RESUMO

Global climate changes have intensified water stress in arid and semi-arid regions, reducing plant growth and yield. In this scenario, the present study aimed to evaluate the mitigating action of salicylic acid and methionine in cowpea cultivars under water restriction conditions. An experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with treatments set up in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement corresponding to two cowpea cultivars (BRS Novaera and BRS Pajeú) and five treatments of water replenishment, salicylic acid, and methionine. After eight days, water stress decreased the Ψw, leaf area, and fresh mass and increased the total soluble sugars and catalase activity in the two cultivars. After sixteen days, water stress increased the activity of the superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes and decreased the total soluble sugars content and catalase activity of BRS Pajeú plants. This stress response was intensified in the BRS Pajeú plants sprayed with salicylic acid and the BRS Novaera plants with salicylic acid or methionine. BRS Pajeú is more tolerant to water stress than BRS Novaera; therefore, the regulations induced by the isolated application of salicylic acid and methionine were more intense in BRS Novaera, stimulating the tolerance mechanism of this cultivar to water stress.

RESUMO

The association between population increase and the exploitation of natural resources and climate change influences the demand for food, especially in semi-arid regions, highlighting the need for technologies that could provide cultivated species with better adaptation to agroecosystems. Additionally, developing cultivation technologies that employ waste materials is highly desirable for sustainable development. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate whether seed priming with glass waste microparticles used as a silicon source under red light irradiation mitigates the effects of thermal and water stress on seedlings of Moringa oleifera. The experimental design was set up in randomized blocks using a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of seed priming (NSP-no seed priming, and SPSi-seed priming with glass microparticles under red light irradiation), soil water replenishment (W50-50%, and W100-100% of crop evapotranspiration-ETc), and temperature change (TC30°-30 °C day/25 °C night and TC40°-40 °C day/35 °C night). Seed priming with glass microparticles under red light irradiation mitigated the effects of thermal and water stress on seedlings of Moringa oleifera seedlings through the homeostasis of gas exchange, leaf water status, osmotic adjustment, and the antioxidant mechanism.

RESUMO

O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliaro crescimento,produtividade easrespostas fisiológicas da mandioca sob níveis de irrigação na Zona da Mata de Alagoas. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram seis níveis de irrigação, em função da evapotranspiração da cultura ­ETC(L0= 0% (sequeiro), L1= 40%, L2= 80%, L3= 120%, L4= 160% e L5= 200% da ETC). As variáveis foram divididas em grupos: crescimento e produção (avaliadas em seis períodosbimestrais ­1 ano) e as fisiológicas (taxa fotossintética líquida e transpiratória, temperatura foliar, condutância estomática, eficiência instantânea do uso de água, rendimento quântico potencial, eficiência quântica efetiva do fotossistema II (ΦPSII) eíndice SPADforam avaliadas em cinco períodos bimestrais ­10 meses).Obalanço hídrico dos níveis de irrigação, foi realizado em escala decendial. A evapotranspiração anual da cultura da mandiocaestimada foi1.030 mm, e nas áreas de sequeiro, a chuva efetiva somouapenas 522 mm, o que geroudéficit hídrico de 508 mm, e isso torna evidente a importância de utilização da irrigação em cultivos na região. De maneira geral, crescimento, produtividade e as respostas fisiológicas da mandioca são superiores em áreas irrigadas quando comparadas com cultivos de sequeiro e a irrigação proporciona as produtividades de raízes e biomassa total de 97 e 155 t ha-1, sob os níveis de irrigação de 129 e 136% da ETC, respectivamente, na região estudada.(AU)

