RESUMO

Complementary feeding (CF) is defined as the feeding of infants that complements breastfeeding, or alternatively, feeding with a breast milk substitute, and is a process that is more than simply a guide as to what and how to introduce foods. The information provided by healthcare professionals must be up-to-date and evidence-based. Most of the recommendations that appear in the different international guidelines and position papers are widely applicable, but some must be regionalized or adapted to fit the conditions and reality of each geographic zone. The Nutrition Working Group of the Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (LASPGHAN) summoned a group of experts from each of the society's member countries, to develop a consensus on CF, incorporating, whenever possible, local information adapted to the reality of the region. The aim of the present document is to show the results of that endeavor. Utilizing the Delphi method, a total of 34 statements on relevant aspects of CF were evaluated, discussed, and voted upon.

Assuntos

Gastroenterologia , Lactente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Cocos , Consenso , América Latina , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente

RESUMO

Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a widespread and economically devastating fish disease caused by infection with a virus referred to as IPN virus (IPNv). In Chile, the disease is endemic and prevalent in both fresh- and salt-water farms affecting cultured salmonids, mainly Atlantic salmon. Here, we present the results of a retrospective cohort study of Atlantic salmon farms stocked between 2010 and 2013, aimed at quantifying the extent to which certain epidemiological factors influence the time interval between stocking and onset of IPN mortality (time to mortality, ttm) in marine farms. Six variables were retained in a final multivariable Cox proportional hazard model. Compared to the 2010 stocking year, ttm was shorter for salmon stocked in years 2012 (HR = 2.1; p = 0.005) and 2013 (HR = 4.3; p = 0.01). The number of salmon farms within a 10-km radius (HR = 1.07; p = 0.002), positive report of IPN in the previous production cycle (HR = 1.95; p = 0.006), three or more smolt batches (HR = 2.27; p < 0.001), and positive report of mortality attributable to BKD (HR = 2.02; p < 0.001) were also associated with low ttm; conversely, ttm was longer for farms that stocked heavier fish (HR = 0.94; p = 0.001). The results presented here were consistent with early studies of IPN epidemiology in Norway and Scotland. Some of the risk factors identified in this study also influenced the risk for other diseases, such as infectious salmon anemia, suggesting that implementation of selected management practices may help to mitigate the burden of important infectious diseases of salmon in Chile.

Assuntos

Infecções por Birnaviridae/veterinária , Vírus da Necrose Pancreática Infecciosa , Salmo salar , Animais , Infecções por Birnaviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Birnaviridae/virologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco

RESUMO

This paper summarizes the gaps and challenges related to animal production, health, and food safety as discussed by a panel at the 1st International Symposium of Food Safety (ISFS) in Santiago, Chile, in December 2016. Participating representatives of academia, industry, and government and statements from the audience confirmed that food safety is essential for increasing food security. First, panelists identified the need for a science-based regulatory framework to implement effective regulations. Second, they highlighted the importance of a risk analysis framework to quantify the risk of the potential for antimicrobial resistance associated with the use of antimicrobials, and the need of studies to evaluate foodborne prevention/control strategies. Third, the challenges of filling the gaps between industry and academia were addressed, including examples of successful collaboration, opportunities, and weakness identified by industry. Finally, challenges in animal food production included issues related to changing consumer preferences, animal welfare, the use of antimicrobials, and sustainable animal production. The symposium provided a regional platform to share experiences from the implementation of methods and approaches for food safety. The roundtable successfully explored the future science and technology challenges that are of strategic importance for Chile and the region in animal health and food safety.

