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There is increasing evidence that neurofilament light chain (NF-L) can be considered as a biomarker for neuro-axonal damage. This polypeptide can be released into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the blood, where it can be quantified. The concentration of NF-L is elevated in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and psychiatric disorders. We aimed to investigate the NF-L levels in the CSF from treated MS patients and the relationship with depression or anxiety. The study involved three groups: control group (individuals without inflammation), the relapse-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS)-untreated group, and the RRMS-Fingo group (RRMS patients who were treated with fingolimod). MS disability was assessed by the Expanded Disability Status Scale, and depression and anxiety were evaluated by a neuropsychologist, using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Individual CSF samples were collected to measure NF-L levels. The results of the statistical analysis on levels of NF-L in the CSF of control subjects, RRMS-untreated patients, and RRMS-Fingo patients were significant. The relationship between depression and anxiety in RRMS-Fingo patients and NF-L levels was not statistically significant. In conclusion, MS events such as anxiety and depression appear to contribute to the onset of clinical relapses, subclinical cases, and neurodegeneration.

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There is increasing evidence that neurofilament light chain (NF-L) can be considered as a biomarker for neuro-axonal damage. This polypeptide can be released into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the blood, where it can be quantified. The concentration of NF-L is elevated in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and psychiatric disorders. We aimed to investigate the NF-L levels in the CSF from treated MS patients and the relationship with depression or anxiety. The study involved three groups: control group (individuals without inflammation), the relapse-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS)-untreated group, and the RRMS-Fingo group (RRMS patients who were treated with fingolimod). MS disability was assessed by the Expanded Disability Status Scale, and depression and anxiety were evaluated by a neuropsychologist, using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Individual CSF samples were collected to measure NF-L levels. The results of the statistical analysis on levels of NF-L in the CSF of control subjects, RRMS-untreated patients, and RRMS-Fingo patients were significant. The relationship between depression and anxiety in RRMS-Fingo patients and NF-L levels was not statistically significant. In conclusion, MS events such as anxiety and depression appear to contribute to the onset of clinical relapses, subclinical cases, and neurodegeneration.

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Transfusion therapy is a common practice in the treatment of anaemia and can cause erythrocyte alloimmunisation. To systematise data related to erythrocyte alloimmunisation in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), a bibliographic search was carried out in September 2017 to search for studies in four electronic databases. (i) Referring to the original work, (ii) being cohort or case-control, (iii) having been developed with individuals with SCD and (iv) having evaluated the erythrocyte alloimmunisation. Two reviewers identified the articles for inclusion in the study, extracted the predetermined data and carried out the evaluation of the methodological quality of the work. 21 studies were selected; the studies included data on 20 636 individuals (children and adults), were mostly published in the last 10 years, were developed in the United States and had high methodological quality. The occurrence of erythrocyte alloimmunisation ranged from 4·4 to 76%, and there was a higher rate of alloimmunisation against antigens of the Rh system. The risk factors for alloimmunisation were age; gender (female); red blood cell (RBC) units received; presence of ≥1 autoantibodies, TNF-α, interleukin (IL1B), human leukocyte antigens (HLA)-DRB1 gene polymorphisms; first blood transfusion (BT) after 5 years of age, transfusion episodic, multiple or during inflammatory events, acute chest syndrome (ACS) and vase-occlusive crisis (VOC); increased percentage of CD41 T memory cells; and positive direct antiglobulin test. Transfusion policies should be developed to protect the patient and his or her health based on the main factors associated with its incidence.

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ABSTRACT Migdolus fryanus (Westwood, 1863) (Col: Vesperidae) usually causes great damages to sugar cane crops. The reproductive behavior aspects should be considered important to develop control methods. The flight behavior during mating was studied in sugar cane fields in four municipalities of São Paulo State, Brazil, (Olímpia, Catanduva, Promissão and Teodoro Sampaio), from October 2001 to March 2003. The fluctuation of larvae population has previously been studied in Catanduva, SP, Brazil, during March 2002 and February 2004. In September 2003, the larval infestion was compared in crops of 3 municipalities (Olimpia, Catanduva and Teodoro Sampaio). The reproductive flight occurred at high adult male density, after raining, between October and March. Such flights lasted seven days. The female came out from the soil for mating from 8:00 to 10:00 a.m,. Usually, the male could be found before the female emergence, influenced by the female sex pheromone. The mating lasted five to thirty seconds. Immediately after mating, the female returned to the soil to start oviposition. Larvae were more frequently between June and September (dry season). The highest larval infestation was observed in Teodoro Sampaio, while the lowest one was noted in Catanduva.

RESUMO Infestações por Migdolus fryanus (Westwood, 1863) (Col: Vesperidae) podem resultar em severos prejuízos à cultura da cana-de-açúcar. Na presente pesquisa estudou-se o comportamento de revoada em canaviais de 4 municípios de São Paulo (Olímpia, Catanduva, Promissão e Teodoro Sampaio), entre os meses de outubro de 2001 e março de 2003, realizando-se 3 observações por município em cada ano. Em Catanduva, SP foi estudada a flutuação de larvas por intermédio de abertura de trincheiras no período compreendido entre março de 2002 e fevereiro de 2004. Além disso, no mês de setembro de 2003 foi comparado entre três municípios (Olímpia, Catanduva e Teodoro Sampaio) o índice de infestação de larvas por touceira de cana, em reboleira atacada. As revoadas ocorreram sempre após chuvas, algumas duraram até 7 dias e aconteceram entre os meses de outubro e março. Fêmeas apareceram de forma bem sincronizada entre 8h e 10h da manhã e permaneceram no solo até a chegada do macho. Já os machos foram freqüentes o dia todo, aparecendo primeiro que as fêmeas. A cópula durou entre 5 a 30 segundos. As larvas foram mais freqüentes entre março a setembro e em maior número no período de baixa pluviosidade (julho a setembro). O maior índice por touceira ocorreu em Teodoro Sampaio, média de 3,96/larvas por touceira, e Olímpia, média de 3,88/larvas por touceira que diferiram significativamente de Catanduva, média de 1,6/larva por touceira. Com relação às reboleiras estudadas ocorreu diferença significativa do número de larvas por touceiras apenas em Olímpia, SP.

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ABSTRACT Migdolus fryanus (Westwood, 1863) (Coleoptera: Vesperidae) is a beetle that attacks the roots and rhizomes of sugarcane, causing serious damage in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The insect has a long lifecycle, and the larva is usually protected due to its underground behavior as well as the depth it can reach in the soil at some times of the year. The adults engage in mating flights after the rains of October. Currently, for the control of this insect, the sugarcane growers use sex pheromone traps to find the infested areas, followed by the application of insecticides in the planting furrow at the moment of planting or at the sides of the rows after the harvesting of the sugarcane. This review of the literature concerns biological and behavioral aspects of M. fryanus.

RESUMO Migdolus fryanus (Westwood, 1863) (Coleoptera: Vesperidae) é um besouro que ataca as raízes e o rizoma da cana-de-açúcar, ocasionando sérios prejuízos aos canaviais, principalmente, no Estado de São Paulo. As larvas são difíceis de serem controladas em função do comportamento subterrâneo e da profundidade que podem atingir em determinadas épocas do ano. É um inseto de ciclo longo e que apresenta revoada dos adultos para o acasalamento, após as chuvas do mês de outubro. Atualmente, para o controle desse inseto, alguns produtores de cana realizam um monitoramento por meio de armadilhas contendo feromônio sexual para localizar as áreas infestadas e, posteriormente, aplicar inseticidas no sulco, na época do plantio (cana planta), ou nos lados da linha após a colheita da cana (cana soca). Esta revisão enfoca estudos sobre os aspectos biológicos e comportamentais de M. fryanus.

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ABSTRACT This study was aimed to evaluate biological control using Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. (Deuteromycotina, Hyphomycetes, Moniliaceae) against the citrus borer Diploschema rotundicolle (Serville, 1834) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on citrus crops in Araras, SP, Brazil, in 1990, associated with two rounds of pruning that removed affected branches. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block with 20 plants per treatment and four replicates. The fungus was introduced in the galleries of the citrus borer using larvae of Galleria mellonella L., 1758 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as vectors and by powdering it into the galleries. The applications of the fungus were carried out 60 days after the second pruning. The evaluations were realized 21 days after the inoculations of the fungus. The data did not present a significant difference between the 2 methods of applying the fungus and the pruning. The population mortality was 98.86% by insect vector, 98.37% by powdering and 90.79% by pruning. All treatments showed significant difference in relation to the control. The results indicate that combining the application of fungus with pruning of affected branches was effective in the control of D. rotundicolle.

