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The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) launched by the United Nations in 2015 were a global challenge calling for ending poverty, protecting the environment, and guaranteeing peace and prosperity to world citizens by 2030. Brazil has changed gears, accepted the SDG challenge and moved one step forward. On the dawn of January 1st, 2023, the very first day of President Lula's office, Brazil issued the Decree no. 11,349/2023 and created an additional SDG itself on animal health by establishing the Department of Animal Protection and Rights (DAPR). The DAPR primarily aims to establish a Federal Animal Code and other nationwide standard procedures for pet population management and mass neutering/spaying programs, services against animal cruelty, welfare meat production, meat substitutes, and enforcement of native fauna protection. Meanwhile, Brazil's new government has reduced in 48% the Amazon deforestation and mining, enforced the inspections on national parks and preserved areas, limited wild boar hunting. On top of it, Lula's G20 Bloc presidency starting this coming December has shown the Brazil commitment to reestablish its historical prominence on international conversation and diplomacy. Finally, recognition of a clear and unquestionable nexus among animal welfare, environment, and sustainability, beyond the United Nations original proposition, in a country level, particularly with still-preserved nature areas, should be understood and invested as humanity heritage.

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Animal hoarding and human consumption by dogs have been important but often understudied aspects of the human-animal bond that can be addressed within a One Health framework. No scientific report has focused on dog scavenging on animal hoarders to date, despite isolated reports of dog scavenging on human remains, mostly due to starvation. The phenomenon has been approached as a confounding factor for human forensics. In 2014, the Animal Protection Department of Curitiba City was called to rescue and handle ten small dogs which had scavenged for a week on the human remains of their elderly owner, a potential animal hoarder. At inspection, three dead dogs in early putrefaction were also found in the household. Human autopsy revealed body putrefaction and lack of soft organs. Along with the dental arch, DNA testing was performed on the remains for official deceased identification. Due to the potential public health risks of aggression toward frail human beings and for the control of zoonotic diseases, all ten dogs were euthanized. Subsequent investigations by the crime scene police, homicide police, and autopsy services were unable to establish or rule out natural death, criminal or suicidal poisoning, zoonotic disease (rabies), fatal dog attack, or fatal accidental trauma. A general protocol has been proposed for future approaches to dog scavenging and suspicious killing of animal hoarders, as well an assessment for the potential adoption or euthanasia of animals owned by hoarders in these circumstances.

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This review of human and cat rabies from 1986 to 2022 has shown mostly AgV3 variant in human cases with 29/45 (64.4%) reports including 23 from bats, four from cats, and two from unknown species, followed by 8/45 (17.8%) of AgV2 variant (all from dogs), 4/45 from marmoset variant (all from Callithrix jacchus), 2/45 samples compatible with wild canid variant (both from Cerdocyon thous), and one/45 of AgV1 variant from a domestic dog. Only one sample of human rabies was not typified, related to bat aggression. In addition, surveillance conducted in the state of São Paulo confirmed the presence of rabies in 7/23,839 cats (0.031%) and 3/106,637 dogs (0.003%) between 2003 and 2013, with a 10:1 overall cat-to-dog positivity ratio. This 10-fold higher infection rate for cat rabies may be explained by cats' hunting habits and predation. In addition, after 28 years of rabies-free status, a new cat rabies case was reported in the city of São Paulo in 2011. The rabid cat lived, along with other pets, in a household located near the largest downtown city park, whose owners presented animal hoarding behavior. Thus, animal hoarders and rescuers, public health agents, animal health professionals, and the general population with contact need to be aware of the risk of bat-borne rabies followed by spillover from cats to humans. In conclusion, cat rabies cases are becoming increasingly important in Brazil. This poses a One Health concern, given the overlapping of human, bat and cat populations within the same predisposed environment.