Assuntos

Criação de Animais Domésticos/normas , Inocuidade dos Alimentos , Gado/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ração Animal/análise , Criação de Animais Domésticos/legislação & jurisprudência , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Animais , Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor/legislação & jurisprudência , Indústria Alimentícia/legislação & jurisprudência , Indústria Alimentícia/normas , Saúde , Humanos , Gado/fisiologia

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Lichen planopilaris (LPP) is characterized by lymphocytic infiltrate, fibrosis and potential destruction of the hair follicle. Demographic and clinical studies in LPP are limited, and racial differences have not been thoroughly investigated. AIM: To analyse epidemiological data and clinical profiles of Chilean adults with LPP, and report on the treatments used. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of medical records and clinical follow-up of Chilean adults with a clinical and histopathological diagnosis of LPP. Treatment response was categorized clinically as none (with progression of condition), mild or satisfactory. RESULTS: The study assessed 103 patients with LPP [67 women (mean age 54.1 years) and 36 men (mean age 39.1 years)]. Of the 103 patients, 41 women and 34 men were diagnosed with classic LPP (CLPP) and 26 women and 1 man with frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA), while Graham-Little-Piccardi-Lassueur syndrome (GLPLS) was identified in 1 man. Men with CLPP had a significantly (P < 0.001) earlier age of onset than women. Scalp dysaesthesia, erythema and peripilar hyperkeratosis were common findings, and 51 (66%) of patients with CLPP had cicatricial patches, most of which were circumscribed in the vertex area. All patients with FFA had band-like scarring in the frontal and temporal hairlines. Morbidities associated with LPP were hypothyroidism, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and depression. For most patients, treatment halted or improved their inflammatory/scarring condition. A sustained combination of at least one topical (clobetasol, minoxidil and salicylic acid) and one systemic (cetirizine, hydroxychloroquine, finasteride, methotrexate and isotretinoin) medication was necessary in all of our patients with LPP. CONCLUSION: This investigation is one of the first to describe the demographic, clinical and therapeutic features of LPP in a Latin American population. Similar profiles to previous reports may encourage research in larger multicentre international studies.

Assuntos

Líquen Plano/tratamento farmacológico , Líquen Plano/epidemiologia , Dermatoses do Couro Cabeludo/tratamento farmacológico , Dermatoses do Couro Cabeludo/epidemiologia , Administração Tópica , Adulto , Idade de Início , Alopecia/etiologia , Cetirizina/uso terapêutico , Chile/epidemiologia , Clobetasol/uso terapêutico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Glucocorticoides/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Líquen Plano/complicações , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Distribuição por Sexo , Fatores Sexuais

RESUMO

White spot disease (WSD), caused by the white spot syndrome virus, is currently one of the primary causes of mortality and economic losses in the shrimp farming industry worldwide. In Mexico, shrimp production is one of the most important primary activities generating an annual income of USD 711 million. However, WSD introduction in 1999 had a devastating impact for the Mexican shrimp industry. The aim of this study was to characterize the WSD spatio-temporal patterns and to identify the primary risk factors contributing to WSD occurrence from 2005 to 2011 in Sinaloa, Mexico. We used data collected by the 'Comité Estatal de Sanidad Acuícola de Sinaloa' from 2005 to 2011 regarding WSD outbreaks as well as environmental, production and husbandry factors at farm level. The spatio-temporal patterns of WSD were described using space-time scan statistics. The effect of 52 variables on the time to WSD outbreak occurrence was assessed using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. Results reveal that WSD risk and survival time were not homogeneously distributed as suggested by the significant clusters obtained using the space-time permutation model and the space-time exponential model, respectively. The Cox model revealed that the first production cycle [hazard ratio (HR) = 11.31], changes from 1 to 1.4°C of temperature oscillation caused by 'El Niño'/'La Niña' events (HR = 1.44) and high average daily growths (HR = 1.26) were significantly associated with lower survival (i.e. shorter time to WSD outbreak) on farm. Conversely, shrimp weight at the moment of the outbreak (HR = 0.159), changes from -0.9 to -0.5°C of temperature oscillation caused by 'El Niño'/'La Niña' events (HR = 0.540), high superficial water temperature during the pound stocking (HR = 0.823) and high (>100) number of days of culture (HR = 0.830) were factors associated with higher survival. Results are expected to inform the design of risk-based, intervention strategies to minimize the impact of WSD in Mexico.

