RESUMO
O tráfico de animais selvagens consiste numa atividade ilegal exercida em diversas partes do mundo, e o Brasil, em função de sua grande extensão territorial e vasta biodiversidade, é um país bastante atingido por essa prática. O grupo de animais em perigo que mais se destaca é o das aves e, entre elas, as da ordem Psittaciformes. Essas são as mais traficadas por serem consideradas inteligentes e possuidoras de grandes habilidades de comunicação. Por isso, são retiradas indiscriminadamente da natureza. No entanto, as condições em que essas aves são capturadas e mantidas em cativeiro favorecem o aparecimento de diversas enfermidades, entre elas as causadas pelas enterobactérias. As bactérias que mais causam mortes e problemas em psitacídeos são as do gênero Salmonella e Escherichia coli , responsáveis pela salmonelose e pela colibacilose, respectivamente. Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre essas enterobactérias em Psittaciformes, ressaltando o potencial zoonótico desses agentes.(AU)
The illegal wildlife trade is widespread among several countries, and Brazil is one of the most frequently involved due to its great territorial extension and large diversity of animal species. Birds are the main target, and among them the Psittaciformes order, which are removed indiscriminately from nature, is one of the most frequently traded due to their intelligence and great communicating skills. However, the conditions in which these birds are captured and maintained in captivity favor several diseases, among them the ones caused by some Enterobacteriaceae. In this family, the most frequently associated bacteria to illnesses and deaths in psittacine are Salmonella and Escherichia coli , which cause salmonellosis and colibacillosis, respectively. Therefore, this study presents a review of the literature concerning these enterobacteria in Psittaciformes, emphasizing the zoonotic potential of these bacteria.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Papagaios , Salmonella , Salmonelose Animal , Escherichia coli , Animais Selvagens , Zoonoses , Saúde Pública , EnterobacteriaceaeRESUMO
Background: The third largest poultry flock in Northeast Brazil is located in Ceará State. Some pathogens are commonly disseminated in broiler chicken flocks, such as the bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family. Among these, some strains of Escherichia coli are frequently associated with different pathological manifestations in domestic animals, while bacteria from the genus Salmonella are considered the most frequent enteric pathogens reported causing foodborne infections in humans. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli strains isolated from broiler chickens in the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza city, Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results: Samples were collected from July-2014 to March-2015 in ten broiler chicken farms located in the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza city, Brazil, with birds in pre-slaughter age. From each farm, 100 individual cloacal swabs were randomly collected from broilers independent of clinical status. Distinct methodologies were used in order to provide optimal isolation conditions for both the bacterial species. For Escherichia coli, the methodology consisted in enrichment with BHI broth, plating in EMB agar and biochemical identification, after which some isolates were maintained in nutrient agar for antimicrobial resistance evaluation. For the isolation of [...](AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Galinhas/microbiologia , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Salmonella enterica/isolamento & purificação , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Antibacterianos , Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade a Antimicrobianos por Disco-Difusão/veterinária , Aves Domésticas/microbiologiaRESUMO
Background: The third largest poultry flock in Northeast Brazil is located in Ceará State. Some pathogens are commonly disseminated in broiler chicken flocks, such as the bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family. Among these, some strains of Escherichia coli are frequently associated with different pathological manifestations in domestic animals, while bacteria from the genus Salmonella are considered the most frequent enteric pathogens reported causing foodborne infections in humans. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli strains isolated from broiler chickens in the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza city, Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results: Samples were collected from July-2014 to March-2015 in ten broiler chicken farms located in the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza city, Brazil, with birds in pre-slaughter age. From each farm, 100 individual cloacal swabs were randomly collected from broilers independent of clinical status. Distinct methodologies were used in order to provide optimal isolation conditions for both the bacterial species. For Escherichia coli, the methodology consisted in enrichment with BHI broth, plating in EMB agar and biochemical identification, after which some isolates were maintained in nutrient agar for antimicrobial resistance evaluation. For the isolation of [...]
