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Background: COVID-19 lung sequelae can impact the course of patient lives. We investigated the evolution of pulmonary abnormalities in post-COVID-19 patients 18-24 months after hospital discharge. Methods: A cohort of COVID-19 patients admitted to the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP in São Paulo, Brazil, between March and August of 2020, were followed-up 6-12 months after hospital discharge. A subset of patients with pulmonary involvement and chest computed tomography (CT) scans were eligible to participate in this second follow-up (18-24 months). Data was analyzed in an ambidirectional manner, including retrospective data from the hospitalization, and from the first follow-up (6-12 months after discharge), and compared with the prospective data collected in this new follow-up. Findings: From 348 patients eligible, 237 (68%) participated in this follow-up. Among participants, 139 (58%) patients presented ground-glass opacities and reticulations, and 80 (33%) presented fibrotic-like lesions (traction bronchiectasis and architectural distortion). Five (2%) patients improved compared to the 6-12-month assessment, but 20 (25%) of 80 presented worsening of lung abnormalities. For those with relevant assessments on both occasions, comparing the CT findings between this follow-up with the previous assessment, there was an increase in patients with architectural distortion (43 [21%] of 204 vs 57 [28%] of 204, p = 0.0093), as well as in traction bronchiectasis (55 [27%] of 204 vs 69 [34%] of 204, p = 0.0043). Patients presented a persistent functional impairment with demonstrated restrictive pattern in both follow-ups (87 [42%] of 207 vs 91 [44%] of 207, p = 0.76), as well as for the reduced diffusion capacity (88 [42%] of 208 vs 87 [42%] of 208, p = 1.0). Length of hospitalization (OR 1.04 [1.01-1.07], p = 0.0040), invasive mechanical ventilation (OR 3.11 [1.3-7.5] p = 0.011), patient's age (OR 1.03 [1.01-1.06] p = 0.0074 were consistent predictors for development of fibrotic-like lung lesions in post-COVID-19 patients. Interpretation: Post-COVID-19 lung sequelae can persist and progress after hospital discharge, suggesting airways involvement and formation of new fibrotic-like lesions, mainly in patients who were in intensive care unit (ICU). Funding: São Paulo Research Foundation (22/01769-5) and Instituto Todos pela Saúde (C1721).

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El entrenamiento funcional de alta intensidad representa un nuevo paradigma del fitness, además es un tipo de ejercicio que crece a nivel mundial en cuanto a practicantes y centros de acondicionamiento físico que lo ofertan; no obstante, la documentación respecto a la forma de realizar este tipo de entrenamientos es escasa, por lo que se puede presentar diferentes problemáticas en este ámbito de la actividad física, el deporte y la salud por desconocimiento de cómo efectuar este tipo de ejercicio físico de alta intensidad. El objetivo estudio de este artículo es hacer una reflexión crítica sobre los medios y métodos aplicados en el entrenamiento funcional de alta intensidad. Posterior a la consulta de literatura se propone la siguiente clasificación para los medios (calisténicos/gimnásticos, cardiometabólico y levantamiento), mientras que los métodos obtuvieron dos clasificaciones, una basada en la modalidad (medios) y otra en la organización (estructura de la sesión). En conclusión, esta nueva propuesta se ajusta más a la realidad del entrenamiento funcional de alta intensidad desde las bases del entrenamiento deportivo.

High-intensity functional training represents a new fitness paradigm, it is also a type of exercise that is growing worldwide in terms of practitioners and fitness centers that offer it, despite the documentation regarding how to perform this type of exercise is scarce, so different problems can arise in this area of physical activity, sports and health due to a lack of knowledge of how to carry out this type of high-intensity physical exercise. The study objective of this article is to make a critical reflection on the means and methods applied in high intensity functional training. After consulting the literature, the following classification is proposed for the means (calisthenics/gymnastics, cardiometabolic and lifting), while the methods obtained two classifications, one based on the modality (means) and the other on the organizational (structure of the session). In conclusion, this new proposal is more in line with the reality of high-intensity functional training from the bases of sports training.

