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OBJECTIVE: This study aims to test the association of rest-activity rhythm (intradaily variability and interdaily stability) with all-cause mortality in an older adult cohort in Brazil. It also assesses whether the amount of time spent at each intensity level (i.e., physical activity and nocturnal sleep) interferes with this association. METHODS: This cohort study started in 2014 with older adults (≥60 years). We investigated deaths from all causes that occurred until April 2017. Rest-activity rhythm variables were obtained using accelerometry at baseline. Intradaily variability indicates higher rhythm fragmentation, while interdaily stability indicates higher rhythm stability. Cox proportional-hazard models were used to test the associations controlling for confounders. RESULTS: Among the 1451 older adults interviewed in 2014, 965 presented valid accelerometry data. During the follow-up period, 80 individuals died. After adjusting the analysis for sociodemographic, smoking, morbidity score, and number of medicines, an increase of one standard deviation in interdaily stability decreased 26% the risk of death. The adjustment for total sleep time and inactivity did not change this association. On the other hand, the association was no longer significant after adjusting for overall physical activity and moderate to vigorous physical activity. CONCLUSION: Rest-activity rhythm pattern was not associated with mortality when physical activity was considered, possibly because this pattern could be driven by regular exercise. Promoting physical activity remains a relevant strategy to improve population health.

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BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise during pregnancy on early childhood neurodevelopment (cognitive, motor, and language domains). METHODS: A randomized controlled trial nested into the 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort was conducted. Healthy pregnant women were enrolled between 16 and 20 weeks of gestation; 424 women and their children (intervention [n = 141]; control [n = 283]) were analyzed. An exercise-based intervention 3 times per week was delivered over 16 weeks. Child neurodevelopment and its domains were assessed at 1, 2, and 4 years. Standardized mean differences and 95% confidence intervals are presented. RESULTS: No effects of exercise during pregnancy on child neurodevelopment and its domains at age 1 year were observed. Compared with the control group, children from women in the exercise group had higher language score at age 2 years (standardized mean differences = 0.23; 95% confidence intervals, 0.02 to 0.44) and higher cognitive score (standardized mean differences = 0.22; 95% confidence intervals, 0.03 to 0.41) at age 4 years. No effects of exercise during pregnancy were observed in the motor domain at 1, 2, and 4 years. CONCLUSIONS: No detrimental effects of exercise during pregnancy on child neurodevelopment were observed. In addition, these findings suggest that exercise during pregnancy can result in small benefits for language and cognitive development.

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BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) during pregnancy is associated with several benefits in maternal and child outcomes, and its relationship with preterm birth is still conflicting. This study aims to examine the associations between PA during pregnancy and occurrence of preterm birth. METHODS: PA was assessed by questionnaire (for each trimester) and accelerometry (second trimester) in women enrolled in a birth cohort study that started during pregnancy and included births that occurred between January 1 and December 31, 2015. Gestational age was based on the last menstrual period and ultrasonography. All deliveries before 37 weeks of gestation were considered preterm births. A Poisson regression model was used to measure associations controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS: PA information was available for 4163 women and 13.8% of births were preterm. A total of 15.8% of women were engaged in PA during pregnancy. Multivariate analysis showed that only PA performed in the third trimester of pregnancy (prevalence ratio = 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.36-0.96) was associated with the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: PA performed in the third trimester of pregnancy was associated with a protection to preterm birth. Pregnant women should be counseled to engage in PA to lower the risk of premature delivery.