Assuntos
Animais , Antibacterianos , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Galinhas/microbiologia , Salmonella enterica/isolamento & purificação , Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade a Antimicrobianos por Disco-Difusão/veterináriaRESUMO
The illegal wildlife trade is widespread among several countries, and Brazil is one of the most frequently involved due to its great territorial extension and large diversity of animal species. Birds are the main target, and among them the Psittaciformes order, which are removed indiscriminately from nature, is one of the most frequently traded due to their intelligence and great communicating skills. However, the conditions in which these birds are captured and maintained in captivity favor several diseases, among them the ones caused by some Enterobacteriaceae. In this family, the most frequently associated bacteria to illnesses and deaths in psittacine are Salmonella and Escherichia coli, which cause salmonellosis and colibacillosis, respectively. Therefore, this study presents a review of the literature concerning these enterobacteria in Psittaciformes, emphasizing the zoonotic potential of these bacteria.(AU)
O tráfico de animais selvagens consiste numa atividade ilegal exercida em diversas partes do mundo, e o Brasil, em função de sua grande extensão territorial e vasta biodiversidade, é um país bastante atingido por essa prática. O grupo de animais em perigo que mais se destaca é o das aves e, entre elas, as da ordem Psittaciformes. Essas são as mais traficadas por serem consideradas inteligentes e possuidoras de grandes habilidades de comunicação. Por isso, são retiradas indiscriminadamente da natureza. No entanto, as condições em que essas aves são capturadas e mantidas em cativeiro favorecem o aparecimento de diversas enfermidades, entre elas as causadas pelas enterobactérias. As bactérias que mais causam mortes e problemas em psitacídeos são as do gênero Salmonella e Escherichia coli, responsáveis pela salmonelose e pela colibacilose, respectivamente. Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre essas enterobactérias em Psittaciformes, ressaltando o potencial zoonótico desses agentes.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Animais Selvagens , Papagaios , Salmonella , Escherichia coli , Salmonelose Animal , Enterobacteriaceae , Zoonoses , Saúde PúblicaRESUMO
The illegal wildlife trade is widespread among several countries, and Brazil is one of the most frequently involved due to its great territorial extension and large diversity of animal species. Birds are the main target, and among them the Psittaciformes order, which are removed indiscriminately from nature, is one of the most frequently traded due to their intelligence and great communicating skills. However, the conditions in which these birds are captured and maintained in captivity favor several diseases, among them the ones caused by some Enterobacteriaceae. In this family, the most frequently associated bacteria to illnesses and deaths in psittacine are Salmonella and Escherichia coli, which cause salmonellosis and colibacillosis, respectively. Therefore, this study presents a review of the literature concerning these enterobacteria in Psittaciformes, emphasizing the zoonotic potential of these bacteria.
O tráfico de animais selvagens consiste numa atividade ilegal exercida em diversas partes do mundo, e o Brasil, em função de sua grande extensão territorial e vasta biodiversidade, é um país bastante atingido por essa prática. O grupo de animais em perigo que mais se destaca é o das aves e, entre elas, as da ordem Psittaciformes. Essas são as mais traficadas por serem consideradas inteligentes e possuidoras de grandes habilidades de comunicação. Por isso, são retiradas indiscriminadamente da natureza. No entanto, as condições em que essas aves são capturadas e mantidas em cativeiro favorecem o aparecimento de diversas enfermidades, entre elas as causadas pelas enterobactérias. As bactérias que mais causam mortes e problemas em psitacídeos são as do gênero Salmonella e Escherichia coli, responsáveis pela salmonelose e pela colibacilose, respectivamente. Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre essas enterobactérias em Psittaciformes, ressaltando o potencial zoonótico desses agentes.
Assuntos
Animais , Animais Selvagens , Escherichia coli , Papagaios , Salmonella , Salmonelose Animal , Enterobacteriaceae , Saúde Pública , ZoonosesRESUMO
Background: The psittacine are birds frequently commercialized in illegal wildlife trade and when apprehended by the responsible public departments are often found in poor sanitary conditions. In these cases, these birds become susceptible to several pathogens, such as the enterobacteria, which some are important poultry pathogens and other bacterial species may be found in the intestinal microbiota, but may also cause intestinal and extraintestinal opportunistic infections. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the prevalence of enterobacteria in the intestinal microbiota of psittacine from the illegal wildlife trade and to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance profiles in the isolated samples.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 167 individual cloacal swabs were collected from apparently healthy psittacines, who were housed in the local Wildlife Rehabilitation Center (Centro de Triagem de Animais Selvagens - CETAS) in Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Initially, samples were submitted to the microbiological procedure, with the following steps: preenrichment, selective enrichment and plating. Biochemical tests were used to the identify the species of enterobacteria. The samples with biochemical profile of Salmonella spp. were submitted to slide agglutination test using polyvalent O serum anti-Salmonella. To perform the antibiotic susceptibility testing, all the strains isolated were cultured in BHI broth, and then streaked in MacConkey agar. After this step, colonies were inoculated in tubes containing sterile saline solution. Then, the diluted cultures were plated with the aid of sterile swabs on plates containing Mueller-Hinton agar. Then, the following antimicrobial discs were added to the plates: ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, streptomycin, gentamycin, sulfonamide, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, polymyxin B, tetracycline and azithromycin.[...]
