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This study has employed the master chemical mechanism (MCM) to investigate the influence of the ozone oxidation pathways in the atmospheric formation of H2SO4 from short-chain olefins in industrialized areas. In-situ H2SO4 formation data were obtained using a high-resolution chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer, and the simulated H2SO4 concentrations calculated using updated parameters for the MCM model exhibited good agreement with observations. In the simulation analysis of different reaction pathways involved in H2SO4 formation, hydroxyl radicals were found to dominate H2SO4 production during the daytime, while olefin ozone oxidation contributed up to 65% of total H2SO4 production during the night-time. A sensitivity analysis of the H2SO4 production parameters has revealed a high sensitivity to changes in sulfur dioxide, and a relatively high sensitivity to olefins with fast ozonolysis reaction rates and bimolecular reaction rates of resulting stabilized Criegee Intermediates. A high relative humidity promotes daytime H2SO4 formation, but has an inhibiting effect during the night-time due to the different dominant reaction pathways.
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Poluentes Atmosféricos , Alcenos , Oxirredução , Ozônio , Ácidos Sulfúricos , Ozônio/química , Alcenos/química , Ácidos Sulfúricos/química , Poluentes Atmosféricos/química , Atmosfera/química , Modelos Químicos , Dióxido de Enxofre/química , Monitoramento AmbientalRESUMO
Grain boundaries in noble metal catalysts have been identified as critical sites for enhancing catalytic activity in electrochemical reactions such as the oxygen reduction reaction. However, conventional methods to modify grain boundary density often alter particle size, shape, and morphology, obscuring the specific role of grain boundaries in catalytic performance. This study addresses these challenges by employing gold nanoparticle assemblies to control grain boundary density through the manipulation of nanoparticle collision frequency during synthesis. We demonstrate a direct correlation between increased grain boundary density and enhanced two-electron oxygen reduction reaction activity, achieving a significant improvement in both specific and mass activity. Additionally, the gold nanoparticle assemblies with high grain boundary density exhibit remarkable electrochemical stability, attributed to boron segregation at the grain boundaries, which prevents structural degradation. This work provides a promising strategy for optimizing the activity, selectivity, and stability of noble metal catalysts through precise grain boundary engineering.
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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that is prevalent worldwide and seriously threatens human health. RA-fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) play important roles in almost all aspects of RA progression. This study aimed to study the effect of Amentoflavone (AMF), a polyphenol compound derived from extracts of Selaginella tamariscina, on the abnormal biological behaviors of RA-FLS. The immortalized human RA-FLS cell line (MH7A) was treated with AMF or transfected with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 (PIN1). Then, cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay. EDU staining, wound healing and transwell assays were employed to measure the capacities of MH7A cell proliferation, migration and invasion. The levels of inflammatory factors were assessed using ELISA kits. Additionally, ferroptosis was analyzed by detecting Fe2+ content, lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and expression of ferroptosis-related proteins. Pull-down assay was employed to verify the targeted binding of AMF to PIN1. Further, PIN1 overexpression or ferroptosis inhibitor Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) addition was conducted to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of AMF on PIN1 and ferroptosis. Results revealed that AMF intervention or PIN1 knockdown inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion and inflammation in MH7A cells. AMF facilitated lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis in MH7A cells. Moreover, AMF targeted inhibition of PIN1 expression, and PIN1 overexpression restored the promoting effect of AMF on lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis in MH7A cells. Besides, Fer-1 reversed the impacts of AMF on the abnormal biological behaviors of MH7A cells. In summary, AMF induced ferroptosis to inhibit the proliferation, migration, invasion and inflammation in RA-FLS by inhibiting PIN1, providing a promising candidate for RA treatment.
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We report the preparation of a small library of copper-based metallenes, such as copperene, brassene, bronzene, cupronickelene and AlCuZn trimetallene, via a cryo-pretreatment assisted liquid phase exfoliation method. To the best of our knowledge, these nanosheets may represent a new category of metallenes. Benefiting from mixed-valence copper-induced oxidative stress and cleavage effects of layered structures, the obtained metallenes could efficiently eliminate drug-resistant bacteria even at a concentration as low as 1 µg mL-1. Due to the alloy engineering-induced change in the release rate of metal ions, the CuZn metallene exhibited a much better antibacterial ability than the other metallenes and three clinical antibiotics. We believe this work not only expands the category of emerging 2D metallenes, but also proposes a strategy combining 2D and alloy engineering to improve the antibacterial properties of copper-based materials.
