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Abstract Sympatric mud crab species Panopeus americanus and Panopeus austrobesus are found in intertidal environments associated with muddy and rocky habitats in the Western Atlantic coast. Therefore, they are a suitable model system to be used in studies focused on investigating biological coexistence aspects between close species, such as population structure and habitat. The aims of the current study are to describe and compare the distribution of two sympatric mud crab species - P. americanus and P. austrobesus - based on their spatial and temporal distribution, in a low human impact estuarine complex area. The hypothesis that these two species show similar distribution, although one species is more abundant than the other, was herein tested. Sampling was carried out in the intertidal zone of a specific area in Cananeia estuarine complex, São Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil, in different periods of time for two years. Both species presented similar pattern distribution and frequency, with predominance in the middle and high intertidal zones, including all demographic categories. However, Panopeus americanus was more abundant and presented smaller mean size in all sampling zones. The pronounced disparity in size between the species suggests divergent dietary preferences, potentially related to prey size allowing the coexistence of these sympatric and syntopic species. The predominance of these two species in the upper intertidal zones was understood as a strategy for avoiding competition with the intertidal alpheid shrimps.

Resumo As espécies simpátricas de caranguejo-da-lama Panopeus americanus e Panopeus austrobesus são encontradas em ambientes entremarés associados a habitats lamacentos e rochosos, bem como em simpatria na costa do Atlântico Ocidental. Portanto, constituem um sistema modelo adequado para ser utilizado em estudos focados na investigação de aspectos de coexistência biológica entre espécies semelhantes, como estrutura populacional e habitat. Os objetivos do presente estudo são descrever e comparar a microdistribuição de duas espécies simpátricas de caranguejo-da-lama - P. americanus e P. austrobesus - com base na avaliação de sua distribuição espacial e temporal, em uma área estuarina complexa e com baixo impacto antrópico. A hipótese de que estas duas espécies apresentam microdistribuição semelhante, embora uma espécie seja mais abundante que a outra, foi testada. A amostragem foi realizada na zona entremarés de uma área específica do complexo estuarino de Cananeia, Estado de São Paulo, Sudeste do Brasil, em diferentes períodos durante dois anos. Ambas as espécies apresentaram microdistribuição e frequência semelhantes, principalmente nas zonas entremarés média e alta. Entretanto, Panopeus americanus foi mais abundante e apresentou menor tamanho médio em todas as zonas amostrais. A pronunciada disparidade de tamanho entre as espécies sugere preferências alimentares divergentes, potencialmente relacionadas ao tamanho das presas possibilitando a coexistência dessas espécies simpátricas. A predominância dessas duas espécies nas zonas intermareais superiores também indica uma estratégia para evitar a competição com os camarões alfeídeos.

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The mole crab Emerita portoricensis Schmitt, 1935 was originally described solely on the basis of few key characters that were not precisely defined, giving reason to question subsequent reports of its distribution. The present study, prompted by recent collections documenting coloration in life, undertakes a comprehensive redescription of the species based on specimens of varied sizes from Puerto Rico, Belize, Costa Rica, and Panama. Collections from the northern Caribbean that at first take appear to represent a northernmost record of E. brasiliensis Schmitt, 1935 or southernmost occurrence of E. talpoida (Say, 1817), may be assignable E. portoricensis as now recognized. Among western Atlantic species, E. portoricensis and E. benedicti have to date been considered to have the dactylus of the first pereopod terminally subacute or sharply pointed, which purportedly separates them from E. brasiliensis and E. talpoida, western Atlantic species in which this article is terminally rounded. However, in E. portoricensis this character varies with specimen size and the magnification at which the distal extreme of the dactylus is examined, being rounded to varying degrees in all but the largest specimens. Even in sexually mature specimens of less than maximum size, this rounded tip is armed by a minute corneous spine in E. portoricensis, although it is less prominent than the terminal spine on the consistently more acute dactylus of E. benedicti at all adult sizes. Also, the carapace color in live specimens of E. portoricensis, as documented for specimens collected in both Belize and Panama, differs from that of E. brasiliensis, E. talpoida, and E. benedicti by typically including longitudinal and diagonal dark bars of olive brown on the branchial regions and a light longitudinal bar marking the posterior quarter of the median line. Posterior to the cervical groove, fine rugae of the carapace that form broken transverse lines are at most little diminished across the mid-dorsal longitudinal line in E. portoricensis and E. benedicti, somewhat more broken in E. brasiliensis, and distinctly diminished to all but absent at the midline in E. talpoida. Previously reported BINs in the Barcode of Life database include sequenced specimens from Costa Rica herein accepted as E. portoricensis. We exclude populations from Brazil that have been mis-assigned to E. portoricensis.

