RESUMO
Only a small number of the many medicinally important species in the genus Psidium L. have had their safety assessed. Psidium glaziovianum, a plant native to Brazil, is reported to exert antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects; however, there are no apparent reports of long-term safety following administering of repeated doses. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 28-day oral of treatment at 250, 500 or 1,000 mg/kg Psidium glaziovianum essential oil (PgEO) on behavioral and physiological parameters in male and female Swiss mice. First, PgEO was chemically characterized by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The following parameters were examined: motor activity, body temperature, blood glucose, urine, hematology, biochemistry, histology, and oxidative stress. Characterization of PgEO revealed 48 components which were dominated by sesquiterpenes 1,8-cineol (24.29%), α-pinene (19.73%) and ß-pinene (17.31%). Data showed that PgEO treatment in mice increased activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) without markedly affecting body weight, hematological or biochemical parameters, as well as water or food consumption. Administration of PgEO in repeated daily dosages over 28 days did not significantly alter exploratory or locomotor activities. Based upon our findings, PgEO administration daily for 28 days, exhibited low toxicity and absence of effects on the nervous system. Data demonstrated that PgEO produced hypoglycemic and antioxidant actions which need to be considered in safety assessment.
Assuntos
Óleos Voláteis , Psidium , Camundongos , Animais , Óleos Voláteis/toxicidade , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Psidium/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Folhas de Planta/químicaRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Eugenia uniflora Linn (Myrtaceae) is the native species of Brazil. The leaves of this species are used in folk medicine to treat different inflammatory and gastrointestinal disorders. However, research on the safety of using E. uniflora leaves has been poorly explored. AIM OF THE STUDY: This approach aims to investigate the phytochemical composition as well as the acute, subacute toxicity, and in vivo genotoxic profile of the aqueous extract of E. uniflora leaves. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The chemical composition of E. uniflora leaf extract was determined by Fingerprint by High-Performance Thin Layer and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. The acute toxicity in vivo was evaluated for 14 days after the administration of E. uniflora leaves extract (2000 mg/kg). For the evaluation of subacute toxicity, mice were daily treated for 28 days with E. uniflora extract (250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg). Signs of behavioral toxicity and biochemical and hematological alterations, including the multiple organ toxicities were investigated. In addition, the micronucleus assay was used to evaluate the in vivo genotoxicity of the leaves extract in murine erythrocytes. RESULTS: The phytochemical analysis showed the majority presence of phenolic compounds (gallic acid, ellagic acid, and myricitrin). Single or repeated doses of the aqueous extract of E. uniflora leaves did not reveal any signs of in vivo toxicity. Daily doses of the extract for 28 days induced a slight reduction in cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Furthermore, E. uniflora leaves extract (1000-2000 mg/kg) showed no genetic damage in the micronucleus assay, indicating the absence of genotoxicity of the herbal species. CONCLUSION: The aqueous extract of E. uniflora leaves showed a predominance of phenolic compounds, with non-toxic and non-genotoxic action in vivo. This approach sheds light on the chemical composition of the leaves of E. uniflora and suggests a high margin of safety in the popular use of the leaves of this plant species.
Assuntos
Eugenia , Myrtaceae , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Eugenia/química , Camundongos , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Folhas de Planta/químicaRESUMO
Previous studies have characterized a saline extract from Microgramma vacciniifolia rhizome and its lectin (MvRL)-rich fraction with low acute toxicity. In the present study, we evaluated these preparations for acute toxicity (1,000â mg/kg) and antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities (100-400â mg/kg for the extract and 25-50â mg/kg for the fraction). No signs of toxicity were observed. Both the extract and fraction increased the latency period for nociception in the hot plate assay, decreased writhing induced by acetic acid, and promoted analgesic effects in phases 1 and 2 of the formalin test. The antinociceptive mechanism was attributed to interactions with opioid receptors and K+ ATPase channels. The extract and fraction decreased carrageenan-induced paw edema in 46.15 % and 77.22 %, respectively, at the highest doses evaluated. Furthermore, the fraction was shown to act on the bradykinin pathway. The ability to decrease leukocyte migration after treatment was also verified in the peritonitis and air pouch models. In exudates collected from air pouches, decreased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and increased interleukin (IL)-10 levels were noted. Both the extract and fraction also effectively inhibited the development of granulomatous tissue. In conclusion, the substances investigated in this study can be used for the development of novel therapeutic options for pain and inflammatory processes.