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PURPOSE: The present study aims to estimate the minimum number of accelerometer measurement days needed to estimate habitual physical activity (PA) among 6- (2010), 18- (2011) and 30- (2012) year-old participants, belonging to three population-based Brazilian birth cohorts. METHOD: PA was assessed by triaxial wrist-worn GENEActiv accelerometers and the present analysis is restricted to participants with at least 6 consecutive days of measurement. Accelerometer raw data were analyzed with R-package GGIR. Description of PA measures (overall PA, moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), light PA (LPA)) on weekdays and weekend days were conducted, and statistical differences were tested with chi-squared and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Spearman Brown Formulae was applied to test reliability of different number of days of accelerometer use. RESULTS: Differences between week and weekend days regarding LPA, MVPA and overall PA, were only observed among 30-year-olds. Higher levels of MVPA (p = 0.006) and overall PA (p<0.001) were identified on weekdays. For overall PA, to achieve a reliability coefficient >0.70, two and three days of measurement were needed in adults and children, respectively. For LPA, a reliability coefficient >0.70 was achieved with five days in 6-year-old children, three days in 18-year-old young adults, and four days in 30-year-old adults. Considering MVPA, four days would be necessary to represent a week of measurement among all cohort groups. CONCLUSION: Our results show that four and five measurement days are needed to estimate all habitual PA constructs, for children and adults, respectively. Also, among 30-year-old adults, it is important to make efforts towards weekend days measurement.

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O objetivo do estudo foi descrever as instalações e equipamentos para atividade física nas escolas da zona rural de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de base escolar, realizado no ano de 2014, em todas as 26 escolas localizadas na zona rural da cidade de Pelotas. Foi utilizado um instrumento com questões relacionadas às políticas de Educação Física e avaliação das estruturas e materiais para a prática de atividade física, elaborado a partir do Physical Activity Resource Assessment (PARA), adaptado para o ambiente escolar. Observou-se que o professor e a disciplina de Educação Física estiveram presentes em todas as escolas. Mesmo com a maior frequência de estruturas como quadras esportivas (34,6% a 65,4%), pracinha/parquinhos (76,9%) e materiais como bolas (50,0% a 84,6%), cones (80,8%), cordas (88,5%), colchonetes (80,8%) e arcos (76,9%), as condições dos atributos foram regulares (7,7% a 46,2%) e ruins (11,5% a 50,0%). Poucas instituições ofereceram instalações e equipamentos em condições adequadas para a prática de atividade física. A ausência de ginásios, quadras cobertas e materiais em melhores condições chama a atenção para a necessidade de investimentos e intervenções nesses espaços

The aim of the study was to describe the facilities and equipment for physical activity practice in rural area schools of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. The design was cross-sectional, school-based, carried out in all the 26 schools located in rural areas of Pelotas Southern, Brazil. We used a survey tool to assess the policies for Physical Education and evaluate the facilities and equipment/materials for physical activity. The instrument was based on the Physical Activity Resource Assessment (PARA), adapted for the school environment. We observed that curricular Physical Education and specific teachers were present in all schools. Despite the high number of facilities, such as courts and fields (34.6% to 65.4%), playgrounds (76.9%) and materials such as balls (50.0% to 84.6%), hoops (88.5%), exercise cones (80.8%) and mats (76.9%), the condition of the facilities and apparatus/equipment were fair (7.7% to 46.2%) or poor (11.5% to 50.0%). Few institutions have provided suitable facilities and equipment for physical activity. The absence of gymnasiums, covered courts and materials in better conditions draws attention to the need for investments and interventions in these spaces

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Os espaços públicos de lazer representam uma alternativa de ampliação e democratização do acesso a locais propícios para prática de atividade física. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever os espaços públicos de lazer em termos quanti e qualitativos, assim como sua adequação para a prática de atividades físicas e distribuição na cidade. Foi realizado um estudo observacional descritivo, realizado na zona urbana do município de Pelotas/RS. Aspectos de conforto, estética e adequação à prática de atividades físicas foram avaliados por meio do instrumento Physical Activity Resource Assessment (PARA) em praças, parques e canteiros habitáveis. Informações sobre renda e densidade populacional dos setores censitários foram baseadas no censo demográfico de 2010. Foram identificadas 110 praças e oito parques. Mais deles (57,6%) apresentam algum atributo para prática de atividade física, enquanto nos canteiros este percentual foi de 44,8%. Espaços para prática de futebol e parquinhos foram as estruturas mais comuns em praças/parques (47,5% e 43,2%, respectivamente), enquanto pistas/trilhas de caminhada foram as mais comuns nos canteiros (43,3%). Em geral, 45,7% das estruturas apresentaram boa qualidade. Quanto maior a média de renda domiciliar dos setores censitários, maior o número de espaços de lazer (r = 0,31) e uma relação inversa foi encontrada com densidade populacional dos setores censitários (r = -0,32). Assim, evidenciou-se iniquidades socioeconômicas e demográficas na distribuição dos espaços públicos de lazer, bem como uma pequena diversidade das estruturas para a prática de atividade física e a necessidade de (re)qualificação dos espaços públicos já existentes.

