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INTRODUCTION: Acne keloidalis nuchae (AKN) is a primary cicatricial alopecia with mixed infiltrate. It is more common in Africans or persons of African descent. OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to describe the epidemiology and clinical and trichoscopic presentations of AKN in a large series of Hispanic patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective study from 10 different dermatological centers in Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. Patients with a clinical diagnosis of AKN treated by 12 dermatologists experienced in trichology from 2018 to 2022 were included. The Umar classification system was used to determine severity. RESULTS: We identified 142 patients with AKN: 98% were male (n=140) with a mean age of 32 years; 108 patients had a previous history of trauma to the nuchal area (76%, P < 0.001); and 48 were positive for a history of acne (33.8%, P = 0.021). Patients with >50 months of evolution were mainly classified in classes III and IV compared to patients with an evolution of <50 months (30%, n=9 vs. 14%, n=15; P = 0.019; respectively). CONCLUSION: AKN should be considered in the differential diagnosis in the Hispanic population. Advanced stages of the disease are correlated with chronic evolution.

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Identificar a prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo e fatores relacionados durante os seis primeiros meses de vida do lactente. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com 102 nutrizes residentes no município de Balneário Gaivota(SC) que efetivaram o pré-natal na rede pública ou privada e tiveram parto no ano de 2018. Os dados foram coletados por aplicação de questionário contemplando as variáveis sociodemográficas, gestacionais e pós-gestacionais. A prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo foi de 43,1%. Aqueles bebês que usavam mamadeira tiveram 45% menos probabilidade de ter recebido aleitamento materno exclusivo até os 6 meses de idade, e aqueles que receberam prescrição de fórmula infantil na alta hospitalar apresentaram 54% menos chance comparados aos seus pares. Os fatores relacionados ao aleitamento materno exclusivo são comportamentais e modificáveis, sendo necessária a orientação pelos profissionais de saúde durante a consulta pré-natal, puericultura e no acompanhamento do desenvolvimento infantil.

To identify the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and its related factors during the first six months of the infant's life. This is a cross-sectional study carried out with 102 nursing mothers residing in the city of Balneário Gaivota( SC) who performed prenatal care in the public or private network and gave birth in 2018. Data were collected by application of a questionnaire and included sociodemographic, gestational and post-gestational variables. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was 43.1%. Those babies who used a bottle were 45% less likely to have been exclusively breastfed up to six months of age, and those who were prescribed infant formula at hospital discharge were 54% less likely compared to their peers. Factors related to exclusive breastfeeding are behavioral and modifiable, thus, guidance by health professionals is necessary during prenatal and childcare consultations and in the monitoring of child development.

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The expression of emotions in animals is a source of information not very explored by researches. It is necessary to know what emotions animals experience and how these emotions are expressed to the point that we can identify them. Within this approach, the use of techniques to measure bodychanges in animals according to the type of emotion experienced is one of the following paths. The ear and tailpositioning was described as body areas subject to changes caused by emotions in animals. However, the position of theears and tail may vary between species when it comes to the emotional state and therefore, it is not possible to establish a pattern. It is necessary to evaluate each species individuallyand the results cannot be transmitted from one species to another. In addition, animals demonstrate different facial expressions associated with pain. Changes in facial expression in animals may also be related to emotions.

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The expression of emotions in animals is a source of information not very explored by researches. It is necessary to know what emotions animals experience and how these emotions are expressed to the point that we can identify them. Within this approach, the use of techniques to measure bodychanges in animals according to the type of emotion experienced is one of the following paths. The ear and tailpositioning was described as body areas subject to changes caused by emotions in animals. However, the position of theears and tail may vary between species when it comes to the emotional state and therefore, it is not possible to establish a pattern. It is necessary to evaluate each species individuallyand the results cannot be transmitted from one species to another. In addition, animals demonstrate different facial expressions associated with pain. Changes in facial expression in animals may also be related to emotions.(AU)

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The systematics and taxonomy of Neotropical stephanopines have been extensively studied over the last years (Machado et al. 2015; Silva-Moreira Machado 2016; Machado et al. 2017, 2018; Prado et al. 2018). According to Machado et al. (2017), the genera Epicadus Simon, Epicadinus Simon and Onocolus Simon form a clade of taxa with characteristic structure of the male genitalia, consisting of a long and filiform embolus, discoid tegulum and the canoe-shaped RTA fused at the basis with an acute and curved DTA. However, the better diagnostic characters are remarkable somatic features and the structure of the female genitalia. While Epicadus present large species with three or five stout opisthosomal projections, elevated thoracic portion, sometimes presenting a median spire (Machado et al. 2018), Epicadinus is composed of smaller spiders with just three pointed opisthosomal projections and the tegument covered by elongated needle-shaped setae, which give these spiders a spiny appearance (Prado et al. 2018). The species of Onocolus, on the other hand, can be recognized by the dorsoventrally compressed prosoma, pentagonal opisthosoma, female genitalia with coiled or S-shaped copulatory ducts and predominant green body coloration. The genus Onocolus has been revised by Lise (1981). Here, we describe O. ankeri sp. nov., a species from the Amazon Forest that is remarkable by its size and color (Fig. 1).

