RESUMO

Soil aggregation is a very complex issue related to important soil attributes and processes. The aggregate breakdown and dispersion of soil samples amended with sugarcane vinasse were evaluated using ultrasonic energy. Vinasse is an important byproduct of sugarcane industries, intensively applied to soils in Brazil as liquid fertilizer. Samples of two Oxisols and one Ultisol were used in this study. The physical and chemical characterization of soils was performed, and the 1 to 2 mm size aggregates (200 g) were packed in PVC columns (6.0 cm high and 4.0 cm internal diameter) and incubated with sugarcane vinasse under lab conditions for 1, 30 and 60 days. After incubation, aggregates were submitted to levels of ultrasonic energy, and the particle size distribution (53 to 2,000 µm, 2 to 53 µm, and 2 µm fractions) was quantified. Mathematical equations were used to relate the mass of aggregates in each of these fractions to the applied ultrasonic energy, and parameters related to aggregate stability were then obtained. Soils showed an aggregate-hierarchy resulting in a stepwise breakdown under ultrasonic agitation. Considering this soil-aggregation hierarchy, vinasse contributed even in a short time to the bonding between and within 2 to 53 µm aggregates, mainly in the Oxisols. This may be related to organic compounds present in the vinasse, cementing soil particles. Potassium enrichment of soil samples did not contribute to soil dispersion.

RESUMO

Soil aggregation is a very complex issue related to important soil attributes and processes. The aggregate breakdown and dispersion of soil samples amended with sugarcane vinasse were evaluated using ultrasonic energy. Vinasse is an important byproduct of sugarcane industries, intensively applied to soils in Brazil as liquid fertilizer. Samples of two Oxisols and one Ultisol were used in this study. The physical and chemical characterization of soils was performed, and the 1 to 2 mm size aggregates (200 g) were packed in PVC columns (6.0 cm high and 4.0 cm internal diameter) and incubated with sugarcane vinasse under lab conditions for 1, 30 and 60 days. After incubation, aggregates were submitted to levels of ultrasonic energy, and the particle size distribution (53 to 2,000 µm, 2 to 53 µm, and 2 µm fractions) was quantified. Mathematical equations were used to relate the mass of aggregates in each of these fractions to the applied ultrasonic energy, and parameters related to aggregate stability were then obtained. Soils showed an aggregate-hierarchy resulting in a stepwise breakdown under ultrasonic agitation. Considering this soil-aggregation hierarchy, vinasse contributed even in a short time to the bonding between and within 2 to 53 µm aggregates, mainly in the Oxisols. This may be related to organic compounds present in the vinasse, cementing soil particles. Potassium enrichment of soil samples did not contribute to soil dispersion.

RESUMO

Phosphorus application in Brazilian soils is a common practice and such operation may affect some soil properties. Thus, with the objective of measuring the effect of the phosphate fertilization on aggregate stability and soil loss by erosion of a typic Acriferric Red Latosol from Lavras (MG), soil plots were fertilized with the equivalent to 450 kg ha-1 of P2O5, broadcasted, and 180 kg ha-1 of P2O5 applied over lines, in two plots of 72 m2. Aggregate stability was measured by sonication at different sizes of aggregates: 7.93 to 4.76; 4.76 to 2.00; 2.00 to 1.00; 1.00 to 0.50; 0.50 to 0.25 and 0.25 mm. Wet sieving was also performed to estimate aggregate stability at the fraction of 7.93 to 4.76 mm. The amount of erosion was measured using a grid of pins on soil surface. Phosphate fertilization significantly reduced aggregate stability by wet sieving and ultrasonic for larger aggregates than 1 mm, and increased the erosion in 2.85 times. Aggregates larger than 2 mm showed stability 2.83 times lower with phosphate, which could influence soil loss. The phosphate fertilization reduced the zero point of salt effect, and increased the negative charges density, which helps to explain these results.

A aplicação de fósforo em solos brasileiros é uma prática frequente e tal operação pode afetar alguns atributos do solo. Assim, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da fosfatagem na estabilidade de agregados e nas perdas de solo por erosão de um Latossolo Vermelho Acriférrico típico de Lavras (MG), foram aplicados, em duas parcelas de 72 m2, o equivalente a 450 kg ha-1 de P2O5 a lanço mais 180 kg ha-1 de P2O5 em linhas. A estabilidade de agregados foi determinada por ultra-som para classes de 7,93 a 4,76; 4,76 a 2,00; 2,00 a 1,00; 1,00 a 0,50; 0,50 a 0,25 e 0,25 mm, e por peneiramento úmido para a fração de 7,93 a 4,76 mm. Também foi estimada a perda de solo por erosão com uso do sistema de pinos. A fosfatagem reduziu significativamente a estabilidade de agregados por peneiramento a úmido e por ultra-som para agregados maiores que 1 mm e aumentou as perdas de solo em 2,85 vezes. Agregados maiores que 2 mm apresentaram estabilidade 2,83 vezes menor com fosfatagem, o que pareceu influenciar as perdas de solo. A fosfatagem reduziu o ponto de efeito salino nulo e aumentou a densidade de cargas negativas, o que explicou os resultados obtidos.

