental models and different effects were observe in each fish species exposed to commercial pesticide formulation. This difference responses observed can be related with specific mechanisms of detoxification and antioxidant defense system of each species.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Although designed to control pests selectively, there is some evidence that environmental contamination by pesticides increases risks for humans and wildlife. In the present study, we evaluated biomarkers of oxidative stress in Astyanax jacuhiensis exposed to (5, 15 and 30 µg L-1) of carbamate Propoxur (PPX) for 96 h. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) in liver and gills showed reduced activity in all PPX concentrations tested. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities reduced in brain and muscle at concentrations 15 and 30 µg L-1 of PPX. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and hydrogen peroxide (HP) had no significant differences. In the brain, protein carbonyl (PC) increased in all groups treated with PPX. Although PPX is a selective pesticide, it causes oxidative damage and enzyme alteration in fish. This study pointed out some biomarkers that could be used to assess effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of pesticides, and infer about studies using fish as bioindicator.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Atrazine (ATZ) is a herbicide worldwide used. That can cause oxidative damage in non-target organisms, such as fish. Furthermore, the threat of exposure to pesticides together with poor nutrition is hazardous to the normal development of fish, and supplementation of the fish diet with antioxidants compounds is an alternative approach to prevent the hazardous effects of pesticide exposure. Here we aimed to investigate the capacity of diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2 diet supplementation to improve the antioxidant defense of Cyprinus carpio (carp) exposed to environmental concentrations of ATZ. To prove the efficiency of (PhSe)2, we used the Integrated Biomarkers Response (IBR) methodology. Therefore, carp were fed for 8 weeks diets either with or without (PhSe)2 and exposed to 2 or 10µg/L of ATZ for 96h, euthanized, and their liver, gills, and muscle tissues were removed for biochemical assays. ATZ was able to cause oxidative damage from reactive species production in all tissues of carp, as observed by the increase of lipid peroxidation and protein damage. The activity of some antioxidant enzymes was inhibited in carp exposed to ATZ. However, (PhSe)2 supplementation was able to prevent this ATZ-induced damage by improving the activities of antioxidant enzymes and through antioxidant competence of (PhSe)2per se. Furthermore, IBR was shown to be a useful tool to compare treatments, even at different concentrations, and identify the efficiently antioxidant behavior of the organoselenium compound.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Cropping systems based on intensive land use and continuous application of agricultural chemicals inflict a threat to aquatic organisms since these substances will inevitably be carried in to water bodies where they can accumulate, particularly in lentic sites. Pesticides exposure in aquatic animals can cause changes that can be quantified through biomarkers. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of season on oxidative stress and neurotoxicity biomarkers in Loricariichthys anus from a subtropical reservoir surrounded by agricultural areas in southern Brazil. Ten armored catfish were collected from six sites in February and August 2016. Pesticides present in the water, sediment and muscle were identified and quantified. No pesticides were detected either in sediment nor in muscle. During the winter, the water contained atrazine, imidacloprid, simazine, azoxystrobin, and propoxur; however, in summer, only atrazine was present in the water. In the winter, there was an increase in the hepatic GST activity and in GPx that kept lipid peroxidation (TBARS) constant and, in the summer, there was an increase in metallothioneins levels. In the gills, variables related to summer were possibly responsible for the elevation of GST, GPx and TBARS; during the winter, there was greater carbonylation of proteins. In the winter, the increased AChE activity in brain and muscle tissue was related to carbonylation of proteins in brain. Although the amount of pesticides detected in the water was low, chronic exposure in addition to environmental variations can cause direct and indirect effects on L. anus population.

Assuntos