RESUMO Neste estudo comparou-se o fungo Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. (Deuteromycotina, Hyphomycetes, Moniliaceae), mediante duas formas de aplicação, introdução de larvas de Galleria mellonella L., 1758 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) infectadas (inseto vetor) e em pó, através do polvilhamento de esporos, ambas associada à prática cultural (duas catações manual de ramos), no Município de Araras, SP, em 1990, contra a broca-dos-citros Diploschema rotundicolle (Serville, 1834) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Consideram-se 4 tratamentos cada um contendo 20 plantas, que foram distribuídas em 4 repetições. As aplicações foram realizadas 60 dias após a segunda catação manual, sendo que nesta ocasião registrou-se o número de ramos remanescentes após as catações manuais e que se encontravam com larvas ativas eliminando serragem. A avaliação final foi realizada 21 dias após as aplicações do fungo, tomando-se como base à interrupção da eliminação de serragem pela larva de D. rotundicolle e a invasão de formigas carnívoras nos orifícios da aplicação. Observa-se que não ocorreu diferença significativa entre as 2 formas de aplicação do patógeno e a prática cultural. Os percentuais de supressão na população do inseto foram de 98,86% para o fungo M. anisopliae, aplicado via inseto vetor, 98,37% com o polvilhamento e 90,79% para a prática cultural. Todos os tratamentos, diferiram significativamente da testemunha, mostrando serem eficazes no controle de larvas de D. rotundicolle.

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ABSTRACT Males and females of the species Migdolus fryanus were collected in sugarcane fields after mating and taken to the laboratory for morphological and biological investigations. Females were individualized in plastic containers in the soil (20 L). The newly hatched larvae and the eggs dimensions were measured with an ocular micrometer with 0.05 mm precision. Males were maintained in glass cylinders (12 cm height by 12 cm Ø), closed with Petri dishes (15 cm Ø), in order to get the longevity data. An artificial and modified diet was studied, supplemented with 50 g of triturated sugarcane. For the morphological observations, the insects were collected from sugarcane fields, pastures and abandoned coffee crop, and the material was examined by means of on optical microscope. The adults and larvae were measured using a calipers with 1-mm precision. The females laid from 19 to 38 eggs, with an average of 29.4 ± 5.5. The egg viability ranged from 65 to 98% with the average of 84.9 ± 11.6 % and incubation period of 17 to 25 days, with de average of 20.6 ± 0.9 days. The egg length ranged from 3 to 5 mm. Female longevity ranged from 28 to 38 days, with an average of 32.5 ± 3.5 days, and the males from 3 to 9 days, with an average of 5.8 ± 1.9 days. The newly hatched larvae measured from 4 to 6 mm in length. The larvae were maintained on the artificial and modified diet for 2 years, passing through 6 and 7 moults. The adults showed significant color and size variations, but only the species M. fryanus was detected.

RESUMO Neste estudo machos e fêmeas de Migdolus fryanus foram coletados em campo, após o acasalamento e trazidos ao laboratório. Fêmeas foram individualizadas em baldes de plástico (20 L) contendo solo. Observou-se o número de ovos, o tamanho, a viabilidade, o período de incubação e o tamanho das larvas ao eclodirem. Dimensões de larvas recém-eclodidas e ovos foram obtidas com um micrômetro ocular de escala de 0,05 mm. Machos foram mantidos em cilindros de vidros (12 cm alt. X 12 cm Ø), fechados com placas de Petri (15 cm de Ø) e definida a longevidade. Utilizando-se 50 larvas estudou-se uma dieta artificial, na qual foi acrescida 50 g de cana-de-açúcar in natura moída. Para os estudos morfológicos, os adultos foram coletados em cana-de-açúcar, pastagens e café abandonado, e os caracteres foram observados com microscópio óptico. As medições para adultos e larvas maduras foram tomadas com paquímetro, de escala de 1 mm. Fêmeas depositaram 19 a 38 ovos/fêmea (X 29,4 ± 5,5), com viabilidade de 65 a 98 % (X 84,9 ± 11,6) e período de incubação de 17 a 25 dias (X 20,6 ± 0,9). Os ovos têm formato oval e mediram 3 a 5 mm (X 4,5 ± 3,7). A longevidade das fêmeas variou de 28 a 38 dias (X 32,5 ± 3,5) e de machos de 3 a 9 dias (X 5,8 ± 1,9). Larvas ao eclodirem mediram entre 4 a 6 mm. Na dieta as larvas foram mantidas por 2 anos, passando por 6 e 7 ecdises, mas não completaram o ciclo ovo-adulto. Os adultos apresentaram grandes variações morfológicas, tanto em dimensões quanto em coloração. Apenas a espécie M. fryanus foi constatada nos municípios estudados.

