RESUMO
This study aimed to describe the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) types in the anal canal in a cohort of people living with HIV (PLWHIV) with a history of malignancy. SETTING: Referral tertiary care hospital for adult patients with cancer. METHODS: We reviewed data of patients from the AIDS Cancer Clinic on antiretroviral therapy in chronic control who were consecutively referred for high-resolution anoscopy (HRA), where they underwent anal evaluation, collection of specimens for anal cytology and anal human papillomavirus (HPV) followed by HRA with directed biopsy if needed. RESULTS: A total of 155 patients were included; 149 (96.1%) were men, all of them men who have sex with men (MSM); the median age was 39 (IQR 32-47) years; 105 (67.7%) with Kaposi sarcoma, 40 (25.8%) with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 10 (6.4%) with other neoplasms; only 7 (4.5%) had active cancer. The prevalence of HR-HPV infection was 89% (n=138) (95% CI 83-93) with at least one HR-HPV infection, and 62% (96) had coinfection with at least two types; the median HR-HPV types of coinfection were 3 (IQR 2-4). The number of patients infected with HPV 16 was 64 (41.3%, 95% CI 33.8-49.3), HPV 18 was 74 (47.7%, 95% CI 39.9-55.7) and with both 35 (22.6%). Some 59 patients (38%) had high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and 49 (31.6%) had low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL). The prevalence of HR-HPV and HSIL among patients aged ≤35 and >35 years was the same. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of PLWHIV with a history of malignancy we found a high prevalence of HR-HPV 16 and 18 and anal HSIL, even in persons aged ≤35 years. These data highlight the importance of anal cancer screening in PLWHIV and history of malignancy.
Assuntos
Canal Anal , Neoplasias do Ânus , Infecções por HIV , Infecções por Papillomavirus , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/complicações , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Feminino , Canal Anal/virologia , Canal Anal/patologia , Neoplasias do Ânus/virologia , Neoplasias do Ânus/epidemiologia , Papillomaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Papillomaviridae/genética , Homossexualidade Masculina/estatística & dados numéricos , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Papillomavirus HumanoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of high-risk hu-man papilloma virus (HR-HPV) and other risk factors with ocular surface squamous cell neoplasia (OSSN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We obtained DNA from 22 fresh frozen OSSN tissues and 22 pterygia as controls, we used a broad-spectrum HPV DNA amplification short PCR fragment to identify HPV infection in all specimens and then genotyped HPV by a reverse hybridization line probe assay. We also obtained demographic, sun exposure, and tobacco consump-tion information. RESULTS: HR-HPV frequency was 40.9% in the OSSN group and 4.5% in the pterygia group (p=0.009). After covariate adjustment, OSSN was associated with HR-HPV (OR=16.3, 95%CI=1.2,218.1, p=0.03) and sunburn (OR=10.8, 95%CI=1.8,86.0, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Ocular surface squamous cell neoplasia is a multifactorial disease. The strong association between HR-HPV and OSSN, suggests that HR-HPV could play an etiological role in OSSN development.
Assuntos
Alphapapillomavirus , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias da Túnica Conjuntiva , Neoplasias Oculares , Infecções por Papillomavirus , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Túnica Conjuntiva/anormalidades , Neoplasias da Túnica Conjuntiva/complicações , Neoplasias da Túnica Conjuntiva/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Oculares/complicações , Neoplasias Oculares/epidemiologia , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/complicações , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , PterígioRESUMO
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the association of high-risk human papilloma virus (HR-HPV) and other risk factors with ocular surface squamous cell neoplasia (OSSN). Materials and methods: We obtained DNA from 22 fresh frozen OSSN tissues and 22 pterygia as controls, we used a broad-spectrum HPV DNA amplification short PCR fragment to identify HPV infection in all specimens and then genotyped HPV by a reverse hybridization line probe assay. We also obtained demographic, sun exposure, and tobacco consumption information. Results: HR-HPV frequency was 40.9% in the OSSN group and 4.5% in the pterygia group (p=0.009). After covariate adjustment, OSSN was associated with HR-HPV (OR=16.3, 95%CI=1.2,218.1, p=0.03) and sunburn (OR=10.8, 95%CI=1.8,86.0, p=0.02). Conclusions: Ocular surface squamous cell neoplasia is a multifactorial disease. The strong association between HR-HPV and OSSN, suggests that HR-HPV could play an etiological role in OSSN development.
