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Miconazole-loaded nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid (miconazole-loaded nanoparticles/HA) were developed to overcome the limitations of the conventional therapy of the vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). They were synthesized by emulsification and solvent evaporation techniques, characterized by diameter, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, atomic force microscopy (AFM), evaluated in terms of efficacy against C. albicans in vitro, and tested in a murine VVC model. Nanoparticles showed 211nm of diameter with a 0.32 polydispersity index, -53mV of zeta potential, and 90% miconazole encapsulation efficiency. AFM evidenced nanoparticles with a spherical shape. They inhibited the proliferation of C. albicans in vitro and in vivo after a single administration. Nanoparticles released the miconazole directly in the site of action at low therapeutic doses, which was enough to eliminate the fungal burden in the murine VVC model. These systems were rationally designed since the existence of the HA induces their adhesion on the vaginal mucus and their internalization via CD44 receptors, inhibiting the C. albicans. Therefore, miconazole-loaded nanoparticles/HA represent an innovative non-conventional pharmaceutical dosage form to treat the VVC and recurrent VVC.

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Amazonian palm berries (açaí, Euterpe oleracea Mart.) are fruits with high nutritional value and antioxidant activity and have aroused the interest of consumers, popularizing fruit pulps enriched with probiotics. Amazonian palm berries (açaí, Euterpe oleracea Mart.) are fruits with high nutritional potential, providing a source of carbohydrates, fibers, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals. Furthermore, açai provides several health benefits, including antioxidant activity. Nutritionally enhanced foods have aroused the interest of consumers, popularizing fruit pulps enriched with probiotics. Probiotics are dietary supplements consisting of live, beneficial microorganisms in the host which improve the intestinal microbiota. The objective of this study was to isolate, identify, and characterize the probiotic potential of an isolated Schleiferilactobacillus harbinensis strain (dubbed Ca12) and provide an optimized bioprocess for its production, using the complete factorial and central rotational compound design to supplement the frozen açai pulp. The isolated strain S. harbinensis Ca12 presented adequate resistance to gastric juice and bile salts, microbial activity against different Candida strains, self-aggregation and coaggregation properties, high adhesion in HT-29 cells, and 35% inhibition of Salmonella in HT-29 cells. When optimized, the cellular biomass production of the S. harbinensis Ca12 strain was approximately 600% higher than the unsupplemented whey, with a production of 3.6 × 1010 CFU mL-1. The S. harbinensis Ca12 strain's viability in the creamy and traditional frozen açai pulp was shown to be stable for up to 6 months at 20 °C. The impact of this study involved for the first time the S. harbinensis Ca12 described in the Brazilian cocoa pulp with activity against Candida albicans of clinical importance, creating the potential of a new functional food with important benefits to human health as prevention for candidiasis.

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BACKGROUND: Numerous causes of infection in arthroplasties are related to biofilm formation on implant surfaces. In order to circumvent this problem, new alternatives to prevent bacterial adhesion biosurfactants-based are emerging due to low toxicity, biodegradability and antimicrobial activity of several biosurfactants. We revised all patents relating to biosurfactants of applicability in orthopedic implants. METHODS: This work aims to evaluate the capability of a lipopeptide produced by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 19659 isolates acting as inhibitors of the adhesion of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 onto titanium and stainless steel surfaces and its antimicrobial activity. RESULTS: The adhesion of the strains to the stainless-steel surface was higher than that of titanium. Preconditioning of titanium and stainless-steel surfaces with 10 mg mL-1 lipopeptide reduced the adhesion of E. coli by up to 93% and the adhesion of S. aureus by up to 99.9%, suggesting the strong potential of lipopeptides in the control of orthopedic infections. The minimal inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were 10 and 240 µg mL-1 for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. CONCLUSION: The lipopeptide produced by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 19659 presented high biotechnological application in human health against orthopedic implants infections.