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RESUMO Nematóides entomopatogênicos, nativos, Steinernema glaseri (Steiner, 1929) e Heterorhabditis indica Poinar, Karunakar & David, 1992 (IBCB-n5) foram avaliados quanto ao potencial parasítico, contra ovos e larvas de Migdolus fryanus, em laboratório. Ovos do vesperídeo foram expostos a Juvenis Infectivos (JI) de H. indica (60 e 600 JI/ovo). Em cada tratamento usou-se 3 repetições, com 5 ovos. Não ocorreu diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. Porém, constatou-se a penetração do nematóide e redução da viabilidade dos ovos infectados. Avaliou-se também, S. glaseri e H. indica (600 JI/larva) contra larvas recém eclodidas de M. fryanus. Os tratamentos tiveram 4 repetições, cada uma com 5 larvas. S. glaseri causou 100% de mortalidade e H. indica H. Indica 80%, diferindo significativamente da testemunha. Finalmente, observou-se o efeito de S. glaseri e H. indica em 2 dosagens (400 e 800 JI/Inseto) contra larvas em final de desenvolvimento. Foram considerados 5 tratamentos com 7 repetições, cada uma com 3 larvas. Neste caso, não ocorreu diferença significativa entre as dosagens dos nematóides, porém, H. indica nas suas 2 dosagens, mostrou-se mais patogênico que a testemunha e do S. glaseri, proporcionando uma mortalidade larval de 76,43 e 71,57%, respectivamente. Os resultados demonstraram que esses nematóides têm potencial para serem pesquisados como agente de controle biológico de M. fryanus em cultivos de cana-de-açúcar, no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil.

ABSTRACT The parasitic efficiency of native entomopatogenic nematodes, Steinernema glaseri (Steiner, 1929) and Heterorhabditi indica Poinar, Karunakar & David, 1992 (IBCB-n5) were evaluated against eggs and larvae of the Migdolus fryanus (Westwood, 1863) under laboratory conditions. Eggs of the insect were exposed to suspensions of Infective Juveniles (JI) of H. indica in 2 concentrations, 60 and 600 JI/egg. Three treatments, each one with 3 replicates, with 5 eggs each, were conducted. The nematode did not differ significantly from the control, but it penetrated the eggs and reduced its viability. S. glaseri and H. indica (600 JI/larva) were also evaluated against the newly hatched larvae of M. fryanus. Four replicates per treatment were used, each one containing 5 larvae. In this case both nematodes resulted in high mortality. S. glaseri caused 100% of mortality and H. indica 80%. There were no significant differences between the nematodes. S. glaseri and H. indica in 2 concentrations (400 and 800 JI/larva) against the last stage of the M. fryanus larvae were also evaluated. Seven replicates per treatment were used, each one with 3 larvae. No significant differences between the concentrations for both nematodes were detected. However, H. indica was more efficient causing significant higher mortality among larvae (76.43 and 71.57%, respectively), in the two concentrations. H. indica and S. glaseri showed to be pathogenic to eggs and larvae of M. fryanusi. These nematodes seem to have high potential as agents for the control of M. fryanus in sugarcane fields, in São Paulo state, Brazil.

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One of the methods used for controlling cattle rabies in Brazil consists of vaccination. Sometimes, however, rabies occurs in cattle supposedly protected. Since rabies vaccine batches are officially controlled by tests performed on laboratory animals, it is questionable whether the minimal mandatory requirements really correspond to immunogenicity in the target species. We have analyzed the association among potencies of rabies vaccines tested by the NIH test, the contents and form (free-soluble or virus-attached) of rabies glycoprotein (G) in the vaccine batches, and the virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNA) titers elicited in cattle. No correlation was found between G contents in the vaccine batches and the NIH values, whatever the presentation of G. There was no correlation either between NIH values and VNA titers elicited in cattle. There was, however, a positive correlation (r = 0.8681; p = 0.0001) between the amounts of virion-attached G present in the vaccine batches and VNA elicited in cattle. This was not observed when the same analysis was performed with total-glycoprotein or free-soluble glycoprotein. The study demonstrated that NIH values can not predict the effect of the immunogen in cattle. On the other hand, the quantification of virus-attached rabies glycoprotein has a strong correlation with VNA elicited in cattle.