Resumen: Objetivo: Investigar la asociación del virus del papiloma humano de alto riesgo (VPH-AR), así como de otros factores, con neoplasia escamosa de la superficie ocular (NESO). Material y métodos: Se obtuvieron 22 especímenes de tejido fresco de NESO y 22 de pterigión como controles; se utilizó una técnica molecular altamente sensible para identificar la infección por VPH en todos los especímenes, así como la genotipificación del VPH. También se obtuvo información demográfica sobre exposición a la luz solar y tabaquismo. Resultados: La frecuencia de infección por VPH-AR fue de 40.9% en el grupo de NESO y de 4.5% en el grupo control (p=0.009). Después de ajustar por covariables, NESO se asoció con el VPH-AR (OR=16.3, IC95%=1.2,218.1, p=0.03) y el eritema solar (OR=10.8, IC95%=1.8,86.0, p=0.02). Conclusiones: La neoplasia escamosa de superficie ocular en una neoplasia multifactorial. Los presentes resultados sugieren que el VPH-AR podría tener un papel etiológico en el desarrollo de NESO.
RESUMO
Persistent infections with some types of human papillomavirus (HPV) constitute the major etiological factor for cervical cancer development. Nanog, a stem cell transcription factor has been shown to increase during cancer progression. We wanted to determine whether Nanog could modulate transcription of E6 and E7 oncogenes. We used luciferase reporters under the regulation of the long control region (LCR) of HPV types 16 and 18 (HPV16/18) and performed RT-qPCR. We found that Nanog increases activity of both viral regulatory regions and elevates endogenous E6/E7 mRNA levels in cervical cancer-derived cells. We demonstrated by in vitro mutagenesis that changes at Nanog-binding sites found in the HPV18 LCR significantly inhibit transcriptional activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that Nanog binds in vivo to the HPV18 LCR, and its overexpression increases its binding as well as that of c-Jun. Surprisingly, we observed that mutation of AP1-binding sites also affect Nanog's ability to activate transcription, suggesting cooperation between the two factors. We searched for putative Nanog-binding sites in the LCR of several HPVs and surprisingly found them only in those types associated with cancer development. Our study shows, for the first time, a role for Nanog in the regulation of E6/E7 transcription of HPV16/18.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Papillomavirus Humano 16/genética , Papillomavirus Humano 18/genética , Proteína Homeobox Nanog/metabolismo , Proteínas Oncogênicas Virais/genética , Proteínas E7 de Papillomavirus/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Feminino , Regulação Viral da Expressão Gênica , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Papillomavirus Humano 16/metabolismo , Papillomavirus Humano 18/metabolismo , Humanos , Proteína Homeobox Nanog/genética , Proteínas Oncogênicas Virais/metabolismo , Proteínas E7 de Papillomavirus/metabolismo , Infecções por Papillomavirus/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição AP-1/genética , Fator de Transcrição AP-1/metabolismo , Ativação Transcricional , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/genética , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologiaRESUMO
Our aim was to analyze the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) and its association with risk factors related to cervical lesions. We used 362 cervical samples from a transversal study to detect nineteen types from the high-risk HPV clade by highly sensitive PCR. Unexpectedly, we found a very high prevalence of HPV type 66 (32.8%), particularly in low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. A significant association of HPV66 with previously sexually transmitted disease was observed (p < 0.05). Our results strongly suggest that HPV66 might be indicative of cervical lesions that will not progress to cancer. HPV genotyping by methods that grouped type 66 with other HR-HPV clade types should be interpreted with caution.