Assuntos

Aquicultura , Penaeidae/virologia , Vírus da Síndrome da Mancha Branca 1/fisiologia , Animais , México , Fatores de Risco

RESUMO

The maternal weight gain chart proposed by Rosso and Mardones (RM) was subsequently modified by Atalah et al. (AEA). Both charts are widely used in Latin America. The purpose of this study was to compare birth length (BL) and birth weight (BW) outcomes of both charts. A prospective study of pregnant women and their offspring's was performed in Santiago, Chile. From a total sample of 27,613 pregnant women a sub-sample of 11,465 term healthy singleton pregnant women was selected for additional analyses. κ statistics was used to study the degree of agreement of both charts in the diagnosis of maternal nutritional status. Obese and underweight women were classified using both standards at the beginning of pregnancy and compared in terms of BL4250 g proportions. Sensitivity and specificity values of at risk newborns, whose categories were considered as gold standard, were obtained for obese and underweight women of each chart. There was a moderate agreement in the nutritional classification of these charts. Proportions of BL4250 g were similar at each nutritional category; however, absolute figures for at risk newborns were much higher in the RM underweight and obese women. The RM chart showed higher sensitivity values than the AEA chart. The higher sensitivity of the RM chart would support its use for prevention purposes. This chart is advisable for Latin American countries and also for most developing countries.

Assuntos

Peso ao Nascer , Índice de Massa Corporal , Resultado da Gravidez , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Obesidade/diagnóstico , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Adulto Jovem

RESUMO

Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) infection is a constant major threat to farmed and wild Atlantic salmon worldwide. Many epidemics have recently been reported in the most important salmon farming regions of the world, including Chile (2007-2009), where ISAV generated the most important disease and economic crisis in history of the salmon industry of the country. The spread of ISAV within a region is most likely by local or neighborhood spread from an infected farm; however, there is evidence that anthropogenic activities, such as movement of live or harvested fish or their byproduct, may have played a more important role than environmental or passive transmission in the 2007-2009 outbreak. Atlantic salmon farms (n=421) were retrospectively followed from stocking to harvesting in southern Chile at the time of the ISAV epidemic (2007-2009). The effect of husbandry and spatial risk factors, in addition to contact-network risk factors, which were obtained from the social network analyses, on time to first ISAV infection was estimated using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. Five variables were retained in the final fitted model: co-existing multiple generations on a farm (hazard ratio [HR]=2.585), mean smolt weight at stocking greater than 120g (HR=1.165), farm area (perkm(2)) (HR=1.005), and increased number of shipments entering a farm, i.e. the farm input degree (HR=1.876) were associated with reduced time to infection; whereas time-to-infection was longer for farms located farther from an ongoing ISAV outbreak (HR=0.943). It was demonstrated that movements of latently infected fish resulted in approximately 7 outbreaks, and potentially explain about 6% of the total number of cases during the epidemic. Results from this study provide new information about the mechanisms of spread of ISAV in one the largest documented ISAV epidemics in the world. Findings may be used to support the design and implementation of risk-based surveillance and control programs that may help to prevent, detect and control future ISAV outbreaks.