The objective of this research was to evaluate the growth, productivity and the physiological responses of cassava under irrigation levels in the Alagoas Forest Zone. The statistical design used was randomized blocks, in a split-plot scheme, with four replications. The treatments were six levels of irrigation, depending on the evapotranspiration of the crop ­ETC(L0=0% (Rainfed), L1= 40%, L2= 80%, L3= 120%, L4= 160% and L5= 200% of the ETC). The variables were divided into groups: growth and production (evaluated in six bimonthly periods -1 year) and the physiological (net photosynthetic rate and transpiratory,leaf temperature, stomatal conductance, instantaneous water use efficiency, potential quantum yield, effective quantum efficiency of photosystem II and SPAD indexwere evaluated in five bimonthly periods ­10 months). The water balance of the irrigation levels was carried out, on a decendial scale. The annual evapotranspiration of cassava addedaround 1,030 mm, and in dryland areas, the effective rainfall is only 522 mm, which generates a water deficit of 508 mm, and this makes the importance evident of use of irrigation in crops in the region. In general, cassava growth, yield andthephysiological responses are superior in irrigated areas when compared with therainfed crops, and irrigation providestheroot and total biomass yields of 97 and 155 Mg ha-1,under the irrigation levels of 129 and 136% of the ETC, respectively, in the studied region.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Semiarid regions are characterised by water scarcity, a limiting factor on plant growth and development. The Sertão Canal was built in the semiarid region of Brazil, more specifically in the state of Alagoas, with the aim of making year-round irrigation possible. However, for the best water management, a physical and hydrological knowledge of the soils is necessary. As such, the aim of this study was to determine the physical and hydrological characteristics of three different types of soil (Argisol, Quartzarenic Neossol and Regolithic Neossol) under native vegetation (Caatinga) and agricultural systems in the semiarid region of Alagoas, as well as to adjust the soil water retention characteristic curves. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm in the municipalities of Inhapi, Delmiro Gouveia and Pariconha, in the state of Alagoas. The points of the moisture characteristic curve were determined by the Richards method, at pressures of 33, 100, 500, 1000 and 1500 kPa. Retention curves were modelled using the exponential decay equation and compared using the van Genuchten equation, modelled with the help of the RETC computer software. Particle size varied according to the textural classification of the different soils, from Sand to a Sandy Clay Loam. The retention curve fluctuated due to the particle size of the soil, with the Red-Yellow Argisol (Inhapi) having a greater capacity for water retention. Extremely sandy soils, such as those in the Delmiro Gouveia region, had a low capacity for retaining water. For each soil sample, the exponential decay equation gave the best fit, with values for R2adjust of greater than 0.93. When the measured soil moisture levels were compared with the levels estimated by the RETC model, some of the treatments were unable to estimate accurately the moisture levels obtained with the soil water retention curves.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This research evaluated the effects of the irrigation on growth and productivity of irrigated cassava in the Coastal Plateaus of Alagoas. The planting was done in randomized blocks, with six treatments and four replications. The treatments were irrigation levels in function of crop evapotranspiration - ETC (L0 = 0% (rainfed), L1 = 40%, L2 = 80%, L3 = 120%, L4 = 160% and L5 = 200% of ETC). The total water applied was defined as the total irrigation plus the effective rain. The annual evapotranspiration of the cassava plantations in the Costal Plateaus of Alagoas, was 1,030 mm. Plant growth increased significantly with irrigation and the maximum values of the following variables are: leaf area index = 7.6, length of commercial roots = 49 cm, maximum productivity (physical and economic) of commercial roots = 94 Mg ha-¹ and total biomass = 149 Mg ha-¹ and the harvest index = 0.66, all obtained with total irrigation depths (effective rain plus irrigation) between 817 and 963 mm. Finally, it is ratified that understanding the growth, the agricultural and economically viable productivity of irrigated cassava, is an indispensable factor for good management of the crop, especially in regions with irregular rainfall such as the Northeast of Brazil.