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One of the methods used for controlling cattle rabies in Brazil consists of vaccination. Sometimes, however, rabies occurs in cattle supposedly protected. Since rabies vaccine batches are officially controlled by tests performed on laboratory animals, it is questionable whether the minimal mandatory requirements really correspond to immunogenicity in the target species. We have analyzed the association among potencies of rabies vaccines tested by the NIH test, the contents and form (free-soluble or virus-attached) of rabies glycoprotein (G) in the vaccine batches, and the virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNA) titers elicited in cattle. No correlation was found between G contents in the vaccine batches and the NIH values, whatever the presentation of G. There was no correlation either between NIH values and VNA titers elicited in cattle. There was, however, a positive correlation (r = 0.8681; p = 0.0001) between the amounts of virion-attached G present in the vaccine batches and VNA elicited in cattle. This was not observed when the same analysis was performed with total-glycoprotein or free-soluble glycoprotein. The study demonstrated that NIH values can not predict the effect of the immunogen in cattle. On the other hand, the quantification of virus-attached rabies glycoprotein has a strong correlation with VNA elicited in cattle

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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of Fibromyalgia (FM) on the female patient's quality of life who attended the Rheumatology Outpatient Unit of Sorocaba Hospital Complex and compare it to the quality of life of healthy control group, through the Medical Outcome Study Short-form 36 item Survey (SF36). SUBJECTS: 32 women who fitted the American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Fibromyalgia and 28 healthy women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The groups were submitted to 'Medical Outcome Study 36 Item Short-form Survey' (SF36). This questionnaire is composed of 8 scales about several aspects of the quality of life. RESULTS: The SF36 scales in the Fibromyalgia group presented the following results: general health--43.3; functional ability--39.4; bodily pain--26.5; physical functioning--14.8 (0-75); vitality--38.5 (5-85); emotional functioning--32.2; mental health--44.2; social functioning--45.1. The SF36 scales in the control group presented the following results: general health--73.2; functional ability--86.6; bodily pain--68.9; physical functioning--82.4; vitality--59.6; emotional functioning--78.5; mental health--67.4; social functioning--77.9. Significant statistics variations in all evaluated scales were presented by the survey group. CONCLUSION: Fibromyalgia has had a negative impact on the quality of life.

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Two cases of black grains eumycotic mycetoma, occurring on a foot, are reported. Both proceeded from the state of Bahia (Brazil), and in both the etiologic agent was Madurella grisea Mackinnon et al., 1949. The grains structure as well as the micromorphologic characteristics of the fungus in saprophytic life were studied. It is the author's belief that these observations correspond to the 7th and 8th cases reported in the Brazilian medical literature. The authors do consider the following Madurella species as nomen dubium or nomina confusa: M. ramiroi, M. oswaldoi, M. bovoi, M. tozeuri, M. mansonii, M. brumpti, M. reynieri, M. americana, M. lackawanna e M. ikedae and the same for Rubromadurella mycetomi. The only valid species must be Madurella mycetomatis McGinnis, 1980 (= Madurella mycetomi Brumpt, 1905) and Madurella grisea Mackinnon et al., 1949. Treatment with itraconazole in both reported cases, for a 3 month duration, did not produce any regression of the lesions, the clinical improvement being meager.

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We performed a retrospective study in 72 autopsies of diabetic patients (DMP) selected out of 2,239 adult autopsies, comprehending the period between 1966 to 1982. In order to analyse the possible Diabetic Cardiomyopathy, the DMP were divided into 8 groups according to the presence or the absence of Myocardial Fibrosis (MF) and Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). The Diabetes Mellitus (DM) incidence according to the race, sex, age and the presence of Kimmestiel-Wilson (KW) were in agreement with the literature data. The majority of the deaths occurred after the sixth-decade and we did not find any DMP with Malignant Hypertension. Hypertension and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) increased the frequency of anatomical cardiac alterations, as follows: 1. MF was more associated with CAD, 2. Hypertension was more frequent in DMP with KW in the nodular form; 3. Hypertension increased the frequency of left ventricular hypertrophy; 4. Myocardial Infarction occurred in the absence of occlusive vascular phenomena. The Myocardial Fibrosis (MF) observed in DMP without ACD and without hypertension may be final anatomic demonstration of a gradual metabolic-functional process, and not the basic mechanism of the CHF in the possible Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.

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