Assuntos

Doenças dos Peixes/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/transmissão , Isavirus/fisiologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Salmo salar , Animais , Aquicultura , Chile/epidemiologia , Epidemias/veterinária , Doenças dos Peixes/virologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/transmissão , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Fatores de Risco , Análise Espacial

RESUMO

Spread of infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) at the cage level was quantified using a subset of data from 23 Atlantic salmon Salmo salar farms located in southern Chile. Data collected from official surveillance activities were systematically organized to obtain detailed information on infectious salmon anemia (ISA) outbreaks. Descriptive statistics for outbreak duration, proportion of infected fish, and time to secondary infection were calculated to quantify the magnitude of ISAV incursions. Linear and multiple failure time (MFT) regression models were used to determine factors associated with the cage-level reproduction number (Rc) and hazard rate (HR) for recurrent events, respectively. In addition, the Knox test was used to assess if cage-to-cage transmissions were clustered in space and time. Findings suggest that within farms, ISA outbreaks, on average, lasted 30 wk (median = 26 wk, 95% CI = 24 to 37 wk) and affected 57.3% (95% CI = 47.7 to 67.0%) of susceptible cages. The median time to secondarily diagnosed cages was 23 d. Occurrence of clinical ISAV outbreaks was significantly associated with increased Rc, whereas increased HR was significantly associated with clinical outbreaks and with a large number of fish. Spatio-temporal analysis failed to identify clustering of cage cases, suggesting that within-farm ISAV spread is independent of the spatial location of the cages. Results presented here will help to better understand ISAV transmission, to improve the design of surveillance programs in Chile and other regions in which salmon are intensively farmed, and to examine the economic impact of ISAV and related management strategies on various cost and demand shifting factors.

Assuntos

Doenças dos Peixes/virologia , Isavirus , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Salmo salar , Animais , Aquicultura , Doenças dos Peixes/transmissão , Modelos Lineares , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/transmissão , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia

RESUMO

Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) caused a large epidemic in farmed Atlantic salmon in Chile in 2007-2009. Here, we assessed co-infection patterns of ISAV and sea lice (SL) based on surveillance data collected by the fish health authority. ISAV status and SL counts in all Atlantic salmon farms located in the 10th region of Chile were registered monthly from July 2007 through December 2009. Each farm was categorized monthly according to its ISAV and SL status. A multinomial time-space scan test using a circular window was applied to identify disease clusters, and a multivariate regression model was fitted to quantify the association between disease-clustering and farm-management factors. Most of the identified clusters (9/13) were associated with high SL burdens. There were significant associations (P < 0.05) between management factors and ISAV/SL status. Areas in which good management practices were associated with a reduced disease risk were identified. The findings of this study suggest that certain management practices can effectively reduce the risk of SL and ISAV in the face of an epidemic and will be helpful towards creating an effective disease control programme in Chile.

Assuntos

Coinfecção/veterinária , Ectoparasitoses/veterinária , Doenças dos Peixes/epidemiologia , Pesqueiros , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Salmo salar , Animais , Chile/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Ectoparasitoses/complicações , Ectoparasitoses/epidemiologia , Isavirus/fisiologia , Análise Multivariada , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/complicações , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/epidemiologia

RESUMO

The associations between school performance and cognitive abilities with birth characteristics have mostly been studied without taking into consideration the effects of gestational age (GA). Our aim was to study the association between prenatal growth and cognitive function in term-born Chilean school children. A cohort of over 200,000 term-born fourth graders who took the regular national test for school performance was studied. Outcome parameters were language and mathematics test scores in relation to prenatal growth. A total of 256,040 subjects took the test and 220,940 were included in the final study sample. Prenatal growth was modestly, but significantly, associated with school performance. Adjusted ß coefficients for 1 cm increase in birth length were 1.28 and 0.77 for mathematics and language, respectively; the corresponding values for 100 g increase in birth weight were 0.59 and 0.34, respectively. Increased GA was associated with lower test scores. Adjusted ß coefficients for the birth measurements generally had a lower strength of association than those of socio-economic factors. However, the confounders most strongly associated with educational achievements were socio-economic factors, known to be associated with birth size. Lower socio-economic status is known to negatively influence both prenatal growth and cognitive function, supporting the overall importance of prenatal growth in relation to cognitive outcomes.