Assuntos
Colo do Útero/virologia , Papillomaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Displasia do Colo do Útero/virologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Feminino , Genótipo , Técnicas de Genotipagem , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Papillomaviridae/classificação , Fatores de Risco , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/patologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologia , Esfregaço Vaginal , Adulto Jovem , Displasia do Colo do Útero/patologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Identify the prevalence of HPV infections in the uterine cervix and oral cavity and HPV16 variants in HIV+ women. METHODS: A total of 174 HIV+ women attended an HIV+ specialized clinic in Mexico City. Cells were obtained from the oral cavity and cervix to extract DNA. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the HPV sequence with generic primers. We detected specific HPV types using the INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping Extra II Kit (INNOGENETICS). The identification of variants was studied by sequencing the E6 gene with a Big Dye Terminator Kit and an Applied Biosystems 3500/3500xL genetic analyzer. RESULTS: HPV infection was very high in the uterine cervix (168/174, 96.6%) and oral cavity (161/174, 92.5%). The prevalence of HPV concurrent infections in the cervix and oral cavity was 155/174 (89.1%). We found hrHPVs to be more prevalent than low-risk HPVs (lrHPVs) in the oral cavity (90.2% versus 45.4%) and that infections simultaneously affected the cervix (94.3% versus 36.2%) and oral cavity (85.1% versus 20.1%). Surprisingly, only European variants of HPV type 16 were found in the uterine cervix of women and the oral cavity of all tested samples (52 oral cavity samples and 52 uterine cervix samples). CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of HPV, multiple infections and presence of the EP350G intravariant in both anatomical regions are strongly related to the persistence of the virus, which is fundamental for the development of cancer. Therefore, it is very important to control and monitor this high-risk population as well as implement programs for the early detection of HPV and vaccination.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Papillomavirus Humano 16/imunologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/prevenção & controle , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Colo do Útero/virologia , DNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Papillomavirus Humano 16/genética , Papillomavirus Humano 16/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Boca/virologia , Proteínas Oncogênicas Virais/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Papillomavirus/transmissão , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Prevalência , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Fatores de Risco , Comportamento Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Incidence of anal and oral infections with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is increasing, particularly among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-positive (HIV+) men. HPV type 16 has exhibited the highest incidence and only limited data is available on other prevalent types, variants of HPV16, as well as associated factors. We were interested in identifying prevalent HPV types, variants of type 16, as well as factors associated with HPV16 infections in the oral cavity of HIV+ men who have sex with men (MSM). METHODS: A cross-sectional study of oral cavity samples from HIV+ MSM, that in a previous study were identified as positive for HPV16 in the anal canal. Cells from the oral cavity (102 samples, paired with 102 from the anal canal of same patient) were used to extract DNA and detect HPV infections using INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping Extra II, and PCR. From these, 80 samples (paired, 40 anal and 40 oral) were used to identify variants of type 16 by sequencing. Statistical differences were estimated by the X2 test, and p values equal to or less than 0.05 were considered significant. SPSS ver. Twenty-four statistical software (IBM Corp) was used. RESULTS: We found a high prevalence of High-Risk HPV (HR-HPV) and Low-Risk HPV (LR-HPV). Patients were positive in the oral cavity for HR types; 16, 39 and 18 (80.4, 61.8 and 52.9% respectively) and LR types 11 and 6 (53.9 and 34.3% respectively). Surprisingly, only European variants of type 16 were found in the oral cavity, although American Asian (22.5%) and African (2.5%) variants were identified in the anal canal. The analysis showed that CD4 counts could be the most important risk factor associated with HR-HPV infections in the oral cavity, anal canal or both anatomical regions. The risk of infection of the oral cavity with type 18 increased in men diagnosed with HIV for more than 6 years. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of both HR and LR HPV's in the oral cavity of Mexican HIV+ MSM is very high. The fact that only European variants of HPV16 were found in the oral cavity suggest a possible tropism not previously described.