Assuntos
Animais , Enterobacteriaceae , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/veterinária , Psittaciformes , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Animais Selvagens/imunologiaRESUMO
Background: The psittacine are birds frequently commercialized in illegal wildlife trade and when apprehended by the responsible public departments are often found in poor sanitary conditions. In these cases, these birds become susceptible to several pathogens, such as the enterobacteria, which some are important poultry pathogens and other bacterial species may be found in the intestinal microbiota, but may also cause intestinal and extraintestinal opportunistic infections. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the prevalence of enterobacteria in the intestinal microbiota of psittacine from the illegal wildlife trade and to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance profiles in the isolated samples.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 167 individual cloacal swabs were collected from apparently healthy psittacines, who were housed in the local Wildlife Rehabilitation Center (Centro de Triagem de Animais Selvagens - CETAS) in Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Initially, samples were submitted to the microbiological procedure, with the following steps: preenrichment, selective enrichment and plating. Biochemical tests were used to the identify the species of enterobacteria. The samples with biochemical profile of Salmonella spp. were submitted to slide agglutination test using polyvalent O serum anti-Salmonella. To perform the antibiotic susceptibility testing, all the strains isolated were cultured in BHI broth, and then streaked in MacConkey agar. After this step, colonies were inoculated in tubes containing sterile saline solution. Then, the diluted cultures were plated with the aid of sterile swabs on plates containing Mueller-Hinton agar. Then, the following antimicrobial discs were added to the plates: ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, streptomycin, gentamycin, sulfonamide, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, polymyxin B, tetracycline and azithromycin.[...](AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Enterobacteriaceae , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Psittaciformes , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/veterinária , Animais Selvagens/imunologiaRESUMO
Background: Salmonellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella and is a worldwide-considered major zoonosis with arisk for the public health due to the capacity of dissemination between animals and nature. In the poultry industry, day-old chicksmay acquire the infection at the hatchery through contact with fomites and eggshells with the presence of contaminated feces,favoring the animal infection and may become a source of infection to other birds in the lot, as well as to several other animals,including man. The aim of this study was to verify the presence of Salmonella spp. in one-day-old chicks from hatcheries in themetropolitan region of Fortaleza, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: A transversal study with a convenience sampling was performed in 510 day-old chicks acquiredfrom five hatcheries located in the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, Brazil. From each hatchery, 102 day-old chicks were analyzed at the Laboratory of Ornithological Studies (LABEO) of the State University of Ceará. Individual cloacal swab sampleswere collected immediately after arrival, following euthanasia by cervical dislocation for organ sampling, comprised of a poolof livers and yolk sacs of three birds per sample. Organ and cloacal samples were incubated in pre-enrichment using bufferedpeptone water 0.1%, following selective enrichment with the broths: Tetrathionate, Rappaport-Vassiliadis and Selenite-Cystine.After incubation, samples were streaked in Brilliant Green agar added Novobiocin (40 µg/mL) and MacConkey agar. For all themicrobiological procedures, samples were incubated at 35 to 37°C for 18 to 24 h. Suspect colonies were identified by biochemical tests and confirmed with polyvalent O anti-Salmonella serum. Salmonella isolates were submitted to disk-diffusion method(Kirby-Bauer) following the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines. With the...
