RESUMO
Flavor esters are organic compounds widely used in the food industry to enhance the aroma and taste of products. However, most chemical processes for the production of these flavoring compounds use toxic organic solvents. Some organic solvents derived from petroleum can leave behind residual traces in food products, which may raise concerns about potential health risks and contamination. In this study, we employ Eversa Transform 2.0, a commercial lipase derived from the lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus, to produce geranyl butyrate in aqueous media. The chemical process was optimized using the Taguchi method, and a conversion of 93% was obtained at the optimal reaction conditions of: 1:5 molar ratio (v/v), 15% biocatalyst load (w/w), at 50 °C, in 6 h. Classic (molecular dynamics) and quantum (density functional theory) simulations unveiled amino acid residues involved in the stabilization of the enzyme-substrate complex. Detailed QM/MM mechanistic studies identified the nucleophilic attack of the deacylation reaction as the rate-limiting step of the entire mechanism, which has a free energy barrier of 14.0 kcal/mol.
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The Franciscana (also known as the La Plata River Dolphin) is a small dolphin that lives in the coastal waters of Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. This species is considered the most endangered marine mammal in the western South Atlantic Ocean. Anatomic dissection of the digestive system of 19 animals of different ages, including 2 neonates, 12 juveniles, and 5 adults, was performed. Parameters related to length, breadth, weight, and diameter of the digestive viscera were considered in each case. Our results show that the Franciscana dolphin presents differential characteristics in relation to several parts of the digestive system, including, specifically, the tongue, the teeth, the stomach, and the small intestine. Thus, this paper add precious information to the actual knowledge of this vulnerable marine mammal species in order to improve conservation efforts.
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Marine mammals are divided into three groups, with similar adaptations resulting from their aquatic lifestyle: sirenians, pinnipeds, and cetaceans. The present work focused on the South American fur seal, or Arctocephalus australis, a carnivore included in the pinnipeds group. We assessed whether the anatomical features of the Arctocephalus australis' respiratory system are comparable to those of other land-carnivores or whether these individuals show anatomical adaptations related to their ability to dive or their breath-holding capacities. We studied 11 cadavers of Arctocephalus australis, which included adult (n = 2) and juvenile (n = 9) individuals, by anatomically dissecting their isolated entire respiratory system. Although it is generally similar to that in land-carnivores, we demonstrated that the Arctocephalus australis's respiratory apparatus shows several specific characteristics. Therefore, our results are of great importance for clinical diagnostic and wildlife conservation purposes.
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OBJETIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the anti-resorptive activity of a semi-synthetic coumarin derivative from Platymiscium floribundum, named 6,7-dimethoxy-3-nitrocoumarin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Molecular docking studies were performed to test the binding performance of the derivative against targets associated with alveolar bone loss (TNF-α, IL-1ß, and catalase) and a target considered an antioxidant defense (HO-1) during periodontitis. Periodontitis was induced by placing a nylon ligature around the second molars. The rats received for 11 days 6,7-dimethoxy-3-nitrocoumarin (0.01, 0.1, or 1 mg/kg) or vehicle. We investigated by RT-qPCR analysis (TNF-α, IL-1ß, and HO-1 mRNA expression levels) and by colorimetric assay (catalase activity) the mechanism of action mediated by 6,7-dimethoxy-3-nitrocoumarin. The in vivo toxicity of 6,7-dimethoxy-3-nitrocoumarin was evaluated. RESULTS: 6,7-Dimethoxy-3-nitrocoumarin (0.1 or 1 mg/kg) reduced alveolar bone loss (1.05 ± 0.24), when compared to vehicle-treated group (3.05 ± 0.30). The interactions of 6,7-dimethoxy-3-nitrocoumarin and the four targets (TNF-α, IL-1ß, catalase, and HO-1) showed firm bonds above 6.0 kcal/mol. 6,7-dimethoxy-3-nitrocoumarin (1 mg/kg) lowered mRNA expression levels of TNF-α (2.33 ± 0.56) and IL-1ß (19.87 ± 2.9), while it increased both the mRNA expression levels of HO-1 (43.40 ± 1.05) and the catalase activity (46.42 ± 4.59), when compared to vehicle-treated group (46.29 ± 8.43; 37.83 ± 4.38; 1.58 ± 0.11; 8.93 ± 1.86, respectively). The animals did not show any signs of toxicity. CONCLUSION: 6,7-Dimethoxy-3-nitrocoumarin decreased inflammatory bone loss in the ligature-induced periodontitis in rats, and the activation of the HO-1 pathway may contribute, at least partially, to its protective effects by reducing TNF-α and IL-1ß mRNA levels and increasing catalase activity. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: 6,7-Dimethoxy-3-nitrocumarin could be used as an adjunct to subgingival instrumentation during active and supportive periodontal treatment.