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Austinixa bragantina Coelho, 2005, described from Ilha Canela, Bragança, state of Pará, Brazil, is established as a junior synonym of A. aidae (Righi, 1967) based on morphological (gross morphology and scanning electron microscopy) and molecular (16S rRNA mitochondrial marker) evidence. The phylogenetic tree was obtained through the Maximum Likelihood method aiming to contextualize A. bragantina among related species. We provide a redescription, an updated synonymy, and remarks on the intra-specific morphological variability of A. aidae to clarify some taxonomic inconsistencies previously reported. Austinixa hardyi Heard & Manning, 1997, a species of uncertain taxonomic status, was confirmed genetically to also be a synonym of A. aidae.

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The taxonomic status of the sergestid shrimp, Acetes americanus, has been questioned for several decades. No specific study has been performed thus far to resolve the incongruences. This species has a wide geographical range in the western Atlantic and is represented by two formally accepted subspecies: Acetes americanus carolinae, distributed in North America, and Acetes americanus americanus, present in South America. However, there are regions where the coexistence of both subspecies has been reported, such as Central America. This study aimed to genetically compare specimens of A. a. americanus collected in South America with A. a. carolinae sampled in North America to check for possible differences and the existence of more than one subspecies of A. americanus on the Brazilian coast. Based on the sequences of two informative markers, the cytochrome oxidase I region (COI) and 16S rRNA, phylogenetic reconstruction demonstrated well-defined clades with high support values, reinforcing the idea that A. a. americanus is genetically different from A. a. carolinae. Our hypothesis was corroborated as the specimens collected in Brazil were divided into two distinct lineages: the first composed of A. a. americanus sensu stricto (Brazil 1) and the second by Acetes americanus (Brazil 2). The three groups evidenced in the haplotype network were the same as those observed in the phylogenetic tree. The morphometric character (height/length of the thelycum) was effective in distinguishing A. a. Brazil 1 from A. a. carolinae. However, more detailed and conclusive studies comprising other characteristics to propose and describe a possible new entity are necessary. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, the results of this study provide some insights into the taxonomic status of the sergestid shrimp A. americanus in the western Atlantic.

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Uncovering what predicts genetic diversity (GD) within species can help us access the status of populations and their evolutionary potential. Traits related to effective population size show a proportional association to GD, but evidence supports life-history strategies and habitat as the drivers of GD variation. Instead of investigating highly divergent taxa, focusing on one group could help to elucidate the factors influencing the GD. Additionally, most empirical data is based on vertebrate taxa; therefore, we might be missing novel patterns of GD found in neglected invertebrate groups. Here, we investigated the predictors of the GD in crabs (Brachyura) by compiling the most comprehensive cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) available. Eight predictor variables were analysed across 150 species (16 992 sequences) using linear models (multiple linear regression) and comparative methods (PGLS). Our results indicate that population size fluctuation represents the most critical trait predicting GD, with species that have undergone bottlenecks followed by population expansion showing lower GD. Egg size, pelagic larval duration and habitat might play a role probably because of their association with how species respond to disturbances. Ultimately, K-strategists that have undergone bottlenecks are the species showing lower GD. Some variables do not show an association with GD as expected, most likely due to the taxon-specific role of some predictors, which should be considered in further investigations and generalizations. This work highlights the complexity underlying the predictors of GD and adds results from a marine invertebrate group to the current understanding of this topic.