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BACKGROUND: Understanding the role of cytokines in tooth development is critical for advancing dental tissue engineering. Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) is the only FGF consistently expressed throughout dental epithelial tissue, from the initiation of tooth bud formation to tooth maturation. However, mice lacking Fgf9 (Fgf9-/-) surprisingly show no obvious abnormalities in tooth development, suggesting potential compensation by other FGFs. Here we report findings from an Fgf9S99N mutation mouse model, a loss-of-function mutation with a dominant negative effect. Our study reveals that Fgf9 is crucial for dental epithelial stem cell (DESC) survival and enamel formation. METHODS: To dissect the role of Fgf9 in tooth development, we performed the micro-CT, histomorphological analysis and gene expression assay in mice and embryos with S99N mutation. In addition, we assessed the effect of FGF9 on the DESC survival and dental epithelial differentiation by DESC sphere formation assay and tooth explant culture. Cell/tissue culture methods, gene expression analysis, specific inhibitors, and antibody blockage analysis were employed to explore how Fgf9 regulates enamel differentiation and DESC survival through both direct and indirect mechanisms. RESULTS: The Fgf9S99N mutation in mice led to reduced ameloblasts, impaired enamel formation, and increased apoptosis in the cervical loop (CL). DESC sphere culture experiments revealed that FGF9 facilitated DESC survival via activating ERK/CREB signaling, without affecting cell proliferation. Furthermore, in vitro tissue culture experiments demonstrated that FGF9 promoted enamel formation in a manner dependent on the presence of mesenchyme. Interestingly, FGF9 stimulation inhibited enamel formation in isolated enamel epithelia and DESC spheres. Further investigation revealed that FGF9 supports DESC survival and promotes amelogenesis by stimulating the secretion of FGF3 and FGF10 in dental mesenchymal cells via the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that Fgf9 is essential for DESC survival and enamel formation. Fgf9 performs as a dual-directional regulator of the dental enamel epithelium, not only inhibiting DESC differentiation into ameloblasts to preserve the stemness of DESC, but also promoting ameloblast differentiation through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.
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Esmalte Dentário , Células Epiteliais , Fator 9 de Crescimento de Fibroblastos , Células-Tronco , Animais , Fator 9 de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Fator 9 de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/genética , Camundongos , Esmalte Dentário/metabolismo , Células-Tronco/metabolismo , Células-Tronco/citologia , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Incisivo/metabolismo , Sobrevivência Celular , Diferenciação CelularRESUMO
Background: Patient-specific computer simulation of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) predicts the interaction between an implanted device and the surrounding anatomy. In this study, we validated the predictive value of computer simulation for the frame deformation following a Venus-A TAVI implant in patients with pure aortic regurgitation (AR). Furthermore, we used the validated computational model to evaluate the anchoring mechanism within the same cohort. Methods: This was a retrospective study. FEops HEARTguide technology was used to simulate the virtual implantation of a Venus-A valve model in a patient-specific geometry. The predicted frame deformation was quantitatively compared to the postoperative device deformation at multiple levels. The outward forces acting on the frame were extracted for each patient and the total outward force acting around the aortic annular (AA) and sinotubular junction (STJ) planes were recorded. Results: Thirty patients were enrolled in the study with 10 in the migration group and 20 in the non-migration group. The dimensions of the simulated and observed frames had good correlations at Dmax (R2=0.88), Dmin (R2=0.91), perimeter (R2=0.92), and area (R2=0.92). The predicted outward force acting on the frame at the AA level was comparable between the migration and no-migration groups. The predicted outward force acting on the frame at the STJ level was always significantly higher in the migration group than the no migration group at different bandwidths: 3 mm (P=0.002), 5 mm (P=0.005), 10 mm (P=0.002). Conclusions: Patient-specific computer simulation of TAVI accurately predicted frame deformation in Chinese patients with pure AR. The forces at the STJ facilitated stabilization of the device within the aortic root, which might be used as a discriminator to identify patients at risk of device migration prior to intervention.