RESUMO

Disorders of the scalp often result in severe cosmetic interference with quality of life, creating the need for optimal medical surveillance. We tested the latest generation of ultrasound machines in patients with scalp pathology and prepared a cross-sectional library encompassing a wide assortment of conditions. Normative data on the sonographic anatomy of scalp and human hair, and important methodological considerations, are also included.

Assuntos

Cabelo/diagnóstico por imagem , Dermatoses do Couro Cabeludo/diagnóstico por imagem , Couro Cabeludo/diagnóstico por imagem , Ultrassonografia Doppler em Cores , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/diagnóstico por imagem , Pestanas/diagnóstico por imagem , Pestanas/patologia , Feminino , Cabelo/patologia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Masculino , Couro Cabeludo/patologia , Dermatoses do Couro Cabeludo/patologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/diagnóstico por imagem

RESUMO

The association of prenatal growth with metabolic syndrome (MS) components and insulin resistance (IR) in children has not been studied in Chile and most developing countries. Some associations found in developed countries are controversial. A retrospective cohort study was designed linking present information on MS components and IR in children with register-based information on birth weight (BW), birth length (BL) and gestational age (GA). Examinations included anthropometry and blood pressure (BP), as well as self-report of pubertal status. A fasting blood sample was taken to determine lipids, glucose, insulin and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-IR was calculated. The study cohort of 2152 children was on average 11.4 ± 1.0 years old. The prevalence of MS, IR and overweight were 7.6%, 24.5% and 34%, respectively. Elevated BP was negatively associated with dichotomized risk categories of the perinatal factors studied (BW, BL and GA). Contingency tables showed that high waist circumference (WC) and elevated BP had a U-shaped association with various categories of BW and BL, respectively. Stepwise linear regressions selected: (a) WC as inversely associated to GA and directly associated to BW, (b) BP as inversely associated to GA and (c) HOMA-IR as inversely associated to BL. Non-optimal prenatal growth seems to predispose to high WC, elevated BP and IR in school-age children, supporting the early life origin of several non-communicable diseases. Those associations were rather weak as estimated by the slopes of the regressions and probably reduced by their U-shaped nature; they would reasonably become stronger with a longer follow-up.

RESUMO

An epidemic of infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) has greatly impacted salmon production in Chile with devastating social and economic consequences. The epidemic is analyzed here and is likely the largest ISAV outbreak reported affecting one of the most productive regions for salmon farming activities in the world. After re-emerging in 2007, ISAV rapidly expanded the following two years, both in magnitude and geographic range, affecting about 65% and 50% of salmon farms located at the 10th and 11th regions of Chile, respectively. A useful metric for the control of infectious diseases that quantifies the progression of an epidemic is the reproduction number at the farm level (R(f)), which describes the mean number of secondary cases generated by an infectious farm. The parameter in this study was estimated for individual farms (R(fi)), specific phases (R(tf)), and for the entire epidemic (R(f)) by using several analytical approaches based on the characterization of the epidemic curves for the two regions. For the initial spread and the epidemic growth phase, initial and intrinsic growth rates were used to estimate R(tf). In addition, two approaches (epidemic final size and nearest neighbor analyses) were used to obtain an individual (R(fi)) and overall estimate of R(f) for the complete epidemic. In general, two distinct regional patterns of spread were identified. In the 10th region, after an explosive initial spread of ISAV in which R(tf) reached 12.0-16.9, a smaller epidemic growth of 1.6≤R(tf)≥2.5 and a final burnout with R(tf)<1 were observed. For the 11th region, R(tf) only reached 2.4 during the initial spread phase, ranged from 1.6≤R(tf)≥4.4 during the epidemic growth phases and ended when R(tf) was <1.0. The epidemic was characterized by clustering of ISAV 'superspreaders' farms i.e., farms with statistically significantly (P<0.047) higher R(fi) values. Distances between pairs of infected farms were statistically significantly (P=0.003) shorter in the 10th compared to the 11th region. Overall, R(f) ranged from 1.6 to 2.5 and 1.3 to 1.7 in the 10th and 11th regions, respectively. Our findings suggest that control efforts were able to protect 38-60% and 23-41% of the farms in the 10th and 11th regions, respectively, and may have resulted in the epidemic not spreading further. In addition, control strategies in highly populated areas using a control zone of at least 10km radius may be more effective than the 5km zone recommended by the World Animal Health Organization.