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In recent years, there has been a great increase in the interest of "emotion" and how it can be studied and translated from animals. Emotions arise when the brain receives an external stimulus, while the feeling is a response to emotion and concerns how the individual feels before that emotion. Emotional states do not exist to be locked within an individual. Emotions are expressed in some way and have great importance for the welfare of animals, especially within the farm animal production chains. The affective side of emotions is more difficult to be studied, however, it takes an effort to evaluate what is observable, registrable and measurable: behavioral and physiological measures that may indicate positive and negative emotional states. It is possible to use behavioral and even physiological information to analyze the feeling and, especially, the immediate emotion that triggers it in animals. The aim of this article is to review the concepts and researches on emotions and feelings in farm animals that may be related to the expression of emotions.

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In recent years, there has been a great increase in the interest of "emotion" and how it can be studied and translated from animals. Emotions arise when the brain receives an external stimulus, while the feeling is a response to emotion and concerns how the individual feels before that emotion. Emotional states do not exist to be locked within an individual. Emotions are expressed in some way and have great importance for the welfare of animals, especially within the farm animal production chains. The affective side of emotions is more difficult to be studied, however, it takes an effort to evaluate what is observable, registrable and measurable: behavioral and physiological measures that may indicate positive and negative emotional states. It is possible to use behavioral and even physiological information to analyze the feeling and, especially, the immediate emotion that triggers it in animals. The aim of this article is to review the concepts and researches on emotions and feelings in farm animals that may be related to the expression of emotions.(AU)

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The genus Epicadinus Simon, 1895 can easily be distinguished from the other Neotropical Stephanopines by their abundant and robust setiferous tubercles, topped by elongated macrosetae, which cover most of the tegument. Additionally, the genus can be recognized by a pair of conical ocular mounds above the ALE, the anterior eye row very recurved, posterior one slightly procurved; carapace flattened and without tubercles, and opisthosoma with three conical projections ("tubercles") of variable size and shape. This work is a taxonomic review of the 12 valid species of Epicadinus as listed in version 19 of the World Spider Catalogue (2018), whose hitherto known distribution included few records from Brazil, French Guiana, Bolivia and Peru, and only one from Mexico. Four valid species are recognized: Epicadinus biocellatus Mello-Leitão, 1929; E. trispinosus (Taczanowski, 1872) [with two junior synonyms E. trifidus (Pickard-Cambridge, 1893) syn. nov. and E. cornutus (Taczanowski, 1872) syn. nov.]; E. spinipes (Blackwall, 1862) [with two junior synonyms E. albimaculatus Mello-Leitão, 1929 syn. nov. and E. gavensis Soares, 1946 syn. nov]; and E. villosus [with two junior synonyms E. helenae Piza, 1936 syn. nov. and E. marmoratus Mello-Leitão, 1947 syn. nov.]. Epicadinus polyophthalmus Mello-Leitão, 1929 and Epicadinus tuberculatus Petrunkevitch, 1910 are transferred to Epicadus. Epicadus polyophthalmus (Mello-Leitão, 1929) comb. nov. is considered a nomen dubium. Epicadus tuberculatus (Petrunkevitch, 1910) comb. nov. is a senior synonym of Epicadus pustulosus (Mello-Leitão, 1929) syn. nov.

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The Neotropical crab spider genera Tobias Simon, 1895 and Epicadus Simon, 1895 comprise species with remarkable somatic morphology and confounding taxonomic history. The results of our recent cladistic analysis corroborate and extend preceding taxonomic assumptions in showing that Tobias is a junior synonym of Epicadus. In the present paper the six species recently transferred from Tobias to Epicadus are redescribed. Two new species are described based on both males and females: Epicadus dimidiaster sp. nov. and Epicadus tigrinus sp. nov.; the male of Epicadus granulatus Banks, 1909 is described for the first time. The diagnosis of the genus is revised, an identification key is provided, and information on geographical distribution is updated. Epicadus now comprises eleven species.