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Anticholinesterase pesticides are a main cause of the intentional or accidental poisoning of animals. Anticholinesterases include several substances that cause the overstimulation of both central and peripheral acetylcholine-dependent neurotransmission. Forensic analyses of poisoning cases require high levels of expertise, are costly, and often do not provide reliable quantitative information for unambiguous conclusions. The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a method of high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC−DAD) for the identification and quantitation of n-methyl carbamates, organophosphates and respective metabolites from biological samples of animals that were suspected of poisoning. HPLC−DAD is reliable, fast, simplistic and cost-effective. The method was validated for biological samples obtained from stomach contents, liver, vitreous humor and blood from four different animal species. The validation of the method was achieved using the following analytical parameters: linearity, precision, accuracy, selectivity, recovery, and matrix effect. The method showed linearity at the range of 25−500 µg/mL, and the correlation coefficient (r2) values were >0.99 for all matrices. Precision and accuracy were determined by the (a) coefficient of variation (CV), (b) relative standard deviation low-quality control (LQC), (c) medium-quality control (QCM), and (d) high-quality control (QCA). The indicated parameters were all less than 15%. The recovery of analytes ranged from 31 to 71%. The analysis of results showed no significant interfering peaks due to common xenobiotics or matrix effects. The abovementioned method was used to positively identify pesticide analytes in 44 of the 51 animal samples that were suspected of poisoning, demonstrating its usefulness as a forensic tool.

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Copper toxicity is thought to be a rare condition in horses. However, the number of cases diagnosed in Brazil is growing. This article aims to describe cases of copper toxicity involving horses from different geographic locations and discuss findings of physical examinations, differential diagnoses and potential causes. Five cases referred from 4 different properties where at least 15 other horses were affected were described. Hemolytic anemia and hemoglobinuria, presence of Heinz bodies and elevated aspartate aminotransferase and gamaglutamil transferase levels were detected in all cases. The diagnosis was based on clinical history and signs, laboratory tests results, copper level determination in feed and/or soil and histopathological findings. Two horses progressed to acute death; remaining horses responded to clinical management with or without blood transfusion, depending on disease severity. However, one of these horses, after several returns to the veterinary hospital, was euthanized due to complications. One horse was treated with ammonium tetrathiomolybdate. Two horses had several recurring episodes over the course of several months, an uncommon presentation in ruminants suffering from copper toxicity. Excess copper was associated with soil fertilization with poultry litter or treatment of previous or neighbor crops with copper-containing products. It can be concluded that copper toxicity does occur in horses and may arise from several sources and/or be associated with predisposing dietary factors. Given the growing number of cases, the condition should be included in the differential diagnosis list and proper preventive dietary and pasture fertilization measures adopted.

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Classical insect-flaviviruses (cISFVs) and dual host-related insect-specific flavivirus (dISFV) are within the major group of insect-specific flavivirus. Remarkably dISFV are evolutionarily related to some of the pathogenic flavivirus, such as Zika and dengue viruses. The Evolutionary relatedness of dISFV to flavivirus allowed us to investigate the evolutionary principle of host adaptation. Additionally, dISFV can be used for the development of flavivirus vaccines and to explore underlying principles of mammalian pathogenicity. Here we describe the genetic characterization of a novel putative dISFV, termed Guapiaçu virus (GUAPV). Distinct strains of GUAPV were isolated from pools of Aedes terrens and Aedes scapularis mosquitoes. Additionally, we also detected viral GUAPV RNA in a plasma sample of an individual febrile from the Amazon region (North of Brazil). Although GUAPV did not replicate in tested mammalian cells, 3'UTR secondary structures duplication and codon usage index were similar to pathogenic flavivirus.