Esta pesquisa avaliou os efeitos da irrigação no crescimento e na produtividade da mandioca irrigada nos Tabuleiros Costeiros alagoanos. O plantio foi feito em blocos casualizados, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram níveis de irrigação em função da evapotranspiração da cultura - ETC (L0 = 0% (sequeiro), L1 = 40%, L2 = 80%, L3 = 120%, L4 = 160% e L5 = 200% da ETC). A lâmina total foi definida como o total da irrigação mais a chuva efetiva. A evapotranspiração anual da cultura da mandioca nos Tabuleiros Costeiros de Alagoas é 1.030 mm. O crescimento das plantas aumentou significativamente com a irrigação e os valores máximos das seguintes variáveis são: índice de área foliar = 7,6; comprimento de raízes comerciais = 49 cm; produtividades (física e econômica) máximas de raízes comerciais = 94 t ha-¹ e biomassa total = 149 t ha-¹ e o índice de colheita = 0,66, todos obtidos com lâminas de irrigação totais (chuva efetiva mais irrigação) entre 817 e 963 mm. Por fim, ratifica-se que entender o crescimento, as produtividades agrícola e economicamente viáveis da mandioca irrigada, é fator indispensável para se fazer um bom manejo da cultura, principalmente, em regiões com irregularidade de chuvas como o nordeste brasileiro.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate gas exchange and photochemical efficiency of cotton cultivars under leaf application of silicon. Therefore, the experiment was conducted in a completely randomized in a factorial 3 x 5, three cotton cultivars (BRS Topázio, BRS Safira and BRS Rubi), five silicon concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mg L-1) and four replications. Gas exchange and photochemical efficiency were determined by measuring the rate of CO2 assimilation, transpiration, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration, instantaneous efficiency in water use, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, initial fluorescence, maximum quantum efficiency of the variable and photosystem II (PSII). The data variables were subjected to analysis of variance and regression test comparison of means. There were significant differences in gas exchange and photochemical efficiency in response to concentrations of silicon. There were also significant differences among cotton cultivars evaluated. In cultivar BRS Topázio, the application of silicon increased CO2 assimilation rate and quantum efficiency of PSII. In BRS Safira silicon reduced the rate of assimilation and internal CO2 concentration. In BRS Rubi element increased the fluorescence of chlorophyll a and quantum efficiency of photosystem II, and reduced the rate of assimilation and internal CO2 concentration and stomatal conductance. Silicate fertilization provided ‘BRS Topázio to express better photosynthetic rate in relation to ‘BRS Safira and ‘BRS Rubi. No damage occurred in PSII when ‘BRS Topázio, ‘BRS Safira and ‘BRS Rubi cultivars received silicon as supplementary nutrition.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as trocas gasosas e a eficiência fotoquímica de cultivares de algodoeiro sob aplicação de silício foliar. Para tanto, conduziu-se experimento em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 5, sendo três cultivares de algodoeiro (BRS Topázio, BRS Safira e BRS Rubi), cinco doses de silício (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mg L-1) e quatro repetições. As trocas gasosas e eficiência fotoquímica foram determinadas a partir da mensuração da taxa assimilação de CO2, transpiração, condutância estomática, concentração interna de CO2, eficiência instantânea no uso da água, eficiência instantânea da carboxilação, fluorescência inicial, máxima, variável e eficiência quântica do fotossistema II (FSII). Os dados das variáveis foram submetidos à análise de variância, regressão e teste de comparação de médias. Houve diferenças significativas para trocas gasosas e eficiência fotoquímica em resposta às concentrações de silício. Também foram constatadas diferenças significativas entre as cultivares de algodoeiro avaliadas. Na cultivar BRS Topázio, a aplicação de silício aumentou a taxa de assimilação de CO2 e eficiência quântica do FSII. Na BRS Safira o silício reduziu a taxa de assimilação e concentração interna de CO2. Na BRS Rubi o elemento aumentou a fluorescência da clorofila a e eficiência quântica do fotossistema II e, reduziu a taxa de assimilação e concentração interna de CO2. Na ‘BRS Rubi o elemento aumentou a fluorescência da clorofila ‘a e eficiência quântica do fotossistema II e, reduziu a taxa de assimilação e concentração interna de CO2 e condutância estomática. A adubação silicatada propiciou à ‘BRS Topázio expressar melhor taxa fotossintética em relação às ‘BRS Safira e ‘BRS Rubi. Não ocorreu dano no FSII quando as cultivares ‘BRS Topázio, ‘BRS Safira e ‘BRS Rubi” receberam nutrição suplementar de silício.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate gas exchange and photochemical efficiency of cotton cultivars under leaf application of silicon. Therefore, the experiment was conducted in a completely randomized in a factorial 3 x 5, three cotton cultivars (BRS Topázio, BRS Safira and BRS Rubi), five silicon concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mg L-1) and four replications. Gas exchange and photochemical efficiency were determined by measuring the rate of CO2 assimilation, transpiration, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration, instantaneous efficiency in water use, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, initial fluorescence, maximum quantum efficiency of the variable and photosystem II (PSII). The data variables were subjected to analysis of variance and regression test comparison of means. There were significant differences in gas exchange and photochemical efficiency in response to concentrations of silicon. There were also significant differences among cotton cultivars evaluated. In cultivar BRS Topázio, the application of silicon increased CO2 assimilation rate and quantum efficiency of PSII. In BRS Safira silicon reduced the rate of assimilation and internal CO2 concentration. In BRS Rubi element increased the fluorescence of chlorophyll a and quantum efficiency of photosystem II, and reduced the rate of assimilation and internal CO2 concentration and stomatal conductance. Silicate fertilization provided ‘BRS Topázio’ to express better photosynthetic rate in relation to ‘BRS Safira’ and ‘BRS Rubi’. No damage occurred in PSII when ‘BRS Topázio’, ‘BRS Safira’ and ‘BRS Rubi’ cultivars received silicon as supplementary nutrition.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as trocas gasosas e a eficiência fotoquímica de cultivares de algodoeiro sob aplicação de silício foliar. Para tanto, conduziu-se experimento em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 5, sendo três cultivares de algodoeiro (BRS Topázio, BRS Safira e BRS Rubi), cinco doses de silício (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mg L-1) e quatro repetições. As trocas gasosas e eficiência fotoquímica foram determinadas a partir da mensuração da taxa assimilação de CO2, transpiração, condutância estomática, concentração interna de CO2, eficiência instantânea no uso da água, eficiência instantânea da carboxilação, fluorescência inicial, máxima, variável e eficiência quântica do fotossistema II (FSII). Os dados das variáveis foram submetidos à análise de variância, regressão e teste de comparação de médias. Houve diferenças significativas para trocas gasosas e eficiência fotoquímica em resposta às concentrações de silício. Também foram constatadas diferenças significativas entre as cultivares de algodoeiro avaliadas. Na cultivar BRS Topázio, a aplicação de silício aumentou a taxa de assimilação de CO2 e eficiência quântica do FSII. Na BRS Safira o silício reduziu a taxa de assimilação e concentração interna de CO2. Na BRS Rubi o elemento aumentou a fluorescência da clorofila a e eficiência quântica do fotossistema II e, reduziu a taxa de assimilação e concentração interna de CO2. Na ‘BRS Rubi’ o elemento aumentou a fluorescência da clorofila ‘a’ e eficiência quântica do fotossistema II e, reduziu a taxa de assimilação e concentração interna de CO2 e condutância estomática. A adubação silicatada propiciou à ‘BRS Topázio’ expressar melhor taxa fotossintética em relação às ‘BRS Safira’ e ‘BRS Rubi. Não ocorreu dano no FSII quando as cultivares ‘BRS Topázio’, ‘BRS Safira’ e ‘BRS Rubi” receberam nutrição suplementar de silício.

Assuntos