Assuntos

Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/veterinária , Epidemias/veterinária , Doenças dos Peixes/epidemiologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Animais , Aquicultura , Número Básico de Reprodução , Chile/epidemiologia , Análise por Conglomerados , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/epidemiologia , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/transmissão , Doenças dos Peixes/transmissão , Isavirus , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/transmissão , Vigilância da População , Salmão

RESUMO

Cutaneous sinus tract on the head and neck area in a child may originate from dental disease. A high degree of clinical suspicion and complementary tests are often needed, as the diagnosis is usually not straight forward. Anatomical correlation is also useful in tracing the affected tooth or teeth. We present the case of a boy with a facial sinus tract that originated from periapical abscesses of maxillary molars.

Assuntos

Cárie Dentária/complicações , Hematoma/diagnóstico , Abscesso Periapical/diagnóstico , Dermatopatias/diagnóstico , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Criança , Cárie Dentária/diagnóstico por imagem , Face , Floxacilina/uso terapêutico , Hematoma/tratamento farmacológico , Hematoma/microbiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Abscesso Periapical/diagnóstico por imagem , Abscesso Periapical/cirurgia , Radiografia , Dermatopatias/cirurgia , Extração Dentária , Resultado do Tratamento

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a common malignant tumor and its incidence has risen in recent decades. Research has shown the relationship between ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the skin immune system, and BCC. The role of Langerhans cells (LC) in the immune response to tumors has prompted research into LC density and morphology in response to UV radiation and BCC. However, the data are inconsistent due to differences in research methodology. OBJECTIVE. To study the density and morphology of LCs in the peritumoral epidermis of BCC using immunohistochemistry and image processing software and compare the results with those from the epidermis overlying the tumor. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twelve samples from patients with BCC were prepared with a CD1a stain. Areas of epidermis overlying and adjacent to the tumor were defined using light microscopy and the Image J image processing software. The LCs in each area were counted and the cell densities were calculated and compared. Morphological features of LCs were also evaluated in each epidermal areas. RESULTS: The results showed a lower density of LCs in the epidermis overlying the tumor than in the peritumoral epidermis (p < 0.05). There were also differences in the size, shape, and dendritic pattern of the LCs between the epidermal areas. CONCLUSIONS: The lower density and fewer morphological changes of LCs in the epidermis overlying BCC may give rise to alterations in the immune response to BCC. Digital image analysis is a reliable method for the morphometric evaluation of LCs.

Assuntos

Antígenos CD1 , Carcinoma Basocelular/patologia , Epiderme/patologia , Células de Langerhans/patologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Células de Langerhans/imunologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade

RESUMO

Bovine trichomonosis (BT) is a contagious disease, characterized by reproductive failure, embryonic losses, infertility, and abortions, which directly impacts the reproductive performance of cattle. In this cross-sectional questionnaire-based study, 56 veterinarians provided information on the geographic location and on the demographic, husbandry, and sanitary characteristics of 173 beef herds located in 26 (21%) counties of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Herds rearing beef cattle (OR=2.5, 95% CI=1.0, 6.3), with low pregnancy rate in cows (