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Introducción: El CrossFit representa un paradigma interesante del fitness para los profesionales del ejercicio y la medicina deportiva. No obstante, aún se desconoce si el ritmo de repetición influye en las respuestas cardiovasculares y la percepción del esfuerzo en este tipo de entrenamiento físico. Objetivo: Relacionar el ritmo de repetición del CrossFit WOD Karen con la frecuencia cardíaca y el esfuerzo percibido en sujetos físicamente activos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo-correlacional de enfoque cuantitativo a una muestra no probabilística de 20 sujetos. Durante la aplicación de la prueba WOD Karen y el test Course-Navette, la frecuencia cardíaca se monitoreó a través de pulsómetros Polar H7; el esfuerzo percibido se valoró con la escala de Borg CR-10 y el ritmo de repetición se calculó mediante una ecuación matemática. Los datos se analizaron con el paquete estadístico PSPP y se empleó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. Resultados: La intensidad relativa del entrenamiento (r = -0,67) y la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo (r = -0,68) se relacionan negativamente en las mujeres. En ambos sexos no existió significación (p < 0,05). Conclusión: Las mujeres con un ritmo de repetición más rápido presentaron una frecuencia cardíaca y un esfuerzo percibido más bajo(AU)

Introduction: CrossFit represents an interesting fitness paradigm for exercise and sports medicine professionals. However, it is still unknown whether the repetition rate of this type of physical training influences cardiovascular responses and perceived exertion. Objective: To find the relation between the repetition rate of the CrossFit WOD Karen to heart rate and the perceived exertion in physically active subjects. Methods: A descriptive-correlational study with a quantitative approach was performed with a non-probabilistic sample of 20 subjects. During the application of the WOD Karen test and the Course-Navette test, heart rate was monitored with pulsometers; perceived exertion was assessed through the Borg CR-10 scale and repetition rate was calculated using a mathematical equation. Data were analyzed with the PSPP statistical package and the Spearman's correlation coefficient was used. Results: Relative training intensity (r = -0.67) and subjective perception of effort (r = -0.68) were negatively related in women. In both genders there was no significance (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Women with a faster repetition rate had a lower heart rate and lower perceived exertion(AU)

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INTRODUCTION: Midazolam is a benzodiazepine used for sedation, however, can cause respiratory depression and increases morbidity in patients. Melatonin is an effective alternative to manage anxiety in the perioperative period and could help to reduce the use of benzodiazepines during surgery. The aim of this clinical trial was to determine the efficacy of pre-operative sedation with a single-dose melatonin to reduce intraoperative use of midazolam in women under total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a double-blind randomized clinical trial conducted in women over 25 years, scheduled for TAH, with American Society of Anesthesiologists Grade I or II. Each patient was randomly assigned to receive 5 mg of melatonin prolonged-release oral capsules or placebo. Midazolam use for anesthetic management was the decision of the treating anesthesiologist and sedation status was determined using the observer's assessment of alertness/sedation scale. RESULTS: In patients receiving melatonin, the use of midazolam during surgery was less than in patients receiving placebo. In addition, melatonin produces sedation 30 min after administration, the sedative effect was maintained at 60- and 90-min. Furthermore, hospital stay was shorter in patients who received melatonin (p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: Melatonin is effective for reduces intraoperative midazolam consumption and hospital stay in women undergoing TAH.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El midazolam es una benzodiazepina utilizada para la sedación, sin embargo, puede causar depresión respiratoria y aumentar la morbilidad en los pacientes. La melatonina es una alternativa eficaz para controlar la ansiedad en el período perioperatorio y podría ayudar a reducir el uso de benzodiazepinas durante la cirugía. El objetivo de este ensayo clínico fue determinar la eficacia de la sedación preoperatoria con una dosis única de melatonina para reducir el uso intraoperatorio de midazolam en mujeres sometidas a histerectomía abdominal total (HTA). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se trata de un ensayo clínico aleatorizado doble ciego realizado en mujeres mayores de 25 años, programadas para TAH, con American Society of Anesthesiologists Grado I o II. Cada paciente fue asignado al azar para recibir 5 mg de cápsulas orales de liberación prolongada de melatonina o placebo. El uso de midazolam para el manejo anestésico fue decisión del anestesiólogo tratante y el estado de sedación se determinó mediante la escala OAA/S. RESULTADOS: En las pacientes que recibieron melatonina, el uso de midazolam durante la cirugía fue menor que en las pacientes que recibieron placebo. Además, la melatonina produce sedación 30 min después de la administración, el efecto sedante se mantuvo a los 60 y 90 min. Además, la estancia hospitalaria fue más corta en los pacientes que recibieron melatonina (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIÓN: La melatonina es eficaz para reducir el consumo de midazolam intraoperatorio y la estancia hospitalaria en mujeres sometidas a HTA.