Assuntos
Perda do Osso Alveolar , Cumarínicos , Fabaceae/química , Periodontite , Animais , Cumarínicos/farmacologia , Heme Oxigenase (Desciclizante) , Heme Oxigenase-1 , Interleucina-1beta , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Periodontite/tratamento farmacológico , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Ratos , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfaRESUMO
The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of forage species adapted to the tropical region of Ecuador on gas production, enteric methane, digestion, and ruminal fermentation. The tree forage evaluated were C. arborea, E. fusca, B. forficata, E. poeppigiana, C. argentea, G. sepium, C. tora, and F. macrophylla. Ruminal fluid of four adult sheep fistulated with permanent cannulas in the rumen was used in the in vitro gas production technique. The in vitro gas production parameters were lower (P < 0.05) in the C. arborea (A = 41.68 mL gas/g DM, c = 0.044%/h and Lag = 1.654 h) and the average gas production rate for B. forficata was 1.017 mL/h (P < 0.05). C. arborea presented higher (P = 0.0001) effective degradation and real DM digestibility (40.461 g/kg and 82.51 mg/g, respectively). With respect to VFA, the highest (P < 0.05) proportion of acetic, propionic, and butyric was observed in C. arborea, G. sepium, and E. poeppigiana (72.52, 23.09, and 7.44 mol/100 mol, respectively) and the lowest (P = 0.0001) ratio: acetic/propionic was observed in G. sepium (2.92 mol/100 mol). The content of NH3-N (mg/L) showed no difference. The lowest (P = 0.0001) methane production was observed in C. arborea (1.23 mL CH4/g DM). The use of forage species of tropical climate rich in secondary metabolites in ruminant diets has the capacity to reduce the gas production and enteric methane; however, this is at the expense of the reduction of the fermentation of organic matter in the rumen.
Assuntos
Fabaceae , Rúmen , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Dieta , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Digestão , Fermentação , Metano/metabolismo , Rúmen/metabolismo , OvinosRESUMO
Amano lipase AK from P. fluorescens was immobilized on different types of chitosan-containing supports. Chitosan lower molecular weight (2.5%), chitosan lower molecular weight/sodium alginate (2.5%/2.5%) and chitosan lower molecular weight/carrageenan (2.5%/2.5%) allowed the highest values of immobilization yields (IY) of 81, 81 and 83%, respectively. Best activity results were achieved using chitosan average molecular weight (5%) and chitosan lower molecular weight/sodium alginate (2.5%/2.5%) as support, with values of 1.40 and 1.30 UpNPB/ggel and with recovery activities of 45.75 and 35.6%, respectively. These derivatives were evaluated in the kinetic resolution of rac-indanol to obtain a key intermediate in the synthesis of a drug used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The most efficient derivatives in the kinetic resolution were lipase immobilized on chitosan average molecular weight (5.0%) and chitosan low molecular weight/sodium alginate, the latter leading to obtaining both (S)-indanol and (R)-indanyl acetate with > 99% ee and 50% conversion.
