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BACKGROUND: Considering the high morbidity and mortality after myocardial infarction (MI), the study of compounds with potential benefits for cardiac remodeling is reasonable. Green tea (GT) (Cammellia sinensis) is the most consumed beverage in the world. The potential action mechanisms of GT include anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and lipid-lowering properties. OBJECTIVE: This study analyzed the effects of GT on cardiac remodeling following coronary occlusion in rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (C), control green tea (GT), myocardial infarction (MI), and myocardial infarction and green tea (MI-GT). GT and MI-GT were fed with standard chow with 0.25% Polyphenon 60 (Sigma-Aldrich Canada, Oakville, ON, Canada). After 3months of observation, echocardiographic and isolated heart study, oxidative stress, energy metabolism, serum lipids, extracellular matrix, and apoptosis were evaluated. RESULTS: GT reduced cardiac hypertrophy and improved systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Concerning oxidative stress, GT reduced protein carbonyl, increased Nrf-2, and restored antioxidant enzyme activity to the control pattern. Energy metabolism was affected by MI that presented with lower fatty acid oxidation and accumulation of triacylglycerol, increased serum lipids, impairment of the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. GT stimulated the glucose pathway and mitochondrial function after MI by increasing pyruvate dehydrogenase, Complex I, ATP synthase, and glycogen storage. In addition, MI changed the extracellular matrix including MMP-2 and TIMP-1 activity and increased apoptosis by 3-caspase, all of which were attenuated by GT. CONCLUSION: GT attenuated cardiac remodeling after MI, associated with improvement in systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Oxidative stress, energy metabolism, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix alterations are all potential mechanisms by which GT may take part.

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Abstract Background: Tobacco smoke exposure is an important risk factor for cardiac remodeling. Under this condition, inflammation, oxidative stress, energy metabolism abnormalities, apoptosis, and hypertrophy are present. Pentoxifylline has anti‑inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-thrombotic and anti-proliferative properties. Objective: The present study tested the hypothesis that pentoxifylline would attenuate cardiac remodeling induced by smoking. Methods: Wistar rats were distributed in four groups: Control (C), Pentoxifylline (PX), Tobacco Smoke (TS), and PX-TS. After two months, echocardiography, invasive blood pressure measurement, biochemical, and histological studies were performed. The groups were compared by two-way ANOVA with a significance level of 5%. Results: TS increased left atrium diameter and area, which was attenuated by PX. In the isolated heart study, TS lowered the positive derivate (+dp/dt), and this was attenuated by PX. The antioxidants enzyme superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were decreased in the TS group; PX recovered these activities. TS increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and decreased 3-hydroxyacyl Coenzyme A dehydrogenases (OH-DHA) and citrate synthase (CS). PX attenuated LDH, 3-OH-DHA and CS alterations in TS-PX group. TS increased IL-10, ICAM-1, and caspase-3. PX did not influence these variables. Conclusion: TS induced cardiac remodeling, associated with increased inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and changed energy metabolism. PX attenuated cardiac remodeling by reducing oxidative stress and improving cardiac bioenergetics, but did not act upon cardiac cytokines and apoptosis.