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BACKGROUND: Literature on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in cancer patients is scarce in Latin America. This population seems to have a higher risk for adverse outcomes. This study aims to correlate clinical characteristics with outcomes in patients with cancer. METHODS: We included all patients with cancer and confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from April 19 to December 31, 2020, at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Mexico. Clinical information was obtained from medical and epidemiological records. For the association between variables and hospitalization, invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and mortality, univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed; odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: Four hundred thirty-three patients were included; 268 (62%) were female, the median age was 55 years. One hundred thirty-five (31%), 131 (30%), and 93 (21%) patients had obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus (DM), respectively. Three hundred forty-one (79%) had solid cancer. One hundred seventy (39%) had advanced cancer. Two hundred (46%) patients were hospitalized. Age (p < 0.01), male gender (p = 0.03), hematological malignancies (HM) (p = 0.04) and advanced cancer (p = 0.03) increased the risk for hospital admission. Forty-five (10%) patients required IMV. Age (p = 0.02); DM (p = 0.04); high C-reactive protein (p < 0.01), and lactate dehydrogenase (p = 0.03) were associated with IMV. Mortality within 30 days after diagnosis was 18% (76 cases). Associated characteristics were age (p = 0.04) and low albumin (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, patients with cancer showed higher mortality, need for hospitalization, and IMV compared with other non-cancer cohorts. We did not find an increased risk in mortality for HM. Although our cohort was younger than others previously reported, age was a strong predictor of adverse outcomes. Variables associated with IMV and death were similar to those previously described in cancer patients with COVID-19.

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RESUMEN Introducción: Estimar la fuerza muscular en miembros superiores con diferentes pruebas es primordial para la cuantificación de las cargas de entrenamiento, sin embargo, son escasos los estudios científicos que correlacionan las flexiones de brazos con la repetición máxima en press banca plano, un ejercicio de peso libre comúnmente utilizado para activar la musculatura del tren superior. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre la resistencia muscular en flexiones de brazos y la repetición máxima en press banca plano en sujetos físicamente activos. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de tipo correlacional con una muestra a conveniencia de 15 hombres y 7 mujeres estudiantes de educación física, recreación y deportes de la Universidad de Pamplona. Se aplicó el protocolo de la National Strength and Conditioning Association para la evaluación de la resistencia muscular en flexiones de brazo y para el press banca plano se aplicó el test de la repetición máxima que consiste en ejecutar una repetición con la mayor cantidad de peso posible. Se utilizó el paquete estadístico PSPP (p-valor de 0,05) para aplicar las pruebas de normalidad (Shapiro-Wilk) y el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. Resultados: El principal hallazgo fue la asociación positiva y no significativa (p > 0,05) de la resistencia muscular en flexiones de brazos con la repetición máxima en press banca plano en hombres (r = 0,26) y mujeres (r = 0,49). Conclusión: En sujetos físicamente activos no existe una asociación significativa entre la resistencia muscular en flexiones de brazo y la repetición máxima en press banca plano.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Estimating muscle strength in upper limbs with different tests is paramount for quantifying training loads, however, there are few scientific studies that correlate the push-ups of the arms with the maximum repetition in flat bench press, a free weight exercise commonly used to activate the upper train musculature. Objective: To determine the association between muscle resistance in arm flexions and maximum repetition in flat bench press in physically active subjects. Methods: Descriptive study of correlational type with a sample of 15 men and 7 women students of physical education, recreation and sports of the University of Pamplona. The National Strength and Conditioning Association protocol was applied for the evaluation of muscle endurance in arm push-ups and for the flat bench press the maximum repetition test was applied which consists of executing a repetition with as much weight as possible. In addition, the statistical package PSPP (p-value of 0,05) was used to apply the normality tests (Shapiro-Wilk) and the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: The main finding was the positive and non-significant association (p>0,05) of muscle endurance in push-ups with maximum repetition in bench press in men (r = 0,26) and women (r = 0,49). Conclusion: In physically active subjects there is no significant association between muscle resistance in arm push-ups and maximum repetition in flat bench press.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: el COVID-19 es una enfermedad infecciosa que puede causar disfunciones respiratorias y físicas a corto y largo plazo. La disnea como consecuencia de la fibrosis pulmonar progresa a medida que la enfermedad avanza y afecta la calidad de vida. OBEJTIVO: determinar el nivel de disnea y su impacto en la calidad de vida de los pacientes post COVID-19 después del alta hospitalaria. METODOLOGÍA: enfoque cuantitativo, alcance descriptivo relacional, diseño no experimental con una muestra de 82 pacientes de 20 a 65 años de edad, pertenecientes al Hospital Monte Sinaí de la ciudad de Guayaquil. RESULTADOS: el mayor porcentaje de la población evaluada pertenecía al sexo masculino y las edades entre 50 a 59 años, donde la hipertensión sobresale entre las patologías pre-existentes; el 71% de los pacientes evaluados tiene disminución de la capacidad física, 1 a 4 en la escala de Borg; el 30% de los pacientes posee disnea moderada, el 35% indicó que su calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, ha tenido un impacto alto previo alta hospitalaria y se comprobó su dependencia entre el CAT y la mMRC, ya que aquellos pacientes con disnea grado 3 y 4 presentaban un impacto alto y muy alto en su calidad de vida y en el 70% de los pacientes evaluados la fatiga interfiere en sus actividades generales. CONCLUSIÓN: los pacientes Post COVID-19 presentan disnea moderada que interfiere en su calidad de vida, las mismas que están relacionadas a la edad, antecedentes patológicos y el tiempo de evolución.

INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 is an infectious disease that can cause respiratory and physical dysfunctions in the short and long term. Dyspnea as a consequence of pulmonary fibrosis progresses as the disease progresses and affects quality of life. OBJECTIVE: to determine the level of dyspnea and its impact on the quality of life of post-COVID-19 patients after hospital discharge. METHODOLOGY: quantitative approach, relational descriptive scope, non-experimental design with a sample of 82 patients from 20 to 65 years of age, belonging to the Monte Sinaí Hospital in the city of Guayaquil. RESULTS: the highest percentage of the evaluated population belonged to the male sex and the ages between 50 to 59 years, where hypertension stands out among the pre-existing pathologies; 71% of the patients evaluated have decreased physical capacity, 1 to 4 on the Borg scale; 30% of the patients have moderate dyspnea, 35% indicated that their health-related quality of life has had a high impact prior to discharge from hospital and their dependence between CAT and mMRC was confirmed, since those patients with dyspnea Grade 3 and 4 had a high and very high impact on their quality of life and in 70% of the patients evaluated, fatigue interferes with their general activities. CONCLUSION: post COVID-19 patients present moderate dyspnea that interferes with their quality of life, which are related to age, pathological history and time of evolution.

INTRODUÇÃO: COVID-19 é uma doença infecciosa que pode causar disfunções respiratórias e físicas em curto e longo prazo. A dispneia como consequência da fibrose pulmonar progride com a progressão da doença e afeta a qualidade de vida. OBJETIVO: determinar o grau de dispneia e seu impacto na qualidade de vida de pacientes pós-COVID-19 após a alta hospitalar. METODOLOGIA: abordagem quantitativa, âmbito descritivo relacional, delineamento não experimental com amostra de 82 pacientes de 20 a 65 anos, pertencentes ao Hospital Monte Sinaí na cidade de Guayaquil. RESULTADOS: o maior percentual da população avaliada pertencia ao sexo masculino e na faixa etária de 50 a 59 anos, onde a hipertensão se destaca entre as patologias pré-existentes; 71% dos pacientes avaliados têm capacidade física diminuída, 1 a 4 na escala de Borg; 30% dos pacientes apresentam dispneia moderada, 35% indicaram que sua qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde teve um alto impacto antes da alta hospitalar e sua dependência entre CAT e mMRC foi confirmada, uma vez que aqueles pacientes com dispneia Os graus 3 e 4 tiveram um impacto alto e muito alto em sua qualidade de vida e em 70% dos pacientes avaliados, a fadiga interfere em suas atividades gerais. CONCLUSÃO: pacientes pós COVID-19 apresentam dispneia moderada que interfere em sua qualidade de vida, que estão relacionados à idade, história patológica e tempo de evolução.