Assuntos
Animais , Galinhas/microbiologia , Incubadoras/microbiologia , Salmonella , Salmonelose Animal/diagnósticoRESUMO
Background: Salmonellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella and is a worldwide-considered major zoonosis with arisk for the public health due to the capacity of dissemination between animals and nature. In the poultry industry, day-old chicksmay acquire the infection at the hatchery through contact with fomites and eggshells with the presence of contaminated feces,favoring the animal infection and may become a source of infection to other birds in the lot, as well as to several other animals,including man. The aim of this study was to verify the presence of Salmonella spp. in one-day-old chicks from hatcheries in themetropolitan region of Fortaleza, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: A transversal study with a convenience sampling was performed in 510 day-old chicks acquiredfrom five hatcheries located in the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, Brazil. From each hatchery, 102 day-old chicks were analyzed at the Laboratory of Ornithological Studies (LABEO) of the State University of Ceará. Individual cloacal swab sampleswere collected immediately after arrival, following euthanasia by cervical dislocation for organ sampling, comprised of a poolof livers and yolk sacs of three birds per sample. Organ and cloacal samples were incubated in pre-enrichment using bufferedpeptone water 0.1%, following selective enrichment with the broths: Tetrathionate, Rappaport-Vassiliadis and Selenite-Cystine.After incubation, samples were streaked in Brilliant Green agar added Novobiocin (40 µg/mL) and MacConkey agar. For all themicrobiological procedures, samples were incubated at 35 to 37°C for 18 to 24 h. Suspect colonies were identified by biochemical tests and confirmed with polyvalent O anti-Salmonella serum. Salmonella isolates were submitted to disk-diffusion method(Kirby-Bauer) following the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines. With the...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Salmonella , Galinhas/microbiologia , Salmonelose Animal/diagnóstico , Incubadoras/microbiologiaRESUMO
The study aimed to evaluate the reproductive system regression of European quails (Coturnix coturnix) induced to molt by wheat bran fed ad libitum. A total of 16 birds, end-of-lay, was distributed in 4 groups: group C (quails fed by layier ration and water ad libitum, n = 4) group T8 (quails fed by meal by 8 days, n = 4); group T12 (quails fed by meal by 12 days, n = 4); group T16 (quails fed by meal by 16 days, n = 4). Upon reaching the prescribed period, the birds were euthanized for collection and measurement of the ovary and oviduct weight. Regarding the percentage of ovarian regression, absolute and relative weight of the ovary, the T12 group showed numerically better performance, obtaining the values 95.79%, 0.27 g and 0.15%, respectively, however, there was no significant differences (P > 0.05) between groups of birds submitted to molting. The oviduct results showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) among quail groups submitted to molt, excepting the oviduct regression rate, which group T8 showed significantly lower regression (P 0.05) then groups T12 and T16. The molt induced by the supply of fed meal feed composed of wheat bran provides satisfactory weight loss in european quails, causing a substantial regression of reproductive tract.(AU)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a regressão do aparelho reprodutor de codornas europeias (Coturnix coturnix) induzidas a muda por dieta a base de farelo de trigo (FT) ad libitum. Um total de 16 aves, em fim de ciclo de produção, foi dividido em 4 grupos: grupo C (codornas alimentadas com ração de postura e água ad libitum, n=4); grupo T8 (codornas tratadas com FT durante 8 dias, n=4); grupo T12 (codornas tratadas com FT durante 12 dias, n=4); grupo T16 (codornas tratadas com FT durante 16 dias, n=4). Após o período estabelecido, as aves foram eutanasiadas para coleta e mensuração do peso do ovário e oviduto. Quanto ao percentual de regressão do ovário, peso absoluto e relativo do ovário, o grupo T12 apresentou numericamente o melhor desempenho, obtendo respectivamente os valores 95,79%, 0,27g e 0,15%, entretanto, sem diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre os grupos de aves submetidas a muda. Os resultados relacionados ao oviduto não mostraram diferenças significativas (P > 0,05) entre os grupos de codornas submetidas a muda forçada, com exceção da taxa de regressão de oviduto, em que o grupo T8 apresentou taxa de regressão significativamente inferior (P < 0,05) aos grupos T12 e T16. A indução a muda pelo fornecimento de ração composta por farelo de trigo proporciona satisfatória perda de peso corporal em codornas europeias, ocasionando regressão considerável do aparelho reprodutor.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Coturnix , Redução de Peso , Muda/fisiologia , Ração Animal , Oviductos/fisiopatologia , Dieta/veterinária , Ovário/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