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The aim of this study was to improve flavivirus field monitoring in Brazil using a reliable probe-based RT-qPCR assay. Standard flavivirus strains were employed to evaluate the performance of the assay, and its applicability was evaluated using 235 stored pools of Culicidae samples collected between 1993 and 1997 and in 2016. Flavivirus species were identified by sequencing. Sixteen (6.8%) samples tested positive: Ilheus virus, Iguape virus, and Saint Louis encephalitis virus were identified in historical specimens from 1993-1994, while insect-specific flaviviruses were detected in the samples from 2016. This approach was demonstrated to be accurate for flavivirus detection and characterization, and it can be successfully applied for vector surveillance and for monitoring and discovery of insect specific flaviviruses.

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The increase in lawsuits against veterinarians based on recklessness, negligence and malpractice is a current trend since pets are increasingly viewed as part of the family, and legal action is sought if the owner is frustrated with the services rendered by the veterinarian. However, since scarce data exists on this issue, this study aims to quantify and qualify lawsuits filed against veterinarians in the state of São Paulo, Brazil to identify and correlate potential risk factors that may lead to conviction or acquittal of defendants. For this purpose, the methodology employed a search for lawsuits on the website of the São Paulo State Court of Justice, sorted by year; proceedings (summary or special civil court); plaintiff's claim (non-economic damages, economic damages, malpractice, negligence or recklessness); court decision (case granted or denied); reason for judgment (sufficient or insufficient evidence); reverse burden of proof (present or absent); type of evidence (deposition, documentary and expert testimony); value of damages claimed and awarded; location (greater São Paulo or inner state), and whether the lawsuit was filed against a veterinary clinic or hospital. These categories shed light, through bivariate and Poisson regression analyses, on the potential risk factors relative to court decisions. Results demonstrate that reverse burden of proof and insufficient evidence as the basis for judgment were, respectively, risk factors for conviction and acquittal of veterinary practitioners, and the number of lawsuits increased by 533 % over eight years.

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In Brazil, flaviviruses have caused massive outbreaks. Surveillance programs designed to monitor virus activity in vectors provides a system for mapping disease distribution and for identifying specific vector species for targeted control. The present study aimed to describe the detection, whole genome characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Ilheus virus (ILHV) and Iguape virus (IGUV) strains obtained from historical mosquito's samples. Twelve isolates of pooled mosquito specimens (inoculated in neonate mouse brain) collected in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, in 1993, 1994 and 1997 were investigated. Viral RNA was extracted and analyzed by qRT-PCR using Flavivirus genus-specific primers. Positive samples were sequenced and underwent phylogenetic analyses. Flavivirus was detected in 50% of the specimens. Positive samples were successfully Sanger sequenced. Three Anopholes cruzii pools collected in 1994 were positive for IGUV. One Culex sp. pool, one Anopheles triannulatus pool, and one Coquillettidia juxtamansonia pool, collected in 1994, were positive for ILHV. Metagenomic sequencing successfully characterize one ILHV and four IGUV full genomes, and revealed a high degree of homology between the Brazilian ILHV and IGUV strains and isolates available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis of partial ILHV NS5 gene revealed three distinct lineages (clades), an indication of genetic heterogeneity in strains circulating in Brazil. Nucleotide insertions and a high-level of nucleotide diversity were observed in the NS1 protein and capsid region of IGUV strains, respectively. Detection of ILHV and IGUV in mosquitoes from Southeastern Brazil confirms the historical circulation of these viruses in this area. Furthermore, this first evidence of ILHV in Anopheles triannulatus suggests the potential importance of Anopheles mosquitoes in the IGUV transmission cycle. Genomic and phylogenetic analysis of these viruses provided insights into their diversity and evolution, which are important for the emergence patterns of flaviviruses and their evolutionary trends in Brazil, an endemic country for several arbovirus. in In-depth studies of ILHV and IGUV including vector competence and molecular studies are needed to shed light on their epidemiology and potential risk of future emergence.