Public open spaces might be an alternative to increase and democratize the access to places for physical activity practice. The study aim was to describe quantitative and qualitatively public open spaces in the city of Pelotas, Brazil, as well as their distribution in the city and their suitability for physical activity practice. An observational descriptive study was performed in the urban area of Pelotas (Brazil). Amenities, incivilities, aesthetic and suitability for physical activity in the public open spaces were evaluated through the Physical Activity Resource Assessment. Mean income and population density of the census tracts were based on the Brazilian demographic census (2010). Most parks (57.6%) presented some attribute for physical activity practice; while among boulevards the percentage was lower (44.8%). Football pitches and playgrounds were the most common attributes found in parks (47.5% and 43.2%, respectively), and walk path/trail was the most frequent in the boulevards (43,3%). In general, 45.7% of the attributes for physical activity practice were considered as presenting high quality. There was a positive correlation between census tracts' mean income and the number of public open spaces (r = 0.31). Otherwise, an inverse correlation was found with population density (r = -0.32). Socioeconomic and demographic iniquities were observed in the distribution of public open spaces. Further, this study highlighted needs of improvements on diversity of attributes for physical activity practice and (re)qualification of the existing public open spaces.

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O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar a prevalência de barreiras à prática de atividades físicas e fatores associados em alunos do ensino médio de escolas da zona rural da região sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram convidados a participar do estudo todos os alunos matriculados no ensino médio, das 10 escolas compreendidas pela 5ª Coordenadoria Regional de Educação (5ª CRE-RS). O estudo, de delineamento transversal, investigou 510 alunos adolescentes (34% do total da população) que responderam questionário sobre barreiras à prática de atividades físicas e fatores associados. Dos entrevistados, 59,0% eram do sexo feminino, 80,0% tinham entre 15 e 17 anos, 92,3% eram de cor de pele branca e 37,7% estavam cursando o primeiro ano do ensino médio. Mais da metade (53,3%) dos estudantes era suficientemente ativo no lazer e 82,9% encontravam-se na categoria normal de IMC. As barreiras que apresentaram maior prevalência foram: dias de chuva (79,1%), falta de tempo (75,3%) e falta de local adequado para a prática (52,3%). Entre as meninas que relataram oito e nove barreiras, as prevalências de insuficientemente ativas foi, respectivamente de 55,6% e 66,7%, enquanto que, para os meninos que relataram esse mesmo número de barreiras, não houve indivíduos insuficientemente ativos. A única barreira que permaneceu associada a inatividade física no lazer na análise multivariável foi a falta de dinheiro (p=0,03). Conclui-se que mais estudos com adolescentes residentes no meio rural são necessários para se conhecer as necessidades e assim estruturar políticas públicas de incentivo a atividade física.

The aim of the study was to identify the prevalence of barriers to physical activity and associated factors in high school students from rural area of southern Rio Grande do Sul. All students enrolled in high school were invited to participate in the study, ranging from 10 schools for the 5th CRE-RS. Cross-sectional study interviewed 510 adolescent students (34% of the total of the population) who answered a questionnaire about barriers to physical activity and associated factors. Among them, 59.0% were female, 80.0% were between 15 and 17 years, 92.3% were white color and 37.7% were attending the first year of high school. 53.3% of students were active during leisure time and 82.9% were with normal BMI. The more prevalent barriers were: rainy days (79.1%), lack of time (75.3%) and lack of a proper place to practice (52.3%). Among girls who reported eight and nine barriers, the prevalence of insufficient physical activity was respectively 55.6% and 66.7%, whereas for boys who reported the same number of barriers, there were no insufficient active individuals. The only barrier that remained associated with physical inactivity in the multivariate analysis was the lack of money (p = 0.03). We conclude that further studies with adolescents living in rural areas are required to meet the needs and improve public policies to encourage physical activity.

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Despite the large number of reports describing sponge-microbe associations, limited knowledge is available about associated fungi and their relationships with the hosts. In this work, specific fungal strains were obtained directly from in vitro sponge cell cultures (primmorphs) and single sponge cells (cytospins) and compared with those obtained from whole tissue preparations. A total of 27 fungal strains were isolated from the marine sponges Hymeniacidon heliophila and Haliclona melana. Fifteen strains, nine from H. heliophila and six from H. melana, were obtained from whole tissue and were considered as possible mesohyl associated or transient fungi. Twelve strains were isolated from in vitro sponge cell cultures (primmorphs) and were, therefore, considered as cell associated. From these, five different strains were obtained from H. heliophila isolated cells, while five were identified from cytospins and two from primmorphs of H. melana. The fungal strains obtained from cell cultures from both sponge species were different, and none of them were detected in the whole tissue preparations of the same species. Nine H. heliophila and seven H. melana strains shows low similarity with the sequences available in public databases and belong to potentially new species. This is the first report of fungi isolated directly from sponge cells, which allowed the observation and selection of specific strains that probably would not be obtained by usual culture dependent techniques.

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Despite the large number of reports describing sponge-microbe associations, limited knowledge is available about associated fungi and their relationships with the hosts. In this work, specific fungal strains were obtained directly from in vitro sponge cell cultures (primmorphs) and single sponge cells (cytospins) and compared with those obtained from whole tissue preparations. A total of 27 fungal strains were isolated from the marine sponges Hymeniacidon heliophila and Haliclona melana. Fifteen strains, nine from H. heliophila and six from H. melana, were obtained from whole tissue and were considered as possible mesohyl associated or transient fungi. Twelve strains were isolated from in vitro sponge cell cultures (primmorphs) and were, therefore, considered as cell associated. From these, five different strains were obtained from H. heliophila isolated cells, while five were identified from cytospins and two from primmorphs of H. melana. The fungal strains obtained from cell cultures from both sponge species were different, and none of them were detected in the whole tissue preparations of the same species. Nine H. heliophila and seven H. melana strains shows low similarity with the sequences available in public databases and belong to potentially new species. This is the first report of fungi isolated directly from sponge cells, which allowed the observation and selection of specific strains that probably would not be obtained by usual culture dependent techniques.

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Despite the large number of reports describing sponge-microbe associations, limited knowledge is available about associated fungi and their relationships with the hosts. In this work, specific fungal strains were obtained directly from in vitro sponge cell cultures (primmorphs) and single sponge cells (cytospins) and compared with those obtained from whole tissue preparations. A total of 27 fungal strains were isolated from the marine sponges Hymeniacidon heliophila and Haliclona melana. Fifteen strains, nine from H. heliophila and six from H. melana, were obtained from whole tissue and were considered as possible mesohyl associated or transient fungi. Twelve strains were isolated from in vitro sponge cell cultures (primmorphs) and were, therefore, considered as cell associated. From these, five different strains were obtained from H. heliophila isolated cells, while five were identified from cytospins and two from primmorphs of H. melana. The fungal strains obtained from cell cultures from both sponge species were different, and none of them were detected in the whole tissue preparations of the same species. Nine H. heliophila and seven H. melana strains shows low similarity with the sequences available in public databases and belong to potentially new species. This is the first report of fungi isolated directly from sponge cells, which allowed the observation and selection of specific strains that probably would not be obtained by usual culture dependent techniques.

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Embora a macrodactilia seja uma condiçäo patológica infreqüente, pouco observada pelo reumatologista, ela merece ser revisitada. Apresentamos este caso (com macrodactilia, hemangiomatose cutânea, varizes exuberantes e assimetria dos membros inferiores, ao lado de síndrome do túnel carpiano bilateral), para alertar quanto ao diagnóstico diferencial entre a síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber, a neurofibromatose, a acromegalia e a macrodistrofia lipomatosa. É possível que um diagnóstico correto mais precoce possa propiciar melhor controle da enfermidade, assim como prevenir atitudes cirúrgicas inadequadas

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