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Vulvovaginal candidiasis is an inflammation localized in the vulvovaginal area. It is mostly caused by Candida albicans. Its treatment is based on the systemic and local administration of antifungal drugs. However, this conventional therapy can fail owing to the resistance of the Candida species and noncompliance of patients. Amphotericin B-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanofibers are single-use, antifungal, controlled drug delivery systems, and represent an alternative therapeutic scheme for the local treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Nanofibers were characterized by analytical techniques and with an in vitro drug delivery study. In vitro and in vivo fungicidal activity of amphotericin B released from nanofibers was evaluated using the agar diffusion method and an experimental murine model of vulvovaginal candidiasis, respectively. Analytical techniques showed that amphotericin B was physically mixed in the polymeric nanofibers. Nanofibers controlled the delivery of therapeutic doses of amphotericin B for 8 consecutive days, providing effective in vitro antifungal activity and eliminated the in vivo vaginal fungal burden after 3 days of treatment and with only one local application. Amphotericin B-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanofibers could be potentially applied as an alternative strategy for the local treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis without inducing fungal resistance, yet ensuring patient compliance.

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A água de coco tem sido comercializada in natura nos últimos anos porambulantes que utilizam carros adaptados para seu armazenamento. Essa prática acaba aumentando os riscos de contaminação por microrganismos, uma vez que a higienização dos carros e utensílios quase nunca é feita corretamente. A presente pesquisa visou estudara qualidade microbiológica e o perfil de resistência aos antibióticos das bactérias isoladas de águas de coco comercializadas por ambulantes no município de Itabuna, Bahia. As amostras foram analisadas para contagem total de Aeróbios Mesófilos, Contagem Total de Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Coliformes Totais e Termotolerantes incluindo E. coli. Também foram analisados a superfície dos carrinhos, os utensílios utilizados para a perfuração do coco e as mãos dos vendedores. Durante a coleta, foi aplicado umquestionário sobre noções de boas práticas de fabricação, higiene pessoal e segurança alimentar. Os carrinhos e 38,8% das amostras de água apresentaram contagens significativas para Enterobacteriaceae. Para coliformes termotolerantes estavam acima do estabelecido pelaAgência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa), 22,2% das amostras de água; para aeróbios mesófilos foi encontrada uma média de 8 x 105 UFC/mL. Não foi detectada a presença de Salmonella. Já Escherichia coli foi detectada em uma amostra e Staphylococcus aureus em duas. As bactérias isoladas e identificadas da água de coco apresentaram resistência a alguns antibióticos, sendo as gram negativas resistentes a pelo menos 5 antibióticos de classes diferentes. Dos entrevistados, 72,2% não sabiam o que é segurança alimentar e 61,1% desconheciam o que são microrganismos e os riscos que podem causar à saúde humana. Apesar de 88,9% informarem que conheciam as Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPFs) e Higiene, manipulavam concomitantemente o dinheiro e a água de coco. Concluiu-se que os manipuladores ambulantes de água de coco da cidade não possuem capacitação quanto as BPF, o que contribuiu para a contaminação das amostras. As bactérias isoladas mostraram um perfil de resistência a vários antibióticos.