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Em cães e gatos, a síndrome de Horner (SH) é caracterizada por um conjunto de sinais clínicos oculares oriundos de disfunção ipsilateral da inervação simpática do globo ocular e de seus anexos. Esses sinais incluem ptose palpebral, miose, anisocoria e protrusão da terceira pálpebra e enoftalmia. Lesões que afetem direta ou indiretamente a inervação simpática do globo ocular, tais como traumas, neoplasias, lesões iatrogênicas, otites e encefalites, entre outras, podem causar a SH. O presente estudo teve por objetivo revisar as características anatômicas e fisiológicas da inervação simpática para o globo ocular, com ênfase na descrição das particularidades da SH, incluindo sua etiologia, os sinais clínicos e as ferramentas diagnósticas, além do seus possíveis tratamentos e prognóstico.(AU)

In dogs and cats, Horner's syndrome (HS) is characterized by a group of clinical signs arising from an ipsilateral dysfunction of sympathetic innervation of the eye andits appendages. These signs include ptosis, miosis, anisocoria, prolapse of the third eyelid, and enophtalmos. Lesions that may affect directly or indirectly the sympathetic innervation of the eye, such as trauma, neoplasms, iatrogenic lesions, otitis, encephalitis, among others, can induce HS. The aim of the present study was to review the anatomical and physiological characteristics of sympathetic innervation for the ocular globe, with emphasis on the description of the peculiarities of HS, including its etiology, clinical signs, diagnostic tools, as well as its possible treatments and prognosis.(AU)

En perros y gatos, el síndrome de Horner (SH) esta caracterizado por una serie de signos clínicos oculares que se originan en una disfunción ipsilateral de la inervación simpática del globo ocular y sus anexos. Los signos clínicos más comunes son la ptosis palpebral, miosis, anisocoria, protrusión del tercer párpado y enoftalmia. Las lesiones que pueden provocar el SH son todas aquelias que afectan directa o indirectamente la inervación simpática del globo ocular, como traumas, neoplasias, lesiones iatrogénicas, otitis y encefalitis. La presente revisión tuvo como objetivo analizar las características anatómicas y fisiológicas de la inervación simpática del globo ocular, con énfasis en las particularidades del SH como su etiología, signos clínicos y herramientas diagnósticas, además de sus posibles tratamientos y pronóstico.(AU)

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Em cães e gatos, a síndrome de Horner (SH) é caracterizada por um conjunto de sinais clínicos oculares oriundos de disfunção ipsilateral da inervação simpática do globo ocular e de seus anexos. Esses sinais incluem ptose palpebral, miose, anisocoria e protrusão da terceira pálpebra e enoftalmia. Lesões que afetem direta ou indiretamente a inervação simpática do globo ocular, tais como traumas, neoplasias, lesões iatrogênicas, otites e encefalites, entre outras, podem causar a SH. O presente estudo teve por objetivo revisar as características anatômicas e fisiológicas da inervação simpática para o globo ocular, com ênfase na descrição das particularidades da SH, incluindo sua etiologia, os sinais clínicos e as ferramentas diagnósticas, além do seus possíveis tratamentos e prognóstico.

In dogs and cats, Horner's syndrome (HS) is characterized by a group of clinical signs arising from an ipsilateral dysfunction of sympathetic innervation of the eye andits appendages. These signs include ptosis, miosis, anisocoria, prolapse of the third eyelid, and enophtalmos. Lesions that may affect directly or indirectly the sympathetic innervation of the eye, such as trauma, neoplasms, iatrogenic lesions, otitis, encephalitis, among others, can induce HS. The aim of the present study was to review the anatomical and physiological characteristics of sympathetic innervation for the ocular globe, with emphasis on the description of the peculiarities of HS, including its etiology, clinical signs, diagnostic tools, as well as its possible treatments and prognosis.