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Brazil contains about 5% (~120 spp.) of the total known species of freshwater decapods. Information on the occurrence of freshwater decapod species in the state of Minas Gerais is dispersed and much of this remains unpublished. We hereby propose to present the first inventory of freshwater decapods from the state, based on data compiled from publications and scientific collections and obtained from fieldwork in the state. Eleven species of freshwater decapods were recorded in Minas Gerais, including three species of crabs (Trichodactylidae), seven of shrimps (Palaemonidae) and one species of freshwater squat lobster (Aeglidae), classified into three infraorders, three families, and four genera. The genus Macrobrachium C.S. Bate, 1868 comprised most of the decapod records. The reduced number of species in relation to coastal states is related, at least in part, to the absence of amphidromic species. Environmental degradation and the construction of dams in several watersheds may be possible causes of this absence. The records obtained from surveys carried out in national parks situated in Minas Gerais and its surroundings indicate the importance of these areas for the conservation of decapod fauna in the state.

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The description of the first zoea stage of Tetraxanthus rathbunae Chace, 1939, the third known zoea of Pseudorhombilidae and the first for Tetraxanthus, was carried out from laboratory hatched larvae. Their morphology differs from other pseudorhombilid species previously described primarily in the number and type of setae on the antennule, antennal exopod, maxilla, first maxilliped, and second maxilliped. These zoeae, however, share the same number of spines on the carapace (rostral, dorsal, and lateral), absence of the endopod on the antenna, long and well-developed spinose protopod, maxillary exopod with four marginal plumose setae and a robust posterior process, the absence of setae on the basis of the second maxilliped, and the presence of three lateral spines on each side of the furca. The results obtained in the present study are of great importance in being only the third known first stage pseudorhombilid zoea and the first for the Tetraxanthus, as well as in contributing to the identification of brachyuran planktonic zoea. Additionally, it also provides information that can help elucidate pseudorhombilid phylogeny.

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This checklist is the fifth and last compilation on the decapod crustaceans reported to So Paulo (Brazil) coastal area, resulting from long-term multidisciplinary projects, which combined morphological analyses and molecular techniques. The current research includes 75 decapod species, herein referred as shrimps/lobsters-like (shrimps, ghost-shrimps, lobsters, and related groups), reported to So Paulo coastal area. These species occur in marine, estuarine, and amphidromous habitats and are classified into 21 families as follow: Aristeidae (2 spp., 2 genera), Atyidae (4 spp., 2 genera), Axianassidae (1 sp., 1 genus), Callianassidae (1 sp., 1 genus), Callichiridae (6 spp., 4 genera), Crangonidae (1 sp., 1 genus), Glyphocrangonidae (1 sp., 1 genus), Luciferidae (2 spp., 2 genera), Nephropidae (4 spp., 2 genera), Palaemonidae (15 spp., 9 genera), Palinuridae (2 spp., 1 genus), Pandalidae (1 sp., 1 genus), Pasiphaeidae (1 sp., 1 genus), Penaeidae (10 spp., 6 genera), Sergestidae (3 spp., 3 genera), Sicyoniidae (4 spp., 1 genus), Scyllaridae (5 spp., 3 genera), Solenoceridae (4 spp., 3 genera), Stenopodidae (2 spp., 1 genus), and Upogebiidae (6 spp., 1 genus). We generated new sequences of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (barcode region) and 16S genes (51 and 54, respectively) of 54 species. Our examination concluded that 75 shrimps/lobsters-like species are reported to the So Paulo coast. We excluded Leander tenuicornis (Palaemonidae), Penaeus setiferus (Penaeidae), Philocheras gorei (Crangonidae), and Rhynchocinetes typus (Rhynchocinetidae) from this list.