RESUMO

Vinasse is produced at high amounts by the ethanol and sugarcane spirits industries. Although the effects of vinasse on soil attributes are well elucidated, little is known about its effects on sorption and leaching of lead (Pb) from soils. This work evaluated the Pb sorption and leaching from disturbed topsoil samples (0-20 cm) of an Inceptisol, under the influence of sugarcane vinasse. Pb sorption was evaluated by batch sorption method, using air-dried samples ( 2 mm) treated with pure (100%), and diluted (20%, and 50%) vinasse. The amended soil samples were further reacted with 0.05; 0.10; 0.25; 0.50, and 0.75 mmol L-1 of Pb. To measure the Pb leached, soil columns were packed in PVC tubes, 12-cm long with 4-cm internal diameter filled with 200 g of treated soil. The vinasse doses applied over the columns corresponded to 0 (control), 150 and 300 m³ ha-1. Seven days later, 5 mL of a Pb solution (100 mmol L-1) was applied on the columns; they were successively leached and Pb was measured in the leachates. The vinasse increased the maximum sorption capacity and binding energy of Pb with the soil when at equilibrium conditions. However, at non-equilibrium conditions, the vinasse enhanced the Pb leaching. From these results, it is advised that special attention must be given to Pb contaminated areas where vinasse is applied.

A vinhaça é produzida em grandes quantidades pela indústria de etanol e de aguardente (cachaça). Embora os efeitos da vinhaça nos atributos do solo sejam bem conhecidos, pouco se sabe sobre eles no comportamento sortivo de chumbo (Pb). Avaliaram-se a sorção e a lixiviação de Pb em amostras da camada superficial (0-20 cm) de um Cambissolo Háplico Tb Distrófico típico (CXbd) sob influência da vinhaça. Para o ensaio de sorção, as amostras foram peneiradas em malha de 2 mm, tratadas com vinhaça diluída 20% e 50% e ao natural (100%), empregando água destilada nas amostras controle. Em seguida, soluções com 0,05; 0,10; 0,25; 0,50 e 0,75 mmol L-1 de Pb foram adicionadas às amostras de solo. Para o ensaio de lixiviação, foram preparadas colunas de solo em tubos de PVC de 12 cm de altura e 4 cm de diâmetro interno, contendo 200 g de solo. As doses de vinhaça aplicadas sobre as colunas foram correspondentes a 150 e 300 m³ ha-1. As colunas foram mantidas incubadas com vinhaça por sete dias. Após esse período, foram aplicados sobre cada coluna 5 mL de uma solução de concentração 100 mmol L-1 de Pb e, posteriormente, realizadas sucessivas lixiviações, coletando-se o percolado para determinação do teor de Pb. A vinhaça aumentou a capacidade máxima de adsorção de Pb e sua energia de ligação com o solo em condições de equilíbrio (ensaio de sorção), mas em condições de não equilíbrio (ensaio de lixiviação em colunas), a vinhaça aumentou a lixiviação de Pb. Com base nesses resultados, atenção especial deve ser dada a áreas que estejam recebendo vinhaça ao longo dos anos e que estejam ocasionalmente sujeitas à contaminação por Pb.

RESUMO

Vinasse is produced at high amounts by the ethanol and sugarcane spirits industries. Although the effects of vinasse on soil attributes are well elucidated, little is known about its effects on sorption and leaching of lead (Pb) from soils. This work evaluated the Pb sorption and leaching from disturbed topsoil samples (0-20 cm) of an Inceptisol, under the influence of sugarcane vinasse. Pb sorption was evaluated by batch sorption method, using air-dried samples ( 2 mm) treated with pure (100%), and diluted (20%, and 50%) vinasse. The amended soil samples were further reacted with 0.05; 0.10; 0.25; 0.50, and 0.75 mmol L-1 of Pb. To measure the Pb leached, soil columns were packed in PVC tubes, 12-cm long with 4-cm internal diameter filled with 200 g of treated soil. The vinasse doses applied over the columns corresponded to 0 (control), 150 and 300 m³ ha-1. Seven days later, 5 mL of a Pb solution (100 mmol L-1) was applied on the columns; they were successively leached and Pb was measured in the leachates. The vinasse increased the maximum sorption capacity and binding energy of Pb with the soil when at equilibrium conditions. However, at non-equilibrium conditions, the vinasse enhanced the Pb leaching. From these results, it is advised that special attention must be given to Pb contaminated areas where vinasse is applied.

A vinhaça é produzida em grandes quantidades pela indústria de etanol e de aguardente (cachaça). Embora os efeitos da vinhaça nos atributos do solo sejam bem conhecidos, pouco se sabe sobre eles no comportamento sortivo de chumbo (Pb). Avaliaram-se a sorção e a lixiviação de Pb em amostras da camada superficial (0-20 cm) de um Cambissolo Háplico Tb Distrófico típico (CXbd) sob influência da vinhaça. Para o ensaio de sorção, as amostras foram peneiradas em malha de 2 mm, tratadas com vinhaça diluída 20% e 50% e ao natural (100%), empregando água destilada nas amostras controle. Em seguida, soluções com 0,05; 0,10; 0,25; 0,50 e 0,75 mmol L-1 de Pb foram adicionadas às amostras de solo. Para o ensaio de lixiviação, foram preparadas colunas de solo em tubos de PVC de 12 cm de altura e 4 cm de diâmetro interno, contendo 200 g de solo. As doses de vinhaça aplicadas sobre as colunas foram correspondentes a 150 e 300 m³ ha-1. As colunas foram mantidas incubadas com vinhaça por sete dias. Após esse período, foram aplicados sobre cada coluna 5 mL de uma solução de concentração 100 mmol L-1 de Pb e, posteriormente, realizadas sucessivas lixiviações, coletando-se o percolado para determinação do teor de Pb. A vinhaça aumentou a capacidade máxima de adsorção de Pb e sua energia de ligação com o solo em condições de equilíbrio (ensaio de sorção), mas em condições de não equilíbrio (ensaio de lixiviação em colunas), a vinhaça aumentou a lixiviação de Pb. Com base nesses resultados, atenção especial deve ser dada a áreas que estejam recebendo vinhaça ao longo dos anos e que estejam ocasionalmente sujeitas à contaminação por Pb.