Assuntos
Acetatos/química , Química Farmacêutica/métodos , Quitosana/química , Lipase/química , Pseudomonas fluorescens/metabolismo , Alginatos/química , Carragenina/química , Desenho de Fármacos , Enzimas Imobilizadas/química , Géis , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Cinética , Peso Molecular , Doença de Parkinson/tratamento farmacológico , Pós , Selegilina/químicaRESUMO
In order to describe manifestations from patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), sociodemographic variables such as, previous medical history, clinical and radiological manifestations, treatments and evolution of patients were evaluated. This took place from March 6th to 25th, 2020, in the "Edgardo Rebagliati Martins" National Hospital in Lima. Seventeen patients were registered: 76% were male, with an average age of 53.5 years (range 25-94); 23.5% had returned from abroad; 41.2% were referred from other health facilities; 41.2% were admitted to mechanical ventilation; 29.4% (5 patients) died. The risk factors detected were: advanced age, arterial hypertension and obesity. The main symptoms detected were: cough, fever and dyspnea. Frequent laboratory findings were: elevated C-reactive protein and lymphopenia. The predominant radiological presentation was bilateral interstitial lung infiltrate. A first experience in the management of patients diagnosed with severe COVID-19 in Peru is reported.
Con el objetivo de describir las manifestaciones de pacientes con enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), se evaluaron variables sociodemográficas, antecedentes, manifestaciones clínicas y radiológicas, tratamientos y evolución en pacientes que ingresaron por emergencia, del 6 al 25 de marzo de 2020, al Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins en Lima. Se registraron 17 pacientes: el 76% eran varones, edad promedio de 53,5 años (rango de 25 a 94); el 23,5% había regresado del extranjero; 41,2% referido de otros establecimientos de salud; 41,2% ingresó a ventilación mecánica; falleció el 29,4% (5 pacientes). Los factores de riesgo detectados fueron adulto mayor, tener hipertensión arterial y obesidad; los principales síntomas, tos, fiebre y disnea; los hallazgos de laboratorio frecuentes, proteína C reactiva elevada y linfopenia; la presentación radiológica predominante, el infiltrado pulmonar intersticial bilateral. Se reporta una primera experiencia en el manejo de pacientes con diagnóstico de la COVID-19 grave en el Perú.
Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus/fisiopatologia , Hospitalização , Pneumonia Viral/fisiopatologia , Respiração Artificial , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , COVID-19 , Infecções por Coronavirus/mortalidade , Infecções por Coronavirus/terapia , Tosse/epidemiologia , Tosse/etiologia , Dispneia/epidemiologia , Dispneia/etiologia , Feminino , Febre/epidemiologia , Febre/etiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pandemias , Peru , Pneumonia Viral/mortalidade , Pneumonia Viral/terapia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
RESUMEN Con el objetivo de describir las manifestaciones de pacientes con enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), se evaluaron variables sociodemográficas, antecedentes, manifestaciones clínicas y radiológicas, tratamientos y evolución en pacientes que ingresaron por emergencia, del 6 al 25 de marzo de 2020, al Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins en Lima. Se registraron 17 pacientes: el 76% eran varones, edad promedio de 53,5 años (rango de 25 a 94); el 23,5% había regresado del extranjero; 41,2% referido de otros establecimientos de salud; 41,2% ingresó a ventilación mecánica; falleció el 29,4% (5 pacientes). Los factores de riesgo detectados fueron adulto mayor, tener hipertensión arterial y obesidad; los principales síntomas, tos, fiebre y disnea; los hallazgos de laboratorio frecuentes, proteína C reactiva elevada y linfopenia; la presentación radiológica predominante, el infiltrado pulmonar intersticial bilateral. Se reporta una primera experiencia en el manejo de pacientes con diagnóstico de la COVID-19 grave en el Perú.