En perros y gatos, el síndrome de Horner (SH) esta caracterizado por una serie de signos clínicos oculares que se originan en una disfunción ipsilateral de la inervación simpática del globo ocular y sus anexos. Los signos clínicos más comunes son la ptosis palpebral, miosis, anisocoria, protrusión del tercer párpado y enoftalmia. Las lesiones que pueden provocar el SH son todas aquelias que afectan directa o indirectamente la inervación simpática del globo ocular, como traumas, neoplasias, lesiones iatrogénicas, otitis y encefalitis. La presente revisión tuvo como objetivo analizar las características anatómicas y fisiológicas de la inervación simpática del globo ocular, con énfasis en las particularidades del SH como su etiología, signos clínicos y herramientas diagnósticas, además de sus posibles tratamientos y pronóstico.

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BACKGROUND: ß-amyloid (Aß) can accumulate in the brain of aged dogs, and within vessels walls, the disease is called cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). In humans, Alzheimer's disease and CAA are strongly correlated with cerebrovascular disease. However, in dogs, this association has not been extensively studied yet. The present report highlights the pathological and clinical features of a concomitant cerebrovascular disease and amyloid precursor protein (APP) accumulation in the brain of a dog. CASE PRESENTATION: A female, 16-year-old, Standard Poodle with a one-year history of cognitive deficits presented with an acute onset of right-sided postural reaction deficit and circling, left-sided head tilt, positional nystagmus, and ataxia. Due to poor prognosis the dog was euthanized, and pathological examination of the brain revealed an acute lacunar infarction within the thalamus extending to rostral colliculus. Additional findings included subacute and chronic areas of ischemia throughout the brain and areas of hemorrhage within the medulla. Immunolabeling revealed APP deposition within intraparenchymal vessels of frontal, temporal and occipital cortex, hippocampus, diencephalon, mesencephalon and myelencephalon, besides meningeal vessels walls. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunolabeling showed marked astrocytosis around the acute area of infarction and within chronic areas of ischemia. Histological examination of the brain along with immunohistochemistry results showed a concomitant APP, which is an Aß precursor, accumulation within the neuroparenchyma and vessels (CAA) with histological evidences of a cerebrovascular disease in an aged dog. CONCLUSIONS: This report shows that APP accumulation in the brain can occur concomitantly to a severe cerebrovascular disease in a dog. Further studies are necessary to elucidate if cerebrovascular disease is associated with Aß accumulation in the brain of dogs.

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This retrospective study describes the biological and epidemiological aspects, gross and microscopical findings, and most likely causes of death (CD) in two species of Neotropical deer in Brazil. The animals were collected between 1995 and 2015 and represented 75 marsh deer (MD) and 136 brown brocket deer (BBD). Summarized, pneumonia was diagnosed microscopically in 48 MD and 52 BBD; 76 deer suffered trauma, involving dog attack (14 BBD) and vehicle-collision (14 BBD). Pulmonary edema (50 MD; 55 BBD) and congestion (57 MD; 78 BBD) were the most common findings for both species. Additionally, we diagnosed ruminal and myocardial mycosis in MD and BBD, respectively; ovarian dysgerminoma and pancreatic trematodiasis in BBD; and lesions suggestive of malignant catarrhal fever and orbiviral hemorrhagic disease in both species. The main CD in MD was: respiratory (41/75), alimentary, nutritional, trauma and euthanasia (3/75 each). Correspondingly, in BBD were: trauma (34/131), respiratory (30/131) and euthanasia (9/131). Respiratory disease was often defined by pulmonary edema and pneumonia. We provide evidence that respiratory disease, mainly pneumonia, is a critical pathological process in these Neotropical deer species. Although no etiological agents were identified, there is evidence of bacterial and viral involvement. Our results show trauma, mainly anthropogenic, as a common ailment in BBD. We propose to prioritize respiratory disease in future research focused on South American deer health aspects. We believe anthropogenic trauma may be a primary threat for populations of BBD.