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This study describes the mating behavior of Hypoconcha parasitica under laboratory conditions highlighting the spermathecal morphology and focusing on the seminal fluid storage and release of spermatozoa. The pairs were kept in aquaria where the mating behavior was recorded and described. The spermathecae of the female were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray micro-CT, histology, and histochemistry. No pre- or post-copulatory mate guarding was observed in H. parasitica. The sperm transfer occurred with each pair maintaining the protection shield (bivalve shell) on their dorsum. The pair of spermathecae is covered exclusively by the cuticle, following the Podotremata pattern. Many muscle fiber bundles are attached to the cuticular wall facing toward the cephalothorax cavity, especially covering the lateral and slightly dorso-anterior region toward the apodeme of Sternite 7. The spermathecal organization indicates that the process of sperm release during fertilization occurs through muscular action exerted by the female on the wall of the chamber. Thus, the musculature distribution in Hypoconchinae distinguishes them from described for other Podotremata such as Homolidae, which shows the musculature associated with the spermathecae aperture. Like the Homolidae, the first pleopod in H. parasitica seems to take part in the transfer/ movement of spermatozoa and oocytes between the sternum and abdomen, which forms a temporary chamber where fertilization occurs. In conclusion, the spermathecal morphology and associated structures bring new insights to the mechanisms involved in the sperm storage and fertilization of primitive crabs and how the Dromiidae spermatheca perform a new pattern among the poorly studied Podotremata.

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The hairy crab Pilumnus vinaceus A. Milne-Edwards, 1880, previously considered to be a junior synonym of Pilumnus dasypodus Kingsley, 1879 by Rathbun (1897) is here resurrected. Pilumnus vinaceus can be distinguished from the known western Atlantic species (including P. dasypodus) based on morphological characters and molecular markers. This action increases number of reported species of Pilumnus in the western Atlantic to nineteen.

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This checklist is the fourth contribution resulting from a long-term multidisciplinary project which combined morphological analyses and molecular techniques (mitochondrial DNA markers) for accurate identification of marine and coastal decapod crustaceans of São Paulo State (Brazil). We provide a list of 63 species of the following 11 families of 4 superfamilies of Anomura: Albuneidae (4 spp.), Blepharipodidae (1 sp.), Chirostylidae (1 sp.), Diogenidae (18 spp.), Hippidae (1 sp.), Munididae (8 spp.), Munidopsidae (1 sp.), Paguridae (13 spp.), Parapaguridae (2 spp.), Porcellanidae (13 spp.), and Pylochelidae (1 sp.). Seven species previously reported from the region were neither collected nor found in museum collections during our study, including one (Sympagurus dimorphus) that we suggest to be removed from São Paulo coast fauna lists. We generated new sequences of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (barcode region) and 16S genes of 44 species. This anomuran inventory may serve as guideline for future studies on taxonomy, conservation, population genetics, biogeography, and phylogenetics, which might flag species that deserve further investigations and concerns.

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Potimirim is one of the 40 genera of Atyidae restricted to America, which occurs in coastal freshwater habitats and questions about population status and variability have been emerging. Potimirim brasiliana occurs in Brazil from the northeastern to southeastern region. In order to evaluate the hypothesis of genetic structure among populations, we performed molecular analyses with specimens from all known limit of distribution of the species. The molecular markers used were COI and 28S. Phylogenetic trees were obtained by maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses, and a haplotype network was obtained based only on COI. We found clear separation between P. brasiliana, P. potimirim, P. glabra and Potimirim sp 2. No pattern of structuration was found among P. brasiliana, but the haplotype network showed geographic pattern of structuration for the congener P. potimirim. The lack of genetic structuration among P. brasiliana can be explained by its life cycle that requires brackish water to complete their larval development. The larvae and juvenile in contact with these habitats can spread through oceanic currents, especially in higher rainfall seasons, maintaining the gene flow. The explanation for the geographical pattern found among P. potimirim is still missing and aspects about its lifecycle and larval development should be investigated.

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We developed species-specific primers of five microcrustacean preys, Ceriodaphnia richardi, Diaphanosoma cf. brevireme, Daphnia gessneri, Simocephalus serrulatus, Thermocyclops decipiens and Mesocyclops sp., to analyze food-web interactions involving their two insect predators Rheumatobates crassifemur and Martarega uruguayensis distributed in a tropical shallow lake. We designed internal primers of the COI gene (177-282 bp), and tested them, by means of PCR, for specificity and sensitivity. In our tests for specificity, all primers successfully amplified the DNA target but were species-specific failing to amplify the biomarker from any of the other species tested, even in a mixed DNA sample, including predators' DNA. In tests for sensitivity, primers successfully amplified zooplankton biomarkers from low concentration of DNA extractions and also from digestive tract of predators, even after many hours of ingestion. This technique provides a framework as an efficient tool for evaluation of food-web research in natural aquatic environments, where it is impossible to observe if predation occurs. Furthermore, this technique provides an effective solution for the identification of zooplankton species from the predator's digestive tract, where morphological identification alone is sometimes difficult because predators do not consume the prey but feeds using extra-oral digestion, such is the case of heteropterans.

