RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Brazil is among the countries in South America where the COVID-19 pandemic has hit the general population hardest. Self-testing for SARS-CoV-2 infection is one of the community-based strategies that could help asymptomatic individuals at-risk of COVID-19, as well as those living in areas that are difficult for health personnel to reach, to know their infectious status and contribute to impeding further transmission of the virus. METHODS: A population-based survey was conducted in November 2021, to assess the acceptability of rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen self-testing among the population of São Paulo. Survey respondents were approached at more than 400 different street-points that were randomly selected using a five-stage randomization process. A 35-item structured questionnaire was used. Dependent variables for our analyses were the likelihood to use and willingness to pay for self-testing, and the likelihood of taking preventive measures to prevent onward transmission of SARS-CoV-2 following a reactive self-test result. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Overall, 417 respondents (44.12% female) participated; 19.66% had previously had COVID-19 disease. A minority (9.59%) felt at high-risk of COVID-19. The majority of both females and males (73.91% and 60.09%, respectively) were in favor of the idea of SARS-CoV-2 self-testing. Overall, if self-tests were available, almost half of the sample would be very likely (n = 54, 12.95%) or likely (n = 151, 36.21%) to use one if they felt they needed to. Upon receiving a positive self-test result, the majority of respondents would communicate it (88.49%), request facility-based post-test counseling (98.32%), self-isolate (97.60%), and warn their close contacts (96.64%). CONCLUSION: Rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen self-testing could be an acceptable screening tool in São Paulo. The population would be empowered by having access to a technology that would allow them to test, even if asymptomatic, when traveling, or going to work or school. If there is a surge in the incidence of cases, self-testing could be a good approach for mass case detection by Brazil's already overstretched Unified Health System.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Atitude , Brasil/epidemiologia , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , Autoteste , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Intuition in decision-making is often seen as a set of heuristic or holistic mental processes applied to decision problems when they exceed cognitive capacity, or whenever there is a will to achieve a solution that does not exhaust cognitive resources. In this regard, to date it has been solely treated as a personal and frequently solipsist tendency. This paper tests whether different types of problems carry different degrees of 'intuitiveness' and whether it would be possible to produce a realistic experimental model of such problems. To cope with both demands, standardized stimuli (mostly IAPS figures) were used to model decision problems as conflicts (approach-avoidance, approach-approach, and avoidance approach conflicts). Intuitiveness was argued to be inversely related to arousal, as measured by GSR levels. Several solutions to methodological problems involving decision-making designs in the environment of the software BioExplorer were created. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon tests were used to rank problems. According to our analyses, ap-av conflicts are by far less intuitive than av-ap, and av-av (p <.0001). The latter two are not very different in this regard (p = .5712).
La intuición en la toma de decisiones se asume con frecuencia como un conjunto de procesos mentales heurísticos u holísticos que se aplican a la toma de decisiones cuando exceden la capacidad cognitiva, o cuando se quiere obtener una solución que no agote recursos cognitivos. En este sentido, se ha tratado este tema hasta ahora sólo como una tendencia personal y con frecuencia solipsista. El presente trabajo se propone probar si diferentes tipos de problemas llevan consigo diferentes grados de "intuición", así como plantearse si sería posible producir un modelo experimental realista de dichos problemas. Con el fin de atender a ambos requerimientos se utilizaron estímulos estandarizados (mayormente imágenes del Sistema Internacional de Imágenes Afectivas - IAPS) para modelar problemas que demandasen una decisión a manera de conflictos (conflictos de tipo aproximación-evitación, aproximación-aproximación y evitación-aproximación). Se arguye que la intuición se relaciona de manera inversa con la activación cuando se la mide por niveles de respuesta galvánica de la piel (GSR). Se crearon así varias soluciones a los problemas metodológicos que involucraban diseños de toma de decisiones en el ambiente del Software BioExplorer. Se utilizaron las pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y de Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon con el fin de clasificar los problemas. A la luz de nuestros análisis, los conflictos de aproximación-evitación (ap-av) son de lejos menos intuitivos que los conflictos de tipo evitación-aproximación (av-ap) y evitación-evitación (av-av) (p < .0001) los dos últimos no fueron significativamente diferentes en este aspecto (p = .5712).