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All species of Epicadus Simon, 1895 are reviewed and redescribed, including the previously unknown males of E. rubripes Mello-Leitão, 1924 and E. planus Mello-Leitão, 1932. A new diagnosis based on morphological characters is proposed for the genus. Three valid species of Epicadus are recognized: E. heterogaster (Guérin-Méneville, 1829); E. rubripes and E. planus. The following taxonomic changes are proposed: E. granulatus Banks, 1909 is considered incertae sedis, most likely belonging to a new genus; E. h. scholagriculae Piza, 1933 is considered a junior subjective synonym of E. heterogaster; E. pallidus Mello-Leitão, 1929 is considered a junior subjective synonym of E. rubripes Mello-Leitão, 1924; E. nigronotatus Mello-Leitão, 1940 is considered junior subjective synonym of E. planus Mello-Leitão, 1932. Species distributions were updated with new records in the Neotropics, including Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Venezuela, which makes Epicadus a genus of Neotropical distribution.

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El ameloblastoma es un tumor odontogénico benigno de origen epitelialcon estroma fi broso maduro sin ectomesénquima odontogénico, decomportamiento localmente agresivo e infi ltrante con alta capacidad de recidiva. Representa entre 11 y 13 por ciento de los tumores odontogénicosmandibulares y 1 por ciento de los tumores y quistes maxilomandibulares. El tratamiento debe orientarse de acuerdo con el potencial del tumor,las características del crecimiento según su variable clínica y el tipo histológico. Debe ser un tratamiento que asegure un mejor pronóstico para el paciente

The ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic tumor of epithelial origin with mature fi brous stroma, without odontogenic ectomesenchyme. It exhibits locally aggressive and invasive behavior, with a high level of recurrence. Ameloblastomata account for between 11 and 13% of mandibular odontogenic tumors, and 1% of maxillo-mandibular tumors and cysts. Treatment should be guided by the potential of the tumor and its growth characteristics based on the clinical variable and histological type, the preferred treatment being that which ensures the best prognosis for the patient.

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BACKGROUND: Surgical site infection (SSI) is the second most common type of nosocomial infections in the United States. In Uruguay, the incidence after prostatectomies is 2.6%. The aim of our study was to compare the efficacy of two skin antiseptics and to determine possible risk factors for SSI in patients undergoing surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS: A randomized trial included 70 patients operated on for BPH, of whom 56 (80%) underwent open surgery. Patients were treated by the same surgical team in a tertiary general hospital that is a referral center for patients with urologic diseases. Skin antisepsis was performed randomly using either 0.5% povidone-iodine or chlorhexidine in an alcohol base (Chemisol(®)). Possible risk factors investigated were age, renal dysfunction, bladder stones, preoperative urinary catheter, positive preoperative urine culture, operative time and technique, and vesicocutaneous fistula. RESULTS: Of all patients, 41 (59%) had a urinary catheter preoperatively. Urine cultures were positive in 31 patients, of whom 29 (94%) had a urinary catheter. Surgical site infection occurred in 10 patients (18%), and 100% of the causative microorganisms were gram-negative bacteria characteristic of the urinary flora. The type of antiseptic did not affect the risk of SSI (p=1.00). The most important risk factor for infection was the presence of a urinary catheter preoperatively (p=0.003); also significant were the formation of a vesicocutaneous fistula (p=0.008), increasing age (p=0.02), and the presence of a positive preoperative urine culture (p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: In a cohort of patients submitted to open prostatectomy, SSI was not related to the type of antiseptic. The main risk factor was the presence of a urinary catheter preoperatively. All microorganisms isolated from the SSIs were characteristic of urinary tract infections.

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Este breve artigo considera que ao sustentar o conceito de realidade psíquica como base para a clínica, Freud modifica o lugar que até então as teorias ocupavam no esquema científico moderno. Este deslocamento, que substitui a referência à realidade material pela referência a uma realidade psíquica inconsciente, dá à teoria freudiana uma base empírica não convencional, estruturando-a no campo da ficção. Não obstante, a metapsicologia não resvala para o terreno do fantasioso ou da metafísica, transformando-se pelo contrário numa experiência real cuja consistência é dada pela capacidade desta ficção em infletir-se sobre a realidade em que se move o sujeito.(AU)

This brief article takes into consideration that sustaining the concept of psychic reality as base to clinical practice, Freud modifies the place where theories used to stand on modern scientific scheme. This displacement, which replaces the reference to the material reality by the reference to an unconscious psychic reality, gives to the Freudian theory a nonconventional empirical base, thus structuring it in fiction field. Nevertheless, the metapsychology does not commit a fault toward a phantasy or toward metaphysics, thus transforming itself, on the contrary, into an actual experience which consistency is given by the capacity of such address of inflecting itself on the reality where the subject moves.(AU)

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Prostatic abscess is rare. Its potentially serious course requires a high level of clinical suspicion and prompt and effective treatment. The causative germs are usually either enterobacteria or Enterococcus. The authors highlight the importance of considering epidemiological and clinical aspects in the early diagnosis and treatment. Prostatic abscess due to community-acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus has three typical characteristics: skin entry point, periprostatic compromise, and anaemia and low prothrombin.

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