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PURPOSE: To investigate the aberrant distribution and clinical relevance of regulatory B cells (Bregs) subsets in the peripheral blood of individuals with different levels of insulin resistance (IR). METHODS: A cohort of 124 subjects were divided into five groups according to their insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and diabetes diagnosis. The groups comprised Group 1 (IR- with good glycemic control) and Group 2 (IR- with poor glycemic control) at HOMA-IR < 3, Group 3 (IR+ without T2DM) and Group 4 (IR+ with T2DM), at 3 ≤ HOMA-IR < 6, and Group 5 (IR++ with T2DM) at HOMA-IR ≥ 6. Peripheral blood samples were collected from each group, the percentages of CD19+CD24+CD27+ and CD19+CD24+CD38+ Bregs and the levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ were detected by flow cytometry and flow microsphere matrix method. Additionally, the cytokines levels were validated through ELISA. The activation of Bregs and the production of IL-10 among different groups were analyzed. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between Bregs activation rate and IR degree. RESULTS: The results showed that the levels of CD19+CD24+CD27+ and CD19+CD24+CD38+ cells were increased whether in IR+ without or with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) groups compared to the IR- groups, with the most significant increase observed in Group 5. Moreover, the plasma levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α and IFN-γ in the IR+ group were higher than those in the IR- group. The expression and activation level of Bregs were positively correlated with the severity of IR in T2DM. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the increase level of Bregs is closely related to the severity of IR, highlighting the potential significance of Bregs in the clinical progression of T2DM and its associated insulin resistance.
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BACKGROUND: The neurophysiological mechanisms underlying manifestations of bulbar paralysis in acute thyrotoxic myopathy (ATM) and the afflicted brain areas are unclear. PURPOSE: We used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to evaluate the regional brain activities in patients with ATM. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In total, 16 patients with ATM, 16 patients with hyperthyroidism without ATM, and 16 healthy controls underwent functional MRI scans. By calculating the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo), and functional connectivity (FC), we assessed variations in resting-state cerebral activity. The correlation between the resting-state functional indexes and clinical assessments was also explored. RESULTS: Compared to the hyperthyroid patients, patients with ATM had stronger ReHo in the left precentral gyrus, reduced ReHo in the left orbitofrontal gyrus (OFG), and decreased FC in the left precentral gyri, left superior frontal gyrus (SFG), and left middle frontal gyrus (MFG). Patients with ATM showed reduced fALFF and ReHo in the right SFG and decreased ReHo in the bilateral supplementary motor area (SMA). A significantly decreased FC in the left SFG and left MFG, right precentral gyrus, and the orbital part of the right interior frontal gyrus was observed in patients with ATM compared to healthy controls. Additionally, fALFF and ReHo values were positively correlated with serum thyroid-related hormones and antibodies. CONCLUSION: The findings of rs-fMRI demonstrate that particular brain regions' functional activity was aberrant in individuals with ATM, especially in SFG area. This finding may help with better understanding of underlying pathophysiology of patients with ATM.
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The main deterrent to long-term space travel is the risk of Radiation Exposure Induced Death (REID). The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has adopted Permissible Exposure Levels (PELs) to limit the probability of REID to 3% for the risk of death due to radiation-induced carcinogenesis. The most significant contributor to current REID estimates for astronauts is the risk of lung cancer. Recently updated lung cancer estimates from Japan's atomic bomb survivors showed that the excess relative risk of lung cancer by age 70 is roughly fourfold higher in females compared to males. However, whether sex differences may impact the risk of lung cancer due to exposure to high charge and energy (HZE) radiation is not well studied. Thus, to evaluate the impact of sex differences on the risk of solid cancer development after HZE radiation exposure, we irradiated Rbfl/fl, Trp53fl/+ male and female mice infected with Adeno-Cre with various doses of 320 kVp X rays or 600 MeV/n 56Fe ions and monitored them for any radiation-induced malignancies. We conducted complete necropsy and histopathology of major organs on 183 male and 157 female mice after following them for 350 days postirradiation. We observed that lung adenomas/carcinomas and esthesioneuroblastomas (ENBs) were the most common primary malignancies in mice exposed to X rays and 56Fe ions, respectively. In addition, 1 Gy 56Fe-ion exposure compared to X-ray exposure led to a significantly early incidence of lung adenomas/carcinomas (P = 0.02) and ENBs (P < 0.0001) in mice. However, we did not find a significantly higher incidence of any solid malignancies in female mice as compared to male mice, regardless of radiation quality. Furthermore, gene expression analysis of ENBs suggested a distinct gene expression pattern with similar hallmark pathways altered, such as MYC targets and MTORC1 signaling, in ENBs induced by X rays and 56Fe ions. Thus, our data revealed that 56Fe-ion exposure significantly accelerated the development of lung adenomas/carcinomas and ENBs compared to X rays, but the rate of solid malignancies was similar between male and female mice, regardless of radiation quality.
