RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the postoperative analgesia provided by epidural lidocaine, lidocaine/morphine or lidocaine/tramadol in dogs following elective orchiectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective experimental trial. ANIMALS: Thirty-six mongrel dogs aged 2-8 years old, weighing 6.6-22 kg. METHODS: The dogs received 6.0 mg kg(-1) of lidocaine combined with 1.0 mg kg(-1) of tramadol, 0.1 mg kg(-1) of morphine or 0.01 mL kg(-1) of 0.9% NaCl epidurally. Analgesia was assessed at 4, 8, 12, 18 and 24 hours (T4, T8, T12 and T24) after the offset of lidocaine using a scale composed of physiologic and behavioral parameters. Rescue analgesia with morphine (0.2 mg kg(-1) , IM) was performed if the evaluation score exceeded 10 during the postoperative period. The scores over time were analyzed using the Friedman's two-way analysis of variance and the comparison between groups was made by the Kruskal-Wallis test with statistical significances accepted if p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: There were no differences in the pain scores between the morphine and tramadol groups over time and no rescue analgesia was administered. In the NaCl group, rescue analgesia was needed at T4, T8 and T12. Within this group, the final evaluation times (T18 and T24) had lower pain scores than at T4, T8 and T12. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Epidural lidocaine/tramadol provided an analgesic effect comparable to that of epidural lidocaine/morphine during the first 12 hours after surgical castration without substantial side effects, suggesting that tramadol may be an effective postoperative analgesic in dogs submitted to this surgical procedure.
Assuntos
Analgesia Epidural/veterinária , Cães , Lidocaína/farmacologia , Morfina/farmacologia , Orquiectomia/veterinária , Tramadol/farmacologia , Analgésicos Opioides/administração & dosagem , Analgésicos Opioides/farmacologia , Anestésicos Locais/administração & dosagem , Anestésicos Locais/farmacologia , Animais , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Injeções Epidurais , Lidocaína/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Morfina/administração & dosagem , Dor Pós-Operatória/prevenção & controle , Dor Pós-Operatória/veterinária , Tramadol/administração & dosagemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To report on the use of a new ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) valve system utilized in a dog with hydrocephalus and to describe the clinical course over 20 months after implantation. CASE SUMMARY: A 3-month-old female Lhasa Apso dog was presented with lateral strabismus, domed calvarium, and visual deficits. A lateral skull radiograph revealed a persistent fontanelle. Transfontanellar ultrasonographic examination and computed tomographic examination showed excessive accumulation of fluid within the ventricles. The owner had observed symptoms as early as 1 month after birth, suggesting congenital hydrocephalus. A VPS with a new valve system that inhibits cerebrospinal fluid overdrainage and obstruction of the catheter was implanted. The dog showed clinical improvement 48 hours after the procedure. Twenty days after shunt implantation, another computed tomography scan was performed that showed reduction in ventricle size. The evaluation of VPS patency was carried out 20 months after surgery and demonstrated that the system was working properly without obstruction. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED: There are reports in the literature describing the use of several devices to perform VPS in dogs. A new device not previously described in the veterinary literature was used in this case report, and according to the manufacturer's description, this device inhibits proteinaceous build-up, which is usually responsible for subsequent catheter obstructions.