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Sperm DNA fragmentation is considered one of the main causes of male infertility. The most accepted causes of sperm DNA damage are deleterious actions of reactive oxygen species (ROS), defects in protamination, and apoptosis. Ram sperm are highly prone to those damages due to the high susceptibility to ROS and to oxidative stress caused by heat stress. We aimed to evaluate the effects of heat stress on the chromatin of ejaculated and epididymal sperm and the activation of apoptotic pathways in different cell types in ram testis. We observed higher percentages of ejaculated sperm with increased chromatin fragmentation in the heat stress group; a fact that was unexpectedly not observed in epididymal sperm. Heat stress group presented a higher percentage of spermatozoa with DNA fragmentation and increased number of mRNA copies of transitional protein 1. Epididymal sperm presented greater gene expression of protamine 1 on the 30th day of the spermatic cycle; however, no differences in protamine protein levels were observed in ejaculated sperm and testis. Localization of proapoptotic protein BAX or BCL2 in testis was not different. In conclusion, testicular heat stress increases ram sperm DNA fragmentation without changes in protamination and apoptotic patterns.

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Rabies is one of the most important zoonotic diseases and is caused by several rabies virus (RABV) variants. These variants can exhibit differences in neurovirulence, and few studies have attempted to evaluate the neuroinvasiveness of variants derived from vampire bats and wild carnivores. The aim of this study was to evaluate the neuropathogenesis of infection with two Brazilian RABV street variants (variant 3 and crab-eating fox) in mice. BALB/c mice were inoculated with RABV through the footpad, with the 50% mouse lethal dose (LD50) determined by intracranial inoculation. The morbidity of rabies in mice infected with variant 3 and the crab-eating fox strain was 100% and 50%, respectively, with an incubation period of 7 and 6 days post-inoculation (dpi), respectively. The clinical disease in mice was similar with both strains, and it was characterized initially by weight loss, ruffled fur, hunched posture, and hind limb paralysis progressing to quadriplegia and recumbency at 9 to 12 dpi. Histological lesions within the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis with neuronal degeneration and necrosis were observed in mice infected with variant 3 and those infected with the crab-eating fox variant. However, lesions and the presence of RABV antigen, were more widespread within the CNS of variant-3-infected mice, whereas in crab-eating fox-variant-infected mice, RABV antigens were more restricted to caudal areas of the CNS, such as the spinal cord and brainstem. In conclusion, the results shown here demonstrate that the RABV vampire bat strain (variant 3) has a higher potential for neuroinvasiveness than the carnivore variant. (AU) i

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Mucopolissacaridoses são doenças hereditárias caracterizadas pela deficiência de enzimas que degradam as glicosaminoglicanas (GAGs): ácido hialuronico, sulfato de condroitina, sulfato de dermatina, queratan sulfato e heparina, sendo que estas se acumulam nos lisossomos de células ósseas, cartilagens e sinóvias. São descritos sete tipos de mucopolissacaridoses. As manifestações clínicas incluem hepatoesplenomegalia, opacificação de córnea, alterações cardiovasculares, edema de articulações, alterações neurológicas e má formações na face. A detecção de grânulos de Alder Reilynos leucócitos, além de deformidades ósseas bem como o comprometimento do fechamento de discos epifisários, observados ao exame radiográfico, e o aumento de GAGs na urina confirmam o diagnóstico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar oito casos de cães com mucopolissacaridose e alertar sobre este diagnóstico diferencial.(AU)

Mucopolysaccharidoses are hereditary disorders characterized by a deficiency of enzymeswhich degrade glycosaminoglycans (GAGs): hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphate, dermatinsulphate, keratansulphate and heparin, and they accumulate in lysosomes of bone cells, cartilage and synovium. There are seven types of mucopolysaccharidosis. Clinical signs include hepatosplenomegaly, corneal opacification, cardiovascular abnormalities, edema of joints, neurological disorders and malformations of the face. The detection of Alder Reily granules in leukocytes, and bone deformities as well as radiographic findings of defect on closing epiphyseal discs, and increase of GAGs in urine confirm the diagnosis. The aim of this study was to report eight cases of dogs with mucopolysaccharidosis, and warn of this differential diagnosis.(AU)

