RESUMO
BACKGROUND: We report a patient-centered intervention study in 9 municipalities of rural Nicaragua aiming at a reduction of internalized social stigma in new AFB positive tuberculosis (TB) patients diagnosed between March 2004 and July 2005. METHODS: Five out of 9 municipal teams were coached to tailor and introduce patient-centered package. New TB patients were assigned to the intervention group when diagnosed in municipalities implementing effectively at least TB clubs and home visits. We compared the changes in internalized stigma and TB treatment outcome in intervention and control groups. The internalized stigma was measured through score computed at 15 days and at 2 months of treatment. The treatment results were evaluated through classical TB program indicators. In all municipalities, we emphasized process monitoring to capture contextual factors that could influence package implementation, including stakeholders. RESULTS: TB clubs and home visits were effectively implemented in 2 municipalities after June 2004 and in 3 municipalities after January 2005. Therefore, 122 patients were included in the intervention group and 146 in the control group. After 15 days, internalized stigma scores were equivalent in both groups. After 2 months, difference between scores was statistically significant, revealing a decreased internalized stigma in the intervention group and not in the control group. CONCLUSION: This study provides initial evidences that it is possible to act on TB patients' internalized stigma, in contexts where at least patient centered home visits and TB clubs are successfully implemented. This is important as, indeed, TB care should also focus on the TB patient's wellbeing and not solely on TB epidemics control.
Assuntos
Assistência Centrada no Paciente , Preconceito , Autoimagem , Tuberculose/psicologia , Tuberculose/terapia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Visita Domiciliar , Humanos , Masculino , Nicarágua , População Rural , Apoio Social , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Several national health systems in Latin America initiated health reforms to counter widespread criticisms of low equity and efficiency. For public purchasing agencies, these reforms often consisted in contracting external providers for primary care provision. This paper intends to clarify both the complex and intertwined issues characterizing such contracting as well as health system performances within the context of four Central American countries. It results from a European Commission financed project lead between 2002 and 2005, involving participants from Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Salvador, United Kingdom, Netherlands and Belgium, whose aim was to promote exchanges between these participants. The findings presented in this paper are the results of a two stage process: (a) the design of an initial analytical framework, built upon findings from the literature, interlinking characteristics of contractual relation with health systems performances criteria and (b) the use of that framework in four case studies to identify cross-cutting issues. This paper reinforces two pivotal findings: (a) contracting requires not only technical, but also political choices and (b) it cannot be considered as a mechanical process. The unpredictability of its evolution requires a flexible and reactive approach. This should be better assimilated by national and international organizations involved in health services provision, so as to progressively come out of dogmatic approaches in deciding to initiate contractual relation with external providers for primary care provision.
Assuntos
Serviços Contratados/organização & administração , Eficiência Organizacional , Atenção Primária à Saúde/organização & administração , Setor Privado/organização & administração , Administração em Saúde Pública , Responsabilidade Social , América Central , Costa Rica , Tomada de Decisões Gerenciais , El Salvador , Guatemala , Humanos , Programas Nacionais de Saúde/organização & administração , Nicarágua , Estudos de Casos Organizacionais , Organizações , Política , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Justiça SocialRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the patient information process before sputum sample collection, the quality of sputum sample and transmission of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) examination results to TB suspects, in three local areas of Nicaragua. METHODS: (a) directed interviews of consecutive series of TB suspects whose sputum had been examined for AFB; (b) directed interview of health personnel; and (c) assessment of the sputum sample quality. RESULTS: A total of 115 TB suspects and 33 health personnel were interviewed and 625 sputum samples were assessed. Results show multiple weaknesses in the process of information to the patient during sputum collections, as well as in the communication of results. CONCLUSIONS: This study unveiled an aspect usually overlooked of case finding, that is, the information process during sputum production, sputum sample quality, and the communication of results to the TB suspects. The results illustrate the need for routine assessment of the whole diagnostic process.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Escarro/microbiologia , Tuberculose Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Comunicação , Pessoal de Saúde , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nicarágua , Manejo de Espécimes , Tuberculose Pulmonar/microbiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The social stigma of tuberculosis is much less studied than those of other diseases such as AIDS or mental problems. However, it has important implications on the affected person's well being and on the epidemic's control. Our study aims at exploring this social stigma in five local health systems of Nicaragua, prior to implementing interventions to reduce it. METHODS: Through in-depth interviews and focus groups involving stakeholders in the care of people affected by tuberculosis (PATBs), we analysed interactions between PATBs and family members, first line government health services' personnel, and community members. RESULTS: According to our results, the interaction between stakeholders and PATBs can be described as the intersection between two sets of contradictory feelings and attitudes: (a) feelings of affection and supportive attitudes toward PATBs opposed to the fear of being infected or that PATBs will infect others and, (b) confidence in PATBs considered to be unlucky opposed to mistrust of PATBs considered to be negligent. PATBs react against this mainly by hiding their condition which leads them to a, loss of confidence and depression. This intricate group of feelings and attitudes is influenced by two sets of determinants related to domination and power between stakeholders and issues of knowledge and information. CONCLUSION: Analysing tuberculosis-related social stigma as a social process enabled us to better understand some key social structural factors of health care system's organisation and identify locally acceptable interventions to reduce such stigma. The fact of analysing, in a more thorough study, some interventions in the currently changing social structural context of health care systems in Nicaragua will give us a better insight into the relevance of our analysis and the interventions' effectiveness in reducing the social stigma of tuberculosis.
Assuntos
Estereotipagem , Tuberculose , Adulto , Atenção à Saúde , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Governo Local , Masculino , NicaráguaRESUMO
OBJETIVO: valorar el proceso de información del paciente antes de la producción de esputo, la calidad de la muestra de esputo, y la transmisión de los resultados del examen microscópico del esputo a los sospechosos de tuberculosis (TB) en tres áreas de Nicaragua. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: (a) entrevistas dirigidas a sospechosos de TB cuya expectoración ha sido examinada para BK; (b) entrevistas dirigidas al personal de salud de tres áreas de estudio (c) la evaluación de la calidad de la expectoración. RESULTADOS: Un total de 115 sospechosos de TB y 33 trabajadores de la salud fueron entrevistados; 625 muestras de esputo fueron examinadas. Los resultados muestran varias debilidades en el proceso de información a los sospechosos antes de la producción de esputo. CONCLUSIÓN: Este estudio revela un aspecto del proceso de diagnóstico de la TB demasiado ignorado. Los resultados ilustran la importancia de evaluar de forma rutinaria el proceso completo de diagnóstico de la TB. Informing the TB suspect for sputum sample collection and communicating laboratory results in Nicaragua: a neglected process in tuberculosis case finding.