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This checklist is the third part of a series derived from a long-term multidisciplinary project on the biodiversity of decapod crustaceans from marine and coastal environments of São Paulo state (Brazil). We integrated molecular techniques (DNA markers) and morphological analyses of adult specimens for accurate identifications. We compilated 185 species from the literature, but we confirmed the presence of 168 species: 130 of which we sampled, analyzed and obtained sequences (COI and/or 16S totalizing 113 sequences) and 38 that were not directly collected but were confirmed by analyses. In addition, 27 had their distribution removed from São Paulo due to uncertainties, and absence of material as voucher. Five species were reported for the first time on the coast of São Paulo (Calappa ocellata, Neohelice granulata, Teleophrys pococki, Teramnonotus monodi, Tetraxanthus rathbunae) and one on the Brazilian coast (Pseudomedaeus agassizi). Most of the non-sampled species previously reported on the coast of São Paulo might be considered doubtful records stablished in the past by inaccurate analyses, which assumed extended distribution to the area and/or misidentifications. At this time and based on our refined compilation, we can estimate the brachyuran diversity on the coast of São Paulo in 168 species. This detailed inventory contributes to the knowledge on the local decapod fauna by checking available dataset, adding new species records in São Paulo and new sequences to GenBank database. These data may serve as baseline for future identifications and studies on conservation, population genetics, biogeography and phylogenetics, which might flag species that deserve further investigations and concerns.

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Two species of Penaeidae shrimp from western Atlantic were described by Carvalho-Batista et al. (2019) as Xiphopenaeus dincao and Xiphopenaeus baueri. The descriptions and figures presented by Carvalho-Batista et al. (2019) and the posterior author's correction (Carvalho-Batista et al., 2020) characterize the species. However, the journal issue in which the description was published is online only, and the article with the new names did not include a Zoobank registration number (LSID), required for validation of new names in electronic-only publications (ICZN 2012). Thus, the names Xiphopenaeus dincao and Xiphopenaeus baueri, as published in Scientific Reports 9: 15281, is not available according the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999, 2012). Therefore, the present note serves to validate the names Xiphopenaeus dincao and Xiphopenaeus baueri by fulfilling ICZN conditions for nomenclatural availability. Type specimens of both species are deposited in Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP), São Paulo, Brazil.

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The first zoeae of Alpheus formosus Gibbes, 1850 and Alpheus malleator Dana, 1852 are described and illustrated for the first time, based on laboratory-hatched larvae from parental females sampled in Vitória Island, Ubatuba, Brazil. Both species shared many characters with other species of genus Alpheus Fabricius, 1798, but they also have some exclusive characters as 10 setae on the basis of the maxilla, first maxilliped with endopod 2-segmented and exopod 4-segmented, second maxilliped with exopod 4-segmented, presence of bud only of the first pereopod, presence of anal spine and simple dorsal setae on the pleon. The zoea I of both species, nevertheless, can be separated by segmentation in the exopod of the antenna (8 in A. formosus, 6 in A. malleator); segmentation in the endopod and exopod of the third maxilliped (5 in A. formosus and 4 in A. malleator); peduncle of antennule 3-segmented in A. formosus (unsegmented or 2-segmented in other species) and presence of a medial tubercle in the proximal segment in the exopod of the antenna of A. malleator (absent in A. formosus, not reported in all other species). In this study three new characters are proposed to be analyzed in zoea of the genus Alpheus: presence of anal spine in both species (absent in Alpheus saxidomus Holthuis, 1980, but not reported in other species) and for the first time reported, presence of a tubercle in the exopod of the antenna (present only in A. malleator) and presence of simple dorsal setae on the pleon (both species), here analyzed under light and scanning electron microscopy.