Assuntos
Doenças Assintomáticas/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Homossexualidade Masculina , Papillomavirus Humano 16/genética , Doenças da Boca/virologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero , Adulto , Canal Anal/virologia , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Estudos Transversais , Técnicas de Genotipagem , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Humanos , Incidência , Enteropatias/virologia , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Boca/virologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections play a crucial role in the aetiology of cervical cancer (CC), and HPV16 is the primary viral genotype associated with CC. A number of variants of the HPV16 E6 gene are involved in the progression of CC, differing in their prevalence and biological and biochemical properties. This study was designed to determine the frequency of HPV types 16/18 and to identify the presence of HPV16 E6-variants in asymptomatic Mexican women. METHODS: A total of 189 cervical Pap smears were collected from women attending public health services in three different cities in Sinaloa, Mexico. Viral DNA was identified by amplification of E6 viral gene fragments using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Identification of variants was done by sequencing a DNA fragment (321bp) of the HPV16 E6 gene. RESULTS: More than half of the women tested were HPV-positive (52.38%), with HPV16 being the most frequent genotype (21.16%), followed by HPV18 (8.99%). Sequence analysis of the E6-HPV16 PCR products showed that in all cases, the viruses corresponded to European variants. It was further observed that the E350G intra-variant was the most common (>76%). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a predominance of European lineage variants of HPV16 among asymptomatic women from Sinaloa, Mexico, predominantly with of the E350G variant. This variant has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of early development of CC. The use of molecular identification of carcinogenic HPV and Pap test screening may be a good strategy for monitoring women to prevent CC.
Assuntos
Proteínas Oncogênicas Virais/genética , Papillomaviridae , Infecções por Papillomavirus , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero , Adulto , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Variação Genética , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Papillomaviridae/classificação , Papillomaviridae/genética , Papillomaviridae/patogenicidade , Infecções por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Papillomavirus/etnologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA/métodos , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/etnologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Anal cancer has become one of the most common non-AIDS-defined tumors among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-positive (HIV+) individuals, and a rise in its incidence among HIV+ Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) has been shown, despite the introduction of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART). Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infections are highly prevalent among HIV+ MSM and recent studies have shown high rates of HPV-associated anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) and anal cancer among this population. METHODS: In the present study we determined the prevalence and nature of HPV co-infections in the anal canal of 324 HIV+ MSM attending a high specialty medical center in Mexico City, DNA extraction and amplification with generic primers for HPV was performed, followed by detection of specific types and co-infections with INNO-Lipa, and identification of variants by amplification and sequencing of the E6 and LCR region of HPV 16. RESULTS: We found a very high prevalence of HPV infections among this cohort (86%), with more than one fourth of them (28%) positive for type 16. Among HPV16-positive patients, European variants were the most prevalent, followed by Asian-American ones. Among these individuals (HPV-16+), we identified co-infections with other 21 HPV types namely; 11, 51, 52, 6, 66, 68, 74, 18, 45, 35, 26, 44, 70, 53, 54, 82, 31, 33, 56, 58, 59. CONCLUSIONS: HIV+ MSM show a very high rate of HPV infections in the anal canal and those with type 16 exhibited a multiplicity of associated types. This study emphasizes the need for an early detection of HPV infections among HIV+ MSM in order to establish its utility to prevent anal neoplasia and cancer.
Assuntos
Canal Anal/virologia , DNA Viral/análise , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Homossexualidade Masculina , Papillomaviridae/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Adulto , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Neoplasias do Ânus/virologia , Carcinoma in Situ/virologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/virologia , Coinfecção , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Soropositividade para HIV , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Epidemiologia Molecular , Papillomaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE: Medicinal plants have been a source of medicinal compounds since ancient times. This study documented the use of plant species in traditional medicine in the municipality of Aquismón, San Luis Potosí, México. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Direct interviews were performed with inhabitants from Aquismón. The interviews were analyzed with two quantitative tools: (a) the informant consensus factor (ICF) that estimates the level of agreement about which medicinal plants may be used for each category and (b) the relative importance (RI) that determines the extent of potential utilization of each species. RESULTS: A total of 73 plant species with medicinal purposes, belonging to 37 families and used to treat 52 illnesses and 2 cultural filiations were reported by interviewees. Nineteen mixtures with medicinal plants were reported by the interviewers. Matricaria recutita was the most used plant for combinations (five mixtures). The results of the ICF showed that diseases of the digestive and respiratory systems had the greatest agreement. The most versatile species according to their RI are Ruta graveolens, Tagetes erecta, Ocimum basilicum and Erigeron karwinskianus. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that plant species play an important role in healing practices and magical-religious rituals among inhabitants from Huasteca Potosina. Further studies with medicinal flora, including mixtures, from Aquismón are required for the experimental validation of their traditional uses.
