RESUMO
An increasing number of outbreaks due to resistant non-albicans Candida species have been reported worldwide. Between 2014 and 2016, Candida isolates causing invasive candidiasis were recovered in a Mexican hospital. Isolates were identified to species level and antifungal susceptibility was determined. In the time period studied, 74 invasive candidiasis cases were identified, with 38% (28/74) caused by Candida parapsilosis, out of which 54% (15/28) were fluconazole resistant. The ERG11 gene was sequenced for 12 recoverable fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis isolates and SNPs identified. The 12 isolates had one common silent point mutation in ERG11 (T591C) and seven isolates had an additional (A395T) mutation, which corresponded to Y132F. Four of the isolates carrying this mutation were closely related within the same cluster by microsatellite typing. This is the first report of an invasive candidiasis outbreak in Mexico due to azole-resistant C. parapsilosis associated with the Y132F substitution.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Azóis/farmacologia , Candida parapsilosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida parapsilosis/genética , Candidíase Invasiva/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças/estatística & dados numéricos , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Mutação/efeitos dos fármacos , Adulto , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Farmacorresistência Fúngica , Feminino , Hospitais Gerais/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , México , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação/genética , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Cytokines can be measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or multiplex assay. Both techniques are commonly used in immunology to detect the presence of antibody or antigen in a sample. However, multiplex bead array technology provides the means to simultaneously measure multiple analytes in a single reaction, thereby saving time and resources. This method can detect up to 30 proteins at once, using a relatively small sample volume, without losing sensitivity, accuracy, or reproducibility. In this chapter, we describe the cytometric bead array (CBA) approach to simultaneously measure multiple cytokines in biological samples such as spleen, kidney, or serum from mice infected with the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans.