RESUMO
O paradigma da equivalência tem sido apontado como um recurso eficaz no ensino de classes de comportamentos musicais. Este estudo teve como objetivo: (a) ensinar relações condicionais entre as sete notas da clave de sol desenhadas no pentagrama, os nomes impressos dessas notas e os estímulos auditivos correspondentes; e (b) verificar a formação de sete classes de equivalência. Foi usado o software APRM que permite o ensino de discriminações condicionais com estímulos auditivos em som de piano (A), notas musicais desenhadas no pentagrama (B) e nomes dessas notas musicais acompanhadas por cifras (C). Onze estudantes do Ensino Fundamental e Médio foram submetidos a pré-teste, ensino das relações condicionais AB e AC e a testes das relações emergentes. A porcentagem de acertos no pré-teste variou de 4,8% a 23,81% e, após o procedimento de ensino, observou-se 90,5% a 92,8% de acertos no teste das relações de linha de base. O critério de 90% ou mais de acertos foi atingido por 10 dos 11 participantes no teste das relações de equivalência; e por apenas três,no das relações de simetria. Concluiu-se que o procedimento foi eficaz no ensino das relações condicionais entre os estímulos, contribuindo para a emergência das relações de equivalência, mas não das de simetria. Isso indica a necessidade de procedimento adicional que aumente a discriminação auditiva e possibilite demonstrar. a formação de estímulos equivalentes.
The equivalence class paradigm has been indicated as an effective resource for the teaching of musical behavior classes. This study aimed to (a) teach conditional relations between the seven treble clef notes drawn on the pentagram, the print names of the notes, and the corresponding auditory stimuli; and (b) verify the formation of seven equivalence classes. The APRM software was used, enabling the teaching of conditional discriminations with auditory stimuli in the form of piano sounds (A), musical notes drawn on the pentagram (B), and the names of the musical notes accompanied by ciphers (C). Eleven students from Elementary and Secondary Education underwent the pre-test, teaching of the conditional relations of AB and AC, and tests of emergent relations. The percentage of correct answers in the pre-test ranged from 4.8% to 23.81%, while after the teaching procedure, a 90.5 - 92.8% accuracy was noted in the baseline relation test. The criterion of 90% or more correct answers was achieved by 10 of the 11 participants in the equivalence relation test and only three in the symmetry relation test. It was concluded that the procedure was effective to teaching the conditional relations between stimuli, contributing to the emergence of equivalence relations, but not of symmetry relations. This indicates the need for an additional procedure that increases the auditory discrimination and enables the formation of equivalent stimuli.
El paradigma de equivalencia ha sido indicado como un recurso eficaz en la enseñanza de clases de comportamiento musicales. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo (a) enseñar las relaciones condicionales entre las siete notas clave de sol dibujado sobre el pentagrama, los nombres impresos de las notas y los correspondientes estímulos auditivos y (b) verificar la formación de siete clases de equivalencia. Se utilizó el programa APRM que permite la enseñanza de discriminaciones condicionales con estímulos auditivos en sonido de piano (A), notas musicales dibujadas en el pentagrama (B) y los nombres de las notas musicales acompañados de cifras (C). Once estudiantes de educación primaria y secundaria fueron sometidos a prueba preliminar, la enseñanza de las relaciones condicionales AB y AC, y las pruebas de las relaciones emergentes. El porcentaje de respuestas correctas en la prueba previa varió de 4,8% a 23,81% y después del procedimiento de enseñanza, se observó 90,5% a 92,8% de precisión de las relaciones de línea de base. El criterio de 90% o más respuestas correctas se logró por 10 de los 11 participantes en la prueba de relaciones de equivalencia y por sólo tres en la prueba de relaciones de simetría. Se concluyó que el procedimiento fue eficaz para la enseñanza de las relaciones condicionales entre estímulos, lo que contribuyó para la emergencia de las relaciones de equivalencia, pero no en las relaciones de simetría. Esto indica la necesidad de medidas adicionales para aumentar la discriminación auditiva y demostrar la formación de la equivalencia de estímulos.
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Adolescente , Estimulação Acústica , Discriminação Psicológica , Análise do Comportamento Aplicada , Música , Ensino Fundamental e MédioRESUMO
Hepatic fibropoiesis has been confirmed in canine visceral leishmaniasis. In fibrotic disease, hepatic stellate cells (HSC) play an important role in fibropoiesis, undergoing activation by TGF-ß to acquire characteristics of myofibroblasts. These cells show extensive capacity for proliferation, motility, contractility, collagen synthesis and extracellular matrix component synthesis. The aim of this work was to identify markers of HSC activation in 10 symptomatic and 10 asymptomatic dogs naturally infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. Eight uninfected dogs were used as controls. Alpha-actin (α-SMA), vimentin and cytokeratin were investigated by immunohistochemistry as HSC markers. The cytokine TGF-ß in tissue was also evaluated by immunohistochemistry. All infected dogs showed higher numbers of reticular fibres than controls. Fibropoiesis found in infected dogs was always associated with the presence of parasites and chronic granulomatous hepatitis. Positive correlation was found among fibropoiesis, parasite tissue load and expression of α-SMA. There was no correlation between fibropoiesis, vimentin and cytokeratin markers. The expression of cytokine TGF-ß was higher in infected dogs than in controls, but not significantly different between symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs. These results confirm previous work describing the intense hepatic fibropoiesis in dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum, but now associated them with overexpression of TGF-ß, where α-SMA may be a superior marker for activated HSC cells in CVL.