Mucopolisacaridosiss on transtornos hereditarios caracterizados por una deficiencia de enzimas que degradan glicosaminoglicanos (GAGs): ácido hialurónico, sulfato de condroitina, sulfato de dermatina, sulfato de queratano y heparina, y se acumulan en los lisosomas de las células de hueso, cartílago y la membrana sinovial. Se describen siete tipos de mucopolisacaridosis. Las manifestaciones clínicas incluyen hepatoesplenomegalia, opacificación corneal, cambios cardiovasculares, edema de las articulaciones, trastornos neurológicos y malformaciones en la cara. La detección de gránulos Alder Reily en leucocitos, y deformidad de los huesos, así como los discos epifisarias de cierre y signos radiológicos y la acumulación de GAGs en la orina a confirmar el diagnóstico. El objetivo de estudio es reportar ocho casos de perros con mucopolisacaridosis, advertir de este diagnóstico diferencial.(AU)

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Mucopolissacaridoses são doenças hereditárias caracterizadas pela deficiência de enzimas que degradam as glicosaminoglicanas (GAGs): ácido hialuronico, sulfato de condroitina, sulfato de dermatina, queratan sulfato e heparina, sendo que estas se acumulam nos lisossomos de células ósseas, cartilagens e sinóvias. São descritos sete tipos de mucopolissacaridoses. As manifestações clínicas incluem hepatoesplenomegalia, opacificação de córnea, alterações cardiovasculares, edema de articulações, alterações neurológicas e má formações na face. A detecção de grânulos de Alder Reilynos leucócitos, além de deformidades ósseas bem como o comprometimento do fechamento de discos epifisários, observados ao exame radiográfico, e o aumento de GAGs na urina confirmam o diagnóstico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar oito casos de cães com mucopolissacaridose e alertar sobre este diagnóstico diferencial.

Mucopolysaccharidoses are hereditary disorders characterized by a deficiency of enzymeswhich degrade glycosaminoglycans (GAGs): hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphate, dermatinsulphate, keratansulphate and heparin, and they accumulate in lysosomes of bone cells, cartilage and synovium. There are seven types of mucopolysaccharidosis. Clinical signs include hepatosplenomegaly, corneal opacification, cardiovascular abnormalities, edema of joints, neurological disorders and malformations of the face. The detection of Alder Reily granules in leukocytes, and bone deformities as well as radiographic findings of defect on closing epiphyseal discs, and increase of GAGs in urine confirm the diagnosis. The aim of this study was to report eight cases of dogs with mucopolysaccharidosis, and warn of this differential diagnosis.

Mucopolisacaridosiss on transtornos hereditarios caracterizados por una deficiencia de enzimas que degradan glicosaminoglicanos (GAGs): ácido hialurónico, sulfato de condroitina, sulfato de dermatina, sulfato de queratano y heparina, y se acumulan en los lisosomas de las células de hueso, cartílago y la membrana sinovial. Se describen siete tipos de mucopolisacaridosis. Las manifestaciones clínicas incluyen hepatoesplenomegalia, opacificación corneal, cambios cardiovasculares, edema de las articulaciones, trastornos neurológicos y malformaciones en la cara. La detección de gránulos Alder Reily en leucocitos, y deformidad de los huesos, así como los discos epifisarias de cierre y signos radiológicos y la acumulación de GAGs en la orina a confirmar el diagnóstico. El objetivo de estudio es reportar ocho casos de perros con mucopolisacaridosis, advertir de este diagnóstico diferencial.