Resumo Fundamento: Exposição à fumaça de cigarros é um fator significativo de risco para a remodelação cardíaca. Nesta condição, estão presentes inflamação, estresse oxidativo, anormalidades do metabolismo energético, apoptose e hipertrofia. A pentoxifilina tem propriedades anti-inflamatórias, anti-apoptóticas, anti-trombóticas e anti-proliferativas. Objetivo: O presente estudo testou a hipótese de que a pentoxifilina atenuaria a remodelação cardíaca induzida pelo fumo. Métodos: Ratos Wistar foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: Controle (C), Pentoxifilina (PX), Fumaça de Cigarro (FC), e PX-FC. Depois de dois meses, foram feitos ecocardiografia, medição de pressão arterial invasiva e estudos bioquímicos e histológicos. Os grupos foram comparados por ANOVA de duas vias com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: FC aumentou o diâmetro e a área do átrio esquerdo, o que foi atenuado pela PX. No estudo de coração isolado, FC diminuiu a derivada positiva (+dp/dt), o que foi atenuado por PX. Os antioxidantes enzima superóxido-dismutase e glutationa peroxidase foram reduzidos no grupo FC; PX recuperou essas atividades. FC aumentou o lactato desidrogenase (LDH) e reduziu as desidrogenases 3-hidroxiacil Coenzima A (OH-DHA) e citrato sintase (CS). PX atenuou alterações de LDH, 3-OH-DHA e CS no grupo PX-FC. FC aumentou IL-10, ICAM-1 e caspase-3. PX não teve influência nestas variáveis. Conclusão: FC induziu remodelação cardíaca, associada a um aumento de inflamação, estresse oxidativo, apoptose e metabolismo energético alterado. PX atenuou remodelação cardíaca, reduzindo estresse oxidativo e melhorando bioenergética cardíaca, mas não agiu nas citocinas cardíacas nem na apoptose.

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BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoke exposure is an important risk factor for cardiac remodeling. Under this condition, inflammation, oxidative stress, energy metabolism abnormalities, apoptosis, and hypertrophy are present. Pentoxifylline has anti­inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-thrombotic and anti-proliferative properties. OBJECTIVE: The present study tested the hypothesis that pentoxifylline would attenuate cardiac remodeling induced by smoking. METHODS: Wistar rats were distributed in four groups: Control (C), Pentoxifylline (PX), Tobacco Smoke (TS), and PX-TS. After two months, echocardiography, invasive blood pressure measurement, biochemical, and histological studies were performed. The groups were compared by two-way ANOVA with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: TS increased left atrium diameter and area, which was attenuated by PX. In the isolated heart study, TS lowered the positive derivate (+dp/dt), and this was attenuated by PX. The antioxidants enzyme superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were decreased in the TS group; PX recovered these activities. TS increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and decreased 3-hydroxyacyl Coenzyme A dehydrogenases (OH-DHA) and citrate synthase (CS). PX attenuated LDH, 3-OH-DHA and CS alterations in TS-PX group. TS increased IL-10, ICAM-1, and caspase-3. PX did not influence these variables. CONCLUSION: TS induced cardiac remodeling, associated with increased inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and changed energy metabolism. PX attenuated cardiac remodeling by reducing oxidative stress and improving cardiac bioenergetics, but did not act upon cardiac cytokines and apoptosis.

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Um dos mecanismos que explica como o infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) evolui para insuficiência cardíaca é denominado de remodelação ventricular. Dentre as inúmeras alterações bioquímicas associadas ao processo destaca-se o estresse oxidativo. O consumo habitual do chá verde (CV) é associado a benefícios à saúde, devido às suas propriedades, antioxidante, antiiflamatória, antiapoptótica, antiproliferativa, antimutagênica. Estas são atribuídas às catequinas, seu composto bioativo. Portanto, é possível que o extrato de chá verde atenue alguns parâmetros envolvidos na remodelação cardíaca. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar se o extrato de chá verde atenua a remodelação cardíaca após o infarto agudo do miocárdio. Para tanto foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos divididos em quatro grupos: controle padrão (CP) (28-sham); extrato do CV (CV) (32-sham e extrato de chá verde); infarto padrão (IP) (25-animais infartados controles); infarto e extrato do CV (ICV) (26- animais infartados e extrato do CV). Ecocardiografia inicial foi realizada após cinco dias ao IAM. A partir de uma divisão homogênea dos animais, considerando o tamanho do infarto maior a 35%, iniciou-se o tratamento. Ao final de três meses estes animais foram estudados por meio de ecocardiografia, morfometria, dosagens bioquímicas de enzimas do estresse oxidativo, metabolismo energético, perfil lipídico sérico, inibidor tecidual de metaloprotease (TIMP-1) e zimografia para atividade das metaloproteases (MMP-2 e MMP-9). Nos resultados, observou-se aumento do diâmetro diastólico do ventrículo esquerdo pelo peso corporal, diâmetro sistólico do ventrículo esquerdo pelo peso corporal e diâmetro do átrio esquerdo pelo peso corporal nos grupos com IAM, mas houve atenuação nos ICV. O tempo de desaceleração da onda E foi reduzido no IP, o que não foi observado no ICV, tendo valor similar ao CV...