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BACKGROUND: Exposure to a hypobaric hypoxic environment at high altitudes can lead to lung injury. In this study, we aimed to determine whether curcumin (Cur) could improve lung barrier function and protect against high-altitude-associated acute lung injury. METHODS: Two hundred healthy rats were randomly divided into standard control, high-altitude control (HC), salidroside (40 mg/kg, positive control), and Cur (200 mg/kg) groups. Each group was further divided into five subgroups. Basic vital signs, lung injury histopathology, routine blood parameters, plasma lactate level, and arterial blood gas indicators were evaluated. Protein and inflammatory factor (tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin [IL]-1ß, IL-6, and IL-10) concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined using the bicinchoninic acid method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Inflammation-related and lung barrier function-related proteins were analyzed using immunoblotting. RESULTS: Cur improved blood routine indicators such as hemoglobin and hematocrit and reduced the BALF protein content and TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 levels compared with those in the HC group. It increased IL-10 levels and reduced pulmonary capillary congestion, alveolar hemorrhage, and the degree of pulmonary interstitial edema. It increased oxygen partial pressure, oxygen saturation, carbonic acid hydrogen radical, and base excess levels, and the expression of zonula occludens 1, occludin, claudin-4, and reduced carbon dioxide partial pressure, plasma lactic acid, and the expression of phospho-nuclear factor kappa. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to a high-altitude environment for 48 h resulted in severe lung injury in rats. Cur improved lung barrier function and alleviated acute lung injury in rats at high altitudes.
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Lesão Pulmonar Aguda , Doença da Altitude , Curcumina , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Animais , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/metabolismo , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/etiologia , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/prevenção & controle , Ratos , Masculino , Curcumina/farmacologia , Curcumina/uso terapêutico , Doença da Altitude/tratamento farmacológico , Doença da Altitude/metabolismo , Doença da Altitude/complicações , Doença da Altitude/fisiopatologia , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/metabolismo , Pulmão/patologia , Altitude , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar , Citocinas/metabolismoRESUMO
Physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep are each individually associated with falls and fractures, but often are not examined simultaneously. Compositional data analysis examined the combined prospective associations between the proportion of time in PA, SB, and sleep relative to the remaining behaviors with recurrent falls (2+ falls in any year), any fractures, and major osteoporotic fracture (MOF) from tri-annual questionnaires, with adjudication for fractures, in 2918 older men aged 78.9 ± 5.1 years in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study. Accelerometers were worn on the right tricep for seven consecutive 24-hour periods and measured PA (>1.5 METs), SB (≤1.5 METs), and sleep. Generalized Estimating Equations evaluated associations with recurrent falls. Cox proportional hazards regression estimated any incident fracture and MOF risk separately. Over four years of follow-up 1025 (35.2%) experienced recurrent falls; over 10 ± 4 years of follow-up, 669 (22.9%) experienced incident fractures and 370 (12.7%) experienced a MOF. Higher proportions of PA relative to SB and sleep were associated with a lower odds of recurrent falls [Odds Ratio (OR): 0.87, 95% CI: 0.76-0.99]. Higher proportions of SB relative to PA and sleep were associated with a higher odds of recurrent falls (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.06-1.81) and higher risk of any fracture [Hazard Ratio (HR): 1.42, 95% CI: 1.05-1.92]. Higher proportions of sleep relative to PA and SB were associated with a lower risk of fracture (HR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.54-0.99). No associations of activity composition with MOF were observed. When accounting for the co-dependence of daily activities, higher proportions of SB relative to the proportion of PA and sleep were associated with higher odds of recurrent falls and fracture risk. Results suggest reducing SB (and increasing PA) may lower fall and fracture risk in older men, which could inform future interventions.
Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep are each individually associated with falls and fractures. However, there is only a finite amount of time for each activity in a 24-hour day and the ideal structure of the day for these activities is unknown. We evaluated the association between the combination of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep together with recurrent falls and fractures in older men. Spending a higher proportion of the day in physical activity was associated with a lower risk of falls, while a higher proportion of sedentary behavior was associated with a higher risk of falls and fractures. For sleep, higher proportions of the day spent sleeping were associated with a lower risk of fractures. These results can inform future physical activity interventions aimed at lowering falls and fracture risk in older men by focusing on increasing the amount of time in physical activity by specifically lowering the amount of time in sedentary behavior.
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Walnut oil oxidizes and becomes rancid during storage, that could be significantly affecting flavor and quality. This study aimed to monitor the volatile compounds present in walnut oil during storage, identify the characteristic markers of walnut oil at different oxidation levels, and establish a correlation network analysis based on the relationship between the olfactory analyzer and the characteristic markers to understand their correlation. The results indicated that the oxidation level of walnut oil had a positive correlation with the response of the olfactory analyzer. 219 volatile compounds were identified in walnut oil, with 89 identified as key volatile compounds (VIP >1). Among these, compounds such as (E, E)-2,4-decadienal (6.10%-23.04%)ï¼(E, E)-2,4-heptadienal (2.23%-13.61%)ï¼(E)-2-octenal (0.95%-11.71%)ï¼ hexanoic acid (1.63%-4.30%)ï¼1-octen-3-ol (2.53%-19.01%)ï¼(Z)-2-heptenal (5.95%-25.01%)ï¼2,3-dihydro-furan (1.08%-3.20%)ï¼2-pentyl-furan (0.13%-0.54%), pyrazine (0.33%-1.32%), hexanal (24.52%-1.33%)ï¼3-hethylbutylacetate (12.44%-1.29%)ï¼ 2-methyl butyl acetate (7.74%-1.56%) and ethenyl hexanoate (4.39%-0.41%) were found to be characteristic volatile compounds in the oxidation process of walnut oil. Furthermore, the correlation network analysis revealed a strong correlation between the olfactory analyzer sensors and the characteristic volatile compounds. The findings of this study can provide valuable data for the development of rapid determination of the oxidation level of walnut oil.
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The excessive presence of Cu2+ could be harmful to human health. Therefore, a ratiometric fluorescence sensor based on multicolor fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) was developed for Cu2+ detection. The blue and yellow carbon dots (B-CDs/Y-CDs) were synthesized by one-step hydrothermal method. After adding Cu2+, it is captured by the amino groups of B-CDs to form complexes, resulting in a strong fluorescence quenching via photoinduced electron transfer (PET). Meanwhile, the amino groups from Y-CDs also binds with Cu2+ that inhibit the internal PET thus enhancing the fluorescence of Y-CDs. The sensor has the merits in rapid, visual, and selective with a low limit of detection (LOD) at 2.29 nM. Furthermore, an intelligent device composed of portable optical detector and smartphone is constructed, which realizes the visual point-of-care testing (POCT) of Cu2+ with a LOD of 7.51 nM. The strategy provides an accessible approach for monitoring heavy metal pollution and food safety.
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Northern Goshawk Optimization (NGO) is an efficient optimization algorithm, but it has the drawbacks of easily falling into local optima and slow convergence. Aiming at these drawbacks, an improved NGO algorithm named the Multi-Strategy Improved Northern Goshawk Optimization (MSINGO) algorithm was proposed by adding the cubic mapping strategy, a novel weighted stochastic difference mutation strategy, and weighted sine and cosine optimization strategy to the original NGO. To verify the performance of MSINGO, a set of comparative experiments were performed with five highly cited and six recently proposed metaheuristic algorithms on the CEC2017 test functions. Comparative experimental results show that in the vast majority of cases, MSINGO's exploitation ability, exploration ability, local optimal avoidance ability, and scalability are superior to those of competitive algorithms. Finally, six real world engineering problems demonstrated the merits and potential of MSINGO.