Coconut water has been commercialized in a natural way by street vendors in vehicles adapted for its storage. This fact increases the risk of microbiological contamination since hygiene of vehicles and tools is rarely carried out in a proper way. The aim of this work was to study the microbiological quality and the antibiotic resistance profile of bacteria isolated from coconut sold by street vendors in Itabuna, Bahia. The samples of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, and thermotolerant coliforms, including E. coli were counted through enumeration. The surfaces of the vehicles were also analyzed, as well as tools used to open coconuts and the hands of the street vendors. During sampling, a survey was carried out about notions of Good Manufacture Practices (GMP), personal hygiene and food safety. Vehicles and the 38.8% of the samples presented significant numbers of Enterobacteriaceae. For thermotolerant coliforms, counts were higher than that established by the National Agency for Sanitary Surveillance (ANVISA), 22.2% of the water samples and for mesophilic aerobic bacteria a mean of 8 x 105 UFC/mL was found. No Salmonella was detected. Escherichia coli was found in one sample whereas Staphylococcus aureus in two. Microorganisms isolated presented resistance to several antibiotics, being Gram negative isolates resistant to at least 5 antibiotics of different class. From the vendors interviewed, 72.2% of them did not know what food safety was and 61.1% did not know what microorganisms are and the risks for human health. Although 88.9% knew about Good Manufacture Practices (GMP) and hygiene, they manipulated money and coconut water simultaneously. We conclude that street vendors of coconut water do not have trainingrelated to GMP, which contributes to the contamination of the samples. Isolated bacteria displayed a diversified profile of resistance to antibiotics.

El agua de coco ha sido comercializada de forma natural en los últimos años por vendedores ambulantes que utilizan vehículos adaptados para su almacenamiento. Esa práctica aumenta los riesgos de contaminación por microorganismos, ya que la higiene de los vehículos y de los utensilios casi nunca es realizada de forma adecuada. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo el estudio de la calidad microbiológica y el perfil de resistencia a los antibióticos, de las bacterias aisladas de agua de coco, comercializadas por vendedores ambulantes, en el municipio de Itabuna, Bahía. Las muestras fueron analizadas para total de Aeróbios Mesófilos. Recuento total de Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Coliformes Totales y Termotolerantes incluyendo E. coli. Se analizaron también las superficies de los vehículos, los utensilios utilizados para la perforación de los cocos y las manos de losvendedores. Durante la recolecta, se aplicó un cuestionario sobre las nociones de buenas prácticas de fabricación, higiene personal y seguridad alimentaria. Los vehículos, y el 38,8% de las muestras de agua, presentaron recuentos significativos de Enterobacteriaceae. Con respecto a los coliformes termotolerantes, los recuentos estuvieron por encima de lo establecido por la Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria (ANVISA), 22,2% de las muestras de agua; para aerobios mesófilos se encontró un promedio de 8 x 105 UFC/mL. No se detectó la presencia de Salmonella. Ya la Escherichia coli fue detectada en una muestra yStaphylococcus aureus, en dos. Los microorganismos aislados e identificados del agua de coco, presentaron resistencia a diversos antimicrobianos, siendo los Gram negativos resistentes, al menos, a 5 antibióticos de diferentes clases. De los entrevistados, el 72,2% no sabía lo que es la seguridad alimentaria y el 61,1% desconocían lo que son los microorganismos y los riesgos que presentan para la salud humana. A pesar de que el 88,9% conocía las Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura (BPM) e Higiene, manipulaban simultaneamente el dinero y el agua decoco. Se concluye que los vendedores ambulantes de agua de coco de la ciudad no poseen capacitación en relación a las BPM, lo que contribuye para la contaminación de las muestras. Las bacterias aisladas mostraron un perfil de resistencia a varios antibióticos.

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Operons ribossomais têm sido instrumentos importantes na caracterizacão de comunidades microbianas e no estudo de relacionamentos entre microrganismos, principalmente em bactérias do ácido láctico. Operons ribossomais da linhagem probiótica, Lactobacillus delbrueckii UFV H2b20, foram parcialmente caracterizados. Um banco genômico da linhagem foi construído e os clones, contendo parte do operon ribossomal, foram subclonados pelo método de "shot gun", para em seguida serem seqüenciados com primer "forward". As seqüências indicaram a presenca da extremidade 3' do rDNA 16S seguida da região espacadora curta 1 (16S-23S) e a presenca da extremidade 3' do rDNA 23S seguido da região espacadora 2 (23S-5S), que por sua vez precedia o rDNA 5S. Adjacente ao gene rDNA 5S deste operon rrn uma região codificadora de 6 tRNAs foi detectada.

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