One mechanism that explains how acute myocardial infarction develops into heart failure is called ventricular remodeling. Among the many biochemical changes associated with the process stands oxidative stress. The regular consumption of green tea (GT) is associated with health benefits due to its properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, antiproliferative, antimutagenic. These are attributed to catechins, its bioactive compound. Therefore, it is possible that GT extract mitigate some parameters involved in cardiac remodeling. The objective of this study was to assess whether the green tea extract attenuates cardiac remodeling after acute myocardial infarction. For both, male Wistar rats were allocated in 4 groups: control (C-28 sham); green tea extract (GT-32 sham and GT); infarction group (MI-25 infarcted animals controls); infarction and green tea extract (IGT-26 infarcted animals and GT). To start the treatment an initial echocardiography was performed five days after the myocardial infarction, from a homogeneous division of the animals, considering the size of the infarction greater than 35%. At the end of three months these animals were studied by echocardiography, morphometry, biochemical enzyme of the oxidative stress, energy metabolism, lipid profile, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) and zymography for activity of metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9). The results showed an increase in left ventricular diastolic diameter by body weight, left ventricular systolic diameter by body weight and left atrial diameter by body weight in groups with MI, but there was attenuation in IGT. The deceleration time of the E wave was reduced in MI, which was not observed in IGT, with a value similar to GT group. GT extract also normalized the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase in the IGT group, when compared to MI...

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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of operational conditions of the extrusion process (temperature, moisture and protein content) in production of cassava snacks added of casein, aiming to provide information to the cassava processing industry. The cassava flour and casein were characterized as their chemical components and color. The experimental design followed the central composite rotational design with three factors. The obtained products were characterized as for rate of expansion, specific volume, color and hardness. Data analyses showed that the lower moisture, protein and temperature conditions provided desired expanded products with light color attributes, high expansion and low hardness.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo a avaliação dos efeitos das condições operacionais do processo de extrusão (temperatura de extrusão, umidade e teor de proteína) na obtenção de produtos expandidos de mandioca, enriquecidos com caseína, visando fornecer informações ao setor de processamento de mandioca. A farinha de mandioca e a caseína foram caracterizadas quanto aos seus componentes químicos e cor. O experimento seguiu o delineamento experimental central composto rotacional para três fatores. Os produtos obtidos foram caracterizados quanto ao índice de expansão, volume específico, cor e dureza. A análise dos dados mostrou que as condições de menor umidade, teor de proteína e temperatura proporcionaram a obtenção de produtos expandidos com atributos desejados, ou seja, cor clara, alta expansão e baixa dureza.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of operational conditions of the extrusion process (temperature, moisture and protein content) in production of cassava snacks added of casein, aiming to provide information to the cassava processing industry. The cassava flour and casein were characterized as their chemical components and color. The experimental design followed the central composite rotational design with three factors. The obtained products were characterized as for rate of expansion, specific volume, color and hardness. Data analyses showed that the lower moisture, protein and temperature conditions provided desired expanded products with light color attributes, high expansion and low hardness.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo a avaliação dos efeitos das condições operacionais do processo de extrusão (temperatura de extrusão, umidade e teor de proteína) na obtenção de produtos expandidos de mandioca, enriquecidos com caseína, visando fornecer informações ao setor de processamento de mandioca. A farinha de mandioca e a caseína foram caracterizadas quanto aos seus componentes químicos e cor. O experimento seguiu o delineamento experimental central composto rotacional para três fatores. Os produtos obtidos foram caracterizados quanto ao índice de expansão, volume específico, cor e dureza. A análise dos dados mostrou que as condições de menor umidade, teor de proteína e temperatura proporcionaram a obtenção de produtos expandidos com atributos desejados, ou seja, cor clara, alta expansão e baixa dureza.

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