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In modern urban environments, visual sensors are crucial for enhancing the functionality of navigation systems, particularly for devices designed for visually impaired individuals. The high-resolution images captured by these sensors form the basis for understanding the surrounding environment and identifying key landmarks. However, the core challenge in the semantic segmentation of blind roads lies in the effective extraction of global context and edge features. Most existing methods rely on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), whose inherent inductive biases limit their ability to capture global context and accurately detect discontinuous features such as gaps and obstructions in blind roads. To overcome these limitations, we introduce Dual-Branch Swin-CNN Net(DSC-Net), a new method that integrates the global modeling capabilities of the Swin-Transformer with the CNN-based U-Net architecture. This combination allows for the hierarchical extraction of both fine and coarse features. First, the Spatial Blending Module (SBM) mitigates blurring of target information caused by object occlusion to enhance accuracy. The hybrid attention module (HAM), embedded within the Inverted Residual Module (IRM), sharpens the detection of blind road boundaries, while the IRM improves the speed of network processing. In tests on a specialized dataset designed for blind road semantic segmentation in real-world scenarios, our method achieved an impressive mIoU of 97.72%. Additionally, it demonstrated exceptional performance on other public datasets.
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Cells harbour numerous receptor pathways to respond to diverse stimuli, yet often share common downstream signalling components. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK) cascades are an example of such common hubs in eukaryotes. How such common hubs faithfully transduce distinct signals within the same cell-type is insufficiently understood, yet of fundamental importance for signal integration and processing in plants. We engineered a unique genetic background allowing direct comparisons of a developmental and an immunity pathway in one cell-type, the Arabidopsis root endodermis. We demonstrate that the two pathways maintain distinct functional and transcriptional outputs despite common MPK activity patterns. Nevertheless, activation of different MPK kinases and MPK classes led to distinct functional readouts, matching observed pathway-specific readouts. On the basis of our comprehensive analysis of core MPK signalling elements, we propose that combinatorial activation within the MPK cascade determines the differential regulation of an endodermal master transcription factor, MYB36, that drives pathway-specific gene activation.
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Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases , Raízes de Plantas , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Raízes de Plantas/genética , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Transdução de Sinais , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genéticaRESUMO
Metallurgical production traditionally involves three steps: extracting metals from ores, mixing them into alloys by liquid processing and thermomechanical processing to achieve the desired microstructures1,2. This sequential approach, practised since the Bronze Age, reaches its limit today because of the urgent demand for a sustainable economy2-5: almost 10% of all greenhouse gas emissions are because of the use of fossil reductants and high-temperature metallurgical processing. Here we present a H2-based redox synthesis and compaction approach that reforms traditional alloy-making by merging metal extraction, alloying and thermomechanical processing into one single solid-state operation. We propose a thermodynamically informed guideline and a general kinetic conception to dissolve the classical boundaries between extractive and physical metallurgy, unlocking tremendous sustainable bulk alloy design opportunities. We exemplify this approach for the case of Fe-Ni invar bulk alloys6,7, one of the most appealing ferrous materials but the dirtiest to produce: invar shows uniquely low thermal expansion6,8,9, enabling key applications spanning from precision instruments to cryogenic components10-13. Yet, it is notoriously eco-unfriendly, with Ni causing more than 10 times higher CO2 emission than Fe per kilogram production2,14, qualifying this alloy class as a perfect demonstrator case. Our sustainable method turns oxides directly into green alloys in bulk forms, with application-worthy properties, all obtained at temperatures far below the bulk melting point, while maintaining a zero CO2 footprint.
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Excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota are pivotal symptoms for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and its associated complications, such as intestinal fibrosis. This research introduces a probiotic inulin hydrogel loaded with polypyrrole (PPy) nanozymes and antifibrotic drug pirfenidone (PFD) (PPy/PFD@Inulin gel) designed for the concurrent amelioration of IBD and its fibrotic complication. Upon oral administration, the inulin gel matrix could extend the gastrointestinal residence time of PPy nanozymes and PFD, facilitating the efficient reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and enhancement of the intestinal epithelial barrier repair as well as the suppression of intestinal fibrosis through sustained RONS scavenging, modulation of gut microbiota and attenuation of the TGF-ß/Smad signaling pathway to inhibit fibroblast proliferation. Notably, the PPy/PFD@Inulin gel demonstrated significant prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in acute and chronic colitis as well as intestinal fibrosis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in mouse models. Thus, the engineered ternary PPy/PFD@Inulin gel offered a pioneered paradigm for simultaneous reversal of IBD and its associated complications, such as intestinal fibrosis, in a single therapeutic regimen.