Assuntos

Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Infecções Protozoárias em Animais , Medição de Risco , Gestão de Riscos , Tritrichomonas foetus , Aborto Animal/parasitologia , Animais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Intervalos de Confiança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Masculino , Razão de Chances , Gravidez , Taxa de Gravidez , Infecções por Protozoários/epidemiologia , Infecções por Protozoários/parasitologia , Infecções por Protozoários/prevenção & controle , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Médicos Veterinários/psicologia , Médicos Veterinários/estatística & dados numéricos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Micronutrient deficiencies, specially iron, render pregnant women as one of the most vulnerable groups to have anemia. AIM: To report the prevalence of anemia during pregnancy and its associated features in women attending public clinics in the Puente Alto County. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 1683 pregnant women aged 18 years old or more. Hemoglobin concentration was determined using the cianmetahemoglobin method. Anemia was defined using the 5th percentile cut-off for each week of gestational age as proposed by R Yip from the Centers of Disease Control, 1989. The influence of maternal age, parity, nutritional status classified using weight/height, diseases and smoking habits on hemoglobin concentration were analyzed using logistic regression with a stepwise procedure. RESULTS: Thirteen percent of the study population was anemic. The single factor significantly associated with anemia was nutritional status. Twenty one percent of women with a low weight for height were anemic. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the concept that pregnant women with a low weight for height have the greatest risk for anemia and should be specially benefited with preventive or treatment programs to avoid this problem.

Assuntos

Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Adolescente , Adulto , Anemia/epidemiologia , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Estado Nutricional , Anemia/diagnóstico , Anemia/etiologia , Análise de Regressão , Chile/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Hemoglobinas/análise , Hipertensão/etiologia , Idade Materna , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Prevalência , Pré-Eclâmpsia/etiologia

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The information available on food intake in the elderly in Chile is restricted to individuals of low socioeconomic groups, but there is no data available on food intake in elderly of higher income groups. AIM: To assess food intake in a group of elderly people from Providencia County in Santiago, a middle income community. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty one subjects (20 male), aged 60 to 73 years, were studied. Trained volunteers applied a 3 days food registry, to determine food intake. Intake was assessed using 1985 FAO/OMS/UNU recommendations for energy intake and USA Food and Nutrition Board recommendations for micronutrient intake. RESULTS: The studied subjects had an adequate macronutrient intake, when compared with current recommendations. There was a relatively low intake of calories from fat (24.6 per cent in males and 26.1 per cent in females). Also, vitamin and mineral intake was adequate with the exception of calcium (64.5 per cent and 57.9 per cent of recommendation in males and in females respectively), zinc and folic acid (74.2 per cent and 62.4 per cent in males and females respectively). The intake of legumes and cereals was relatively low. CONCLUSIONS: Food intake in this group of individuals was substantially higher than that reported previously for poor elderly Chileans and similar to that of industrialized countries. Food intake of the elderly is probably related to socioeconomic level.

Assuntos

Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Alimentos , Comportamento Alimentar , Chile , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Ingestão de Alimentos , Ingestão de Energia

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: A low weight for height of pregnant women at the start of pregnancy and a low weight gain during pregnancy has a negative impact of fetal growth. AIM: To report the design of a weight gain chart for pregnant women that allows to classify mothers according to their nutritional status and to monitor weight gain during gestation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from 1745 Chilean mothers who delivered their newborns in 1983 and 1984 were used to build this chart. RESULTS: The instrument could diagnose, from gestational week 10 onwards, mothers at risk of delivering babies with birth weight under 3000 g and set weight gain goals for each individual mother based on her nutritional status. Similarly, mothers at risk of delivering babies with birth weight over 3999 g could be early diagnosed during pregnancy and guided to have a prudent weight gain. CONCLUSIONS: The chart can be easily used in prenatal clinics of developing countries and is currently applied in several Latin American countries.

Assuntos

Avaliação Nutricional , Estado Nutricional , Aumento de Peso , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Peso ao Nascer , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Resultado da Gravidez , Estudos Prospectivos , Padrões de Referência , Sensibilidade e Especificidade

Assuntos

Coeficiente de Natalidade/tendências , Chile , Feminino , Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Lactente , Mortalidade Infantil , Recém-Nascido , Masculino