ABSTRACT In order to describe manifestations from patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), sociodemographic variables such as, previous medical history, clinical and radiological manifestations, treatments and evolution of patients were evaluated. This took place from March 6th to 25th, 2020, in the "Edgardo Rebagliati Martins" National Hospital in Lima. Seventeen patients were registered: 76% were male, with an average age of 53.5 years (range 25-94); 23.5% had returned from abroad; 41.2% were referred from other health facilities; 41.2% were admitted to mechanical ventilation; 29.4% (5 patients) died. The risk factors detected were: advanced age, arterial hypertension and obesity. The main symptoms detected were: cough, fever and dyspnea. Frequent laboratory findings were: elevated C-reactive protein and lymphopenia. The predominant radiological presentation was bilateral interstitial lung infiltrate. A first experience in the management of patients diagnosed with severe COVID-19 in Peru is reported.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pacientes , Peru , Pneumonia Viral/fisiopatologia , Respiração Artificial , Infecções por Coronavirus/fisiopatologia , COVID-19 , Hospitalização , Pneumonia Viral , Pneumonia Viral/mortalidade , Pneumonia Viral/terapia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Infecções por Coronavirus , Infecções por Coronavirus/mortalidade , Infecções por Coronavirus/terapia , Tosse/etiologia , Tosse/epidemiologia , Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave , Dispneia/etiologia , Dispneia/epidemiologia , Serviços Médicos de Emergência , Pandemias , Febre/etiologia , Febre/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The concentration of diterpenes barbatusin (1) and 3ß-hydroxy-3-deoxybarbatusin (2) in the extracts from leaves of Plectranthus grandis, P. barbatus, P. ornatus, and P. amboinicus was evaluated by HPLC-DAD analysis on a Luna C-18 column, using isocratic mixtures of water and acetonitrile as eluents. The regression equations were obtained with good linearity (r2 > 0.99) and limit of quantifications was higher than 0.1 µg/mL. The precision (lower than 3.5%, within day) and accuracy (higher than 81.7% and lower than 107.6%) of the methods were adequate. Barbatusin (1) was detected in P. grandis (15.432 ± 2.28 mg/g) and P. barbatus (5.198 ± 3.45 mg/g) extracts, while compound 2 was detected in P. grandis (4.068 ± 3.34 mg/g), P. barbatus (0.654 ± 5.86 mg/g), P. amboinicus (0.160 ± 7.25 mg/g), and P. ornatus (0.763 ± 5.10 mg/g). The evaluated validation parameters were satisfactorily achieved, and the developed methodology represents a suitable tool for application in the quantification of barbatusin (1) and 3ß-hydroxy-3-deoxybarbatusin (2) in Plectranthus species.
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Biocatalysis offers an alternative approach to conventional chemical processes for the production of single-isomer chiral drugs. Lipases are one of the most used enzymes in the synthesis of enantiomerically pure intermediates. The use of this type of enzyme is mainly due to the characteristics of their regio-, chemo- and enantioselectivity in the resolution process of racemates, without the use of cofactors. Moreover, this class of enzymes has generally excellent stability in the presence of organic solvents, facilitating the solubility of the organic substrate to be modified. Further improvements and new applications have been achieved in the syntheses of biologically active compounds catalyzed by lipases. This review critically reports and discusses examples from recent literature (2007 to mid-2015), concerning the synthesis of enantiomerically pure active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and their intermediates in which the key step involves the action of a lipase.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Química Sintética/métodos , Lipase/química , Preparações Farmacêuticas/síntese química , Animais , Biocatálise , Estabilidade Enzimática , Esterificação , Humanos , Hidrólise , Lipase/metabolismoRESUMO
Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 35 años de edad, portadora de un tumor adrenal izquierdo diagnosticado durante un estudio ecográfico. Las características morfológicas y los parámetros clínicos y de laboratorio sugirieron la existencia de un feocromocitoma. La paciente fue intervenida quirúrgicamente y la cirugía confirmó dicho diagnóstico.