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Fibrose , Hidrogéis , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais , Inulina , Animais , Hidrogéis/química , Inulina/química , Camundongos , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/patologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Colite/tratamento farmacológico , Colite/patologia , Sulfato de Dextrana , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Humanos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Pirróis/química , Intestinos/patologia , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Intestinos/microbiologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismoRESUMO
The SEPALLATA3 genes regulate several aspects of plant development. This study identified four distinct splicing isoforms of the SEPALLATA3 gene in Isatis indigotica (I. indigotica). IiSEP3-1 and IiSEP3-2 have eight exons and were named as IiSEP3-2/1. However, IiSEP3-3 and IiSEP3-4 with the missing sixth exon were labeled IiSEP3ΔK3. Furthermore, the IiSEP3-1 and IiSEP3-4 amino acids sequences lack the V90. IiSEP3 splicing variants were primarily expressed in floral organs, with petals showing the highest expression. Ectopic expression of IiSEP3-2 or IiSEP3-3 may cause early flowering and reduce the number of sepals, petals, and stamens. The ectopic expression of IiSEP3-2 resulted in cauline leaves and sepals converting to carpelloid structures. In contrast, the four floral whorls prematurely wilted, and the entire flower displayed an abortive state when IiSEP3-3 was expressed ectopically. Silencing the IiSEP3 gene of I. indigotica employing VIGS (tobacco rattle virus-mediated virus-induced gene silencing) technology using the TRV-IiSEP3-2/1 vector delayed flowering time and reduced the number of petals and stamens. Plants silenced with TRV-IiSEP3ΔK3 also exhibited similar phenotypes, including fewer sepals. The transcriptome analysis of silenced plants (TRV-IiSEP3-2/1 treatment group) indicated significant alterations in 1861 genes, with 1035 upregulated and 826 downregulated. TRV-IiSEP3ΔK3 treatment altered the expression of 2063 genes in plants, with 1289 genes upregulated and 774 genes transcription inhibited. Y2H and BIFC experiments revealed that IiSEP3-2 and IiSEP3-3 had distinct interacting proteins. Thus, we can conclude that IiSEP3-2 and IiSEP3-3 interact with different proteins, affecting floral transition and organ development in I. indigotica.
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A variety of pollutants have frequently been detected in the Yangtze River Basin with the rapid economic development, the population increase, and the acceleration of urbanization, which threaten the aquatic ecosystem and human health. A multi-criteria comprehensive evaluation method was developed to identify the characteristic pollutants, and the risk quotient method was used to derive the risk pollutants in water and sediment samples in this article. A total of 155 pollutants from 11 categories were detected in the Yangtze River Basin according to the literature research. Then, the K-means method was used to analyze the cluster of pollutant comprehensive scores. All pollutants were graded based on their scores and recorded as â -â ¥ according to the number of cases in each cluster. A total of 43 pollutants with high scores of â and â ¡ were listed as the characteristic pollutants, which included 11 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 11 organochlorine pesticides, 10 polychlorinated biphenyls, eight dioxins, two heavy metals, and one phthalate ester. The top five median concentrations of contaminants in water and sediment samples were heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phthalates esters, bisphenols, and pharmaceuticals and personal care products. According to the principle of risk maximization, the risk entropy value ï¼RQï¼ was calculated based on the highest pollutant concentration. A total of 38 risky pollutants were screened in the water samples ï¼RQ ≥ 0.1ï¼. There were eight high-risk pollutants with RQ ≥ 1, which included benzo[a,h]-anthracene, anthracene, benzo[a]anthracene, pyrene, methoxychlor, aldrin, 2,4'-dichlorodiphenyl, and cadmium. There were 15 high-risk contaminants in the sediment, which included benzo[b]fluoranthene, anthracene, acenaphthene, fluoranthene, cadmium, lead, chromium, arsenic, selenium, dibutyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, norfloxacin, perfluorobutyric acid, and bisphenol A. The risk pollutants contained emerging pollutants, which included ten pollutants in water samples and nine pollutants in sediments. Antibiotic pollutants accounted for the largest proportion of these emerging pollutants. The information provided in this article may be useful for the relevant departments to monitor the pollutants and propose management programs for the Yangtze River Basin. Additionally, it is of great significance for the ecological environmental protection and management of the Yangtze River Basin.