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We described the ultrastructure and histochemistry of the reproductive system of five Callinectes species, and evaluate the seasonal variation in weight of the reproductive system and hepatopancreas by comparing annual changes of somatic indices. The somatic indices changed little throughout the year. In Callinectes, spermatogenesis occurs inside the lobular testes and, within each lobule, the cells are at the same developmental stage. Spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis follow the same development pattern in all Callinectes studied. Mature spermatozoa are released into the seminiferous ducts through the collecting ducts. Cells of the vas deferens are secretory as evidenced by rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and secretory vesicles that produce the seminal fluid. The anterior vas deferens shows two portions: proximal and distal. In proximal portion (AVDp), spermatozoa are clustered and embedded in an electron-dense, basophilic glycoproteinaceous secretion Type I. In the distal portion (AVDd), the spermatophore wall is formed by incorporation of a less electron-dense glycoproteinaceous secretion Type II. The secretion Type I change to an acid polysaccharide-rich matrix that separates the spermatophores from each other. The median vas deferens (MVD) stores the spermatophores and produces the granular glycoproteinaceous seminal fluid. The posterior vas deferens (PVD) has few spermatophores. Its epithelium has many mitochondria and the PVD seminal fluid changes into a liquid and homogeneous glycoprotein. Many outpocketings in the PVD and MVD help to increase the fluid production. Overall, the reproductive pattern of Callinectes is similar to other species that produce sperm plugs. The secretions of AVD, MVD, and PVD are responsible for the polymerization that forms the solid, waxy plug in the seminal receptacle. The traits identified here are common to all Portunidae species studied so far.

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Our aim was to delimit the taxonomic status of the snapping shrimp Alpheus lobidens De Haan, 1849, based on morphological and molecular analyses of the topotype material from Nagasaki (Japan). We provide a redescription, detailed illustrations, and molecular data. Through comparisons with close-related species, we also tested the taxonomic status of A. inopinatus Holthuis Gottlieb, 1958 and A. buckupi Almeida, Terossi, Araújo-Silva Mantelatto, 2013. We examined 74 specimens previously identified as A. lobidens, 84 specimens of A. buckupi, and 30 of A. inopinatus. The morphological analysis was based on the examination of 68 characters. The molecular analysis included mitochondrial gene sequences (16S) of 18 individuals: six A. lobidens, three A. buckupi, one A. inopinatus, and eight individuals of other species of Alpheidae. The morphological analysis revealed that A. lobidens sensu stricto is consistently distinct of A. lobidens sensu lato, A. inopinatus and A. buckupi. The genetic analyzes (Bayesian Inference and p-distance) corroborated the morphological results and showed a clear separation between them. The highest values of genetic divergence (p-distance) (19%) were observed between A. lobidens sensu stricto and A. buckupi, and between A. lobidens sensu stricto and A. lobidens sensu lato from Australia (Northern Territory). The lowest divergence (12%) occurred between A. lobidens sensu stricto and A. lobidens sensu lato from Marshall Islands. Based on our results, the occurrence of A. lobidens sensu stricto is currently restricted to the type locality in Japan, and A. inopinatus and A. buckupi are valid taxa. Delimiting A. lobidens sensu stricto is relevant since the name A. lobidens has been applied to cryptic species, resulting in a high unclear taxonomic state.

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A freshwater palaemonid shrimp from the São Francisco river basin in Brazil has been found to be a new species and is herein nominated as Macrobrachium veredensis sp. nov. It is morphologically similar to M. brasiliense (Heller, 1862), which is found in many rivers of South America. However, M. veredensis sp. nov. has a smooth carapace and few spinules on the second pereopods, while M. brasiliense has the anterolateral surface of the carapace with small spinules and the palm of the second pereopods with spines, spinules and setae. Despite their similar morphology with these subtle differences, the remarkable genetic different evidenced in DNA analysis. Molecular analyses were based on 43 sequences with 528 base pairs (bp) for 16S rDNA, and 16 new sequences with 581bp, without pseudogenes, for COI mtDNA. The nucleotide divergence between M. veredensis sp. nov. and M. brasiliense (7.0-8.5% for 16S and 11.8-12.5% for COI.), the phylogenetic topology and the haplotype network configuration and it is endemism to a region of the São Francisco river basin support the recognition of a new taxon.

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An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.