Assuntos
Doenças do Sistema Digestório/tratamento farmacológico , Magnoliopsida , Medicina Tradicional , Fitoterapia , Preparações de Plantas/uso terapêutico , Plantas Medicinais , Doenças Respiratórias/tratamento farmacológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to determine the association of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) in Mexican individuals with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and their association with various risk factors. METHODS: We designed a matched case-control study. Cases were individuals with newly diagnosed OSCC, age- and sex-matched with controls (1:4). Demographic and clinical data were obtained; also a self-administered questionnaire about sexual behavior was included. DNA from oral brushing was purified to amplify HPV-DNA through MY09/MY11 and GP5+/GP6+ primers and subsequently subjected to sequencing. Conditional regression models were built to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Sixty two cases and 248 controls (53.2% males), median age 62 years (Q1-Q3=54-72 years) were included. HPV prevalence was 43.5% in cases and 17.3% in controls (HR-HPV: 37.1% cases, 9.7% controls). The most frequent types in cases were HPV-16 and HPV-18 (55.6 and 18.5%). The presence of HR-HPV was associated with OSCC (OR=6.2; 95% CI: 2.98-12.97) controlling for the most common risk factors. An interaction between smoking and drinking was detected, and family history of cancer was also significant (OR: 3.61; 95% CI=1.44-8.99). Early age at first sexual intercourse and large number of lifetime sexual partners showed an association with HR-HPV (p=0.019 and p=0.033, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Oral HR-HPV was strongly associated with OSCC, suggesting that HPV-16 and -18 are risk factors for oral cancer in Mexican patients. A significant association of tobacco and alcohol was confirmed. In addition, family history of cancer was associated with OSCC. The results underline the role of HPV in OSCC and its multifactorial etiology.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/epidemiologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/virologia , Neoplasias Bucais/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Bucais/virologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/genética , DNA Viral/genética , Feminino , Papillomavirus Humano 16/genética , Papillomavirus Humano 18/genética , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Bucais/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/genética , Prevalência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
En nuestro laboratorio durante varios años se ha estudiado a la enzima glutatión-sulfhidrilo-transferasa-pi (GST-pi). Experimentos recientes mostraron que la GST-pi es expresada en diferentes etapas de maduración celular durante la hematopoyesis en cultivo líquido de CPMO de pacientes con LMC candidatos a alotrasplante. Sugiriendo que la expresión de la GST-pi fue en células malignas. En el presente trabajo, confirmamos lo anterior mediante la detección por inmunofluorescencia de la GST-pi en células BCR-ABL+ y BCR-ABL- evaluadas por FISH en SP de 30 pacientes con LMC, durante diferentes etapas clínicas: tratamiento (T), recaída hematológica (R), crisis blástica (CB) y post-alotrasplante (PT). Así como en SP de 30 donadores del Banco de Sangre del Instituto. Los resultados, expresados como porcentaje de células, fueron: BCR-ABL+ GST-pi+: T= 1-67 por ciento, R= 33-69 por ciento, BC= 90-100 por ciento y PT= 1-2 por ciento; BCR-ABL- GST-pi+: T= 2-31 por ciento, R= 5-18 por ciento, BC= 0-10 por ciento y PT= 2-5 por ciento; BCR-ABL- GST-pi-: T= 2-97 por ciento, R= 13-62 por ciento, BC= 0 por ciento y PT= 93-96 por ciento; BCR-ABL+ GST-pi-: T= 0 por ciento, R= 0 por ciento, BC= 0 por ciento y PT= 0 por ciento. La GST-pi no se expresó en las células de los donadores. Los resultados obtenidos confirman nuestras observaciones previas y sugieren que la expresión de la GST-pi podría usarse para evaluar la enfermedad mínima residual en los pacientes con LMC.