The study aimed to evaluate the reproductive system regression of European quails (Coturnix coturnix) induced to molt by wheat bran fed ad libitum. A total of 16 birds, end-of-lay, was distributed in 4 groups: group C (quails fed by layier ration and water ad libitum, n = 4) group T8 (quails fed by meal by 8 days, n = 4); group T12 (quails fed by meal by 12 days, n = 4); group T16 (quails fed by meal by 16 days, n = 4). Upon reaching the prescribed period, the birds were euthanized for collection and measurement of the ovary and oviduct weight. Regarding the percentage of ovarian regression, absolute and relative weight of the ovary, the T12 group showed numerically better performance, obtaining the values 95.79%, 0.27 g and 0.15%, respectively, however, there was no significant differences (P > 0.05) between groups of birds submitted to molting. The oviduct results showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) among quail groups submitted to molt, excepting the oviduct regression rate, which group T8 showed significantly lower regression (P 0.05) then groups T12 and T16. The molt induced by the supply of fed meal feed composed of wheat bran provides satisfactory weight loss in european quails, causing a substantial regression of reproductive tract.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a regressão do aparelho reprodutor de codornas europeias (Coturnix coturnix) induzidas a muda por dieta a base de farelo de trigo (FT) ad libitum. Um total de 16 aves, em fim de ciclo de produção, foi dividido em 4 grupos: grupo C (codornas alimentadas com ração de postura e água ad libitum, n=4); grupo T8 (codornas tratadas com FT durante 8 dias, n=4); grupo T12 (codornas tratadas com FT durante 12 dias, n=4); grupo T16 (codornas tratadas com FT durante 16 dias, n=4). Após o período estabelecido, as aves foram eutanasiadas para coleta e mensuração do peso do ovário e oviduto. Quanto ao percentual de regressão do ovário, peso absoluto e relativo do ovário, o grupo T12 apresentou numericamente o melhor desempenho, obtendo respectivamente os valores 95,79%, 0,27g e 0,15%, entretanto, sem diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre os grupos de aves submetidas a muda. Os resultados relacionados ao oviduto não mostraram diferenças significativas (P > 0,05) entre os grupos de codornas submetidas a muda forçada, com exceção da taxa de regressão de oviduto, em que o grupo T8 apresentou taxa de regressão significativamente inferior (P < 0,05) aos grupos T12 e T16. A indução a muda pelo fornecimento de ração composta por farelo de trigo proporciona satisfatória perda de peso corporal em codornas europeias, ocasionando regressão considerável do aparelho reprodutor.
Assuntos
Animais , Coturnix , Muda/fisiologia , Oviductos/fisiopatologia , Ração Animal , Redução de Peso , Dieta/veterinária , Ovário/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Background: The budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) are psittacine of the Psittacidae family which belongs in the Psittaciformes order. These birds do not belong in the free living fauna of Brazil, therefore almost all of these birds found in the home environment are derived from pet stores or free markets. The dissemination of Salmonella among psittacine and other birds, and men as well, is a theme of great scientific concern. Salmonellosis is a highly contagious disease and psittacine are susceptible, but may also act as reservoirs hosting Salmonella sp. in the intestines and presenting as a source of infection to humans and domestic animals. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate, identify and to assess the dissemination of Salmonella in budgerigars in Fortaleza city. Materials, Methods & Results: This study was performed between January and September, 2011. Two hundred and sixty four samples of drag and cloacal swabs were collected from budgerigars found in pet stores and breeders, of which 198 were individual cloacal swabs, 58 were drag swabs and 8 intestine samples were also collected during necropsy performed in birds that died during the experiment. The microbiological procedure was performed according to the following steps: pre-enrichment step, using tubes containing peptone water broth; selective enrichment step, in which pre-enriched cultures were transferred to tubes containing Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth and tubes containing Selenite-Cystine broth, added Novobiocin; and plating step, in which enriched samples were streaked in plates containing Brilliant Green agar and plates containing MacConkey agar. Based on the morphology and color, colonies were selected and inoculated in Triple-Sugar-Iron agar, Lysine-Iron agar and Sulphite-Indole-Motility agar for confirmation. Urease production was assessed to differentiate Proteus from Salmonella. A questionnaire was administered to fully comprehend the conditions in which the budgerigars were maintained and housed, comprising the following subjects: food type, antimicrobial use, cleaning products used and bird species housed per cage. No Salmonella sp. was detected in budgerigars commercialized and maintained in pet stores and commercial breeders in Fortaleza city, Brazil. The questionnaire results revealed that most establishments maintain the seeds provided for the budgerigars in sealed containers and also, feeders, drinkers, cages and facilities are cleaned once a day, though most use only water treated by the local company to do so. Discussion: The studies involving Salmonella sp. and budgerigars are scarce and show a low or absent prevalence of this pathogen in this bird. The results of the questionnaire administered to the bird owners also aided in understanding the absence of Salmonella sp. in the studied birds. In conclusion, according to the methodology applied, the budgerigars commercialized in Fortaleza city do not pose imminent risk of transmitting Salmonella to the local population. In spite the absence of positivity or low prevalence of Salmonella in budgerigars reported in this study as in other scientific literature consulted, it is still recommended that control measures should always be applied in order to avoid this pathogen, since important serotypes potentially harmful to human health have been previously identified in this avian species.