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Rabies is one of the most important zoonotic diseases and is caused by several rabies virus (RABV) variants. These variants can exhibit differences in neurovirulence, and few studies have attempted to evaluate the neuroinvasiveness of variants derived from vampire bats and wild carnivores. The aim of this study was to evaluate the neuropathogenesis of infection with two Brazilian RABV street variants (variant 3 and crab-eating fox) in mice. BALB/c mice were inoculated with RABV through the footpad, with the 50% mouse lethal dose (LD50) determined by intracranial inoculation. The morbidity of rabies in mice infected with variant 3 and the crab-eating fox strain was 100% and 50%, respectively, with an incubation period of 7 and 6 days post-inoculation (dpi), respectively. The clinical disease in mice was similar with both strains, and it was characterized initially by weight loss, ruffled fur, hunched posture, and hind limb paralysis progressing to quadriplegia and recumbency at 9 to 12 dpi. Histological lesions within the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis with neuronal degeneration and necrosis were observed in mice infected with variant 3 and those infected with the crab-eating fox variant. However, lesions and the presence of RABV antigen, were more widespread within the CNS of variant-3-infected mice, whereas in crab-eating fox-variant-infected mice, RABV antigens were more restricted to caudal areas of the CNS, such as the spinal cord and brainstem. In conclusion, the results shown here demonstrate that the RABV vampire bat strain (variant 3) has a higher potential for neuroinvasiveness than the carnivore variant.

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The equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is an important cause of myeloencephalopathy and respiratory disease in horses. Animal models for EHV-1 infection have been specially developed using mice and Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). However, few studies have attempted to evaluate the pathogenesis of EHV-1 infection in the central nervous system (CNS) and respiratory system of hamsters. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenesis of four Brazilian EHV-1 strains within the CNS and lungs of Syrian hamsters. Hamsters intranasally infected with A4/72, A9/92, A3/97, and Iso/72 EHV-1 strains developed severe neurological and respiratory signs and died during acute EHV-1 infection within 3 to 5days post-inoculation. However, neurological signs were more severe in A4/72 and A9/92-infected hamsters, whereas respiratory signs were more prominent in A3/97 and Iso/72-infected hamsters. In the latter, lesions in the CNS were predominantly inflammatory, whereas in A4/72 and A9/92-infected hamsters, neuronal and liquefactive necrosis were the predominant lesions. EHV-1 infected hamsters also developed an interstitial pneumonia with infiltration of alveolar septa by macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, with the exception of A9/92-infected hamsters, which developed severe hemorrhages within the airways. EHV-1 antigens were detected along with CNS and pulmonary lesions. EHV-1 was also recovered from CNS of all infected hamsters, whereas the virus was recovered from the lungs of A4/72, A9/92, and Iso/72-infected hamsters. Brazilian EHV-1 strains caused both severe CNS and respiratory disease in hamsters, thus making this species an interesting model for EHV-1 infection in the CNS and respiratory system.

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RESUMO

Jatropha curcas cake, a by-product of biodiesel production, is rich in protein and has potential to be used in livestock feed; however, the presence of antinutritional factors and phorbol esters limits its use. Thus, this study investigated toxicological and reproductive effects in male Wistar rats after subchronic exposure to J. curcas cake subjected to detoxification procedures. Rats were divided into seven groups (n = 10) and treated for 60 days. The control group received commercial feed, while experimental groups received a diet containing 5% J. curcas cake nonhydrolyzed or hydrolyzed with 5 M NaOH. The cakes were unwashed or washed with ethanol or water and were autoclaved at 121°C for 30 minutes. Alkaline hydrolysis combined with ethanol washing decreased the phorbol ester concentration in the cake by 98%. Histopathological findings included diffuse degeneration of the liver and edema around the pulmonary vessels in the nonhydrolyzed groups. In addition, nontreated females mated with males of nonhydrolyzed unwashed group showed a decreased number of live fetuses and an increased placental weight. There were no signs of toxicity in rats given hydrolyzed cakes washed and unwashed, indicating that alkaline hydrolysis associated with heat treatment is an efficient method for detoxification of the J. curcas cake.

Assuntos