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Humanos , Adulto , Feminino , Técnicas e Procedimentos Diagnósticos , Feocromocitoma/complicações , Feocromocitoma/diagnóstico , Feocromocitoma/terapia , Feocromocitoma , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 35 años de edad, portadora de un tumor adrenal izquierdo diagnosticado durante un estudio ecográfico. Las características morfológicas y los parámetros clínicos y de laboratorio sugirieron la existencia de un feocromocitoma. La paciente fue intervenida quirúrgicamente y la cirugía confirmó dicho diagnóstico.(AU)
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Humanos , Adulto , Feminino , Feocromocitoma/complicações , Feocromocitoma/diagnóstico , Feocromocitoma/terapia , Feocromocitoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Ultrassonografia/instrumentação , Técnicas e Procedimentos DiagnósticosRESUMO
Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 35 años de edad, portadora de un tumor adrenal izquierdo diagnosticado durante un estudio ecográfico. Las características morfológicas y los parámetros clínicos y de laboratorio sugirieron la existencia de un feocromocitoma. La paciente fue intervenida quirúrgicamente y la cirugía confirmó dicho diagnóstico.(AU)
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Humanos , Adulto , Feminino , Feocromocitoma/complicações , Feocromocitoma/diagnóstico , Feocromocitoma/terapia , Feocromocitoma , Ultrassonografia/instrumentação , Técnicas e Procedimentos DiagnósticosRESUMO
Para determinar cuál es el lado derecho e izquierdo del feto, teniendo como referencia la presentación fetal y la ubicación del dorso, se presentan por lo general algunas complicaciones y dificultades para los operadores ecográficos. Se describen algunas normas, ideadas para simplificar esta tarea...
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Feto/anatomia & histologia , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal/instrumentação , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal/métodos , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal/normasRESUMO
Para determinar cuál es el lado derecho e izquierdo del feto, teniendo como referencia la presentación fetal y la ubicación del dorso, se presentan por lo general algunas complicaciones y dificultades para los operadores ecográficos. Se describen algunas normas, ideadas para simplificar esta tarea...
Assuntos
Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal/instrumentação , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal/métodos , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal/normas , Feto/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Principales características de esta patología, de la que se describen también su etiología y tratamiento. La realización de una ecografía transvaginal permite identificar una serie de signos ecográficos para un diagnóstico presuntivo, por lo que se muestra una tabla con las características distintivas entre pólipos endometriales de la peri y postmenopausia.
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Humanos , Feminino , Endométrio/patologia , Endométrio , Pólipos/classificação , Pólipos/diagnóstico , Pólipos , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
Principales características de esta patología, de la que se describen también su etiología y tratamiento. La realización de una ecografía transvaginal permite identificar una serie de signos ecográficos para un diagnóstico presuntivo, por lo que se muestra una tabla con las características distintivas entre pólipos endometriales de la peri y postmenopausia.(AU)
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Humanos , Feminino , Pólipos/classificação , Pólipos/diagnóstico , Pólipos/diagnóstico por imagem , Endométrio/patologia , Endométrio/diagnóstico por imagem , Ultrassonografia/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
La malformación arteriovenosa es una entidad rara y poco conocida. Se presenta un caso que fue diagnosticado con Doppler color a través de una ecografía transvaginal y tratado con embolización selectiva, que es un método mini-invasivo y permite conservar la capacidad reproductiva de la paciente.
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Humanos , Gravidez , Feminino , Embolização Terapêutica/instrumentação , Embolização Terapêutica , Malformações Arteriovenosas/diagnóstico , Malformações Arteriovenosas , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
La malformación arteriovenosa es una entidad rara y poco conocida. Se presenta un caso que fue diagnosticado con Doppler color a través de una ecografía transvaginal y tratado con embolización selectiva, que es un método mini-invasivo y permite conservar la capacidad reproductiva de la paciente.(AU)
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Humanos , Gravidez , Feminino , Malformações Arteriovenosas/diagnóstico , Malformações Arteriovenosas/diagnóstico por imagem , Embolização Terapêutica/instrumentação , Embolização Terapêutica/estatística & dados numéricos , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
Se reportan dos casos de embriones con colecciones intratorácicas. Se describen los hallazgos y su evolución. Se revisa la escasa bibliografía disponible y se presentan los resultados de otras cortas series de casos similares. La poca casuística registrada y las evoluciones disímiles impiden establecer un pronóstico...