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Objetivos: Describir las características médicas ocupacionales de los conductores profesionales y los resultados toxicológicos presentes en accidentes de tránsito en un centro de salud ocupacional de Lima Metropolitana. 2014-2018. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de análisis de datos de fuente secundaria. El tamaño de muestra analizado fue 11520 conductores profesionales de la ciudad de Lima metropolitana durante 2014 al 2018, seleccionado de base de datos innominada mediante un muestreo probabilístico de aleatorización simple. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva univariadas usando valores de frecuencias absolutas y relativas, cálculo de intervalos de confianza al 95% y diagramas de error para cada una de las variables, identificando las diferencias existentes en cada una de las categorías o niveles de la variable. El procesamiento de la información fue realizado en el programa estadístico R versión 3.6. Resultados: El 64% de conductores sufren de sobrepeso u obesidad, el 58% de los conductores sufren alguna enfermedad de visión, el 67% siempre estuvieron en vigilia en cada conducción, el 73% de los conductores estuvieron actos para la conducción automovilística y un 13.3% de los conductores que sufrieron un accidente de tránsito estuvieron bajo efecto de las drogas. Conclusiones: Los conductores profesionales atendidos en salud ocupacional presentan con frecuencia obesidad y presbicia como defecto visual; mientras que el 27% fueron calificados como aptos para sus funciones, pero con restricciones. Las drogas detectadas con mayor frecuencia en conductores con accidentes de tránsito fue el alcohol y la marihuana.

Objetives:To describe the occupational medical characteristics of professional drivers and the toxicological results present in traffic accidents in an occupational health center in Metropolitan Lima. 2014-2018. Material and methods: Retrospective descriptive study of secondary source data analysis. The sample size analyzed was 11520 professional drivers from the city of metropolitan Lima during 2014 to 2018, selected from an unnamed database using a probabilistic simple randomization sample. Univariate descriptive statistics were used using absolute and relative frequency values, calculation of 95% confidence intervals and error diagrams for each of the variables, identifying the differences in each of the categories or levels of the variable. The information processing was performed in the statistical program R version 3.6. Results: 64% of drivers suffer from overweight or obesity, 58% of drivers suffer from some vision illness, 67% were always on the lookout in each driving, 73% of drivers were acts for car driving and a 13.3% of drivers who suffered a traffic accident were under the influence of drugs. Conclusions: Professional drivers treated in occupational health frequently have obesity and presbyopia as a visual defect; while 27% were qualified as fit for their functions, but with restrictions. The drugs most frequently detected in drivers with traffic accidents were alcohol and marijuana.

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Resumen: El manejo del dolor postoperatorio en cirugía de columna lumbar no ha sido protocolizado en México. La cirugía en columna lumbar (discectomía, laminectomía, fusión e instrumentación) se encuentra entre las primeras seis cirugías más dolorosas. El tratamiento adecuado del dolor postoperatorio en esta población, debe guiarse mediante un abordaje perioperatorio ordenado, con la identificación temprana de factores de riesgo para dolor severo y factores asociados con la respuesta funcional a largo plazo (visite https://becertain.shinyapps.io/lumbar_fusion_calculator), la premedicación y establecimiento de protocolos analgésicos de acuerdo con las características clínicas de los pacientes, lo cual derivará en una movilización temprana, disminución del riesgo de neumonía, de íleo, de úlceras de presión, además de acelerar el alta hospitalaria, la disminución de costos y el aumento de la calidad en la atención (visita http://www.painoutmexico.com para obtener la versión completa del artículo y recomendaciones).

Abstract: Management of postoperative pain in lumbar spine surgery has not been protocolized in Mexico. Lumbar spine surgery (discectomy, laminectomy, fusion and instrumentation) is among the first six most painful surgeries. Adequate treatment of postoperative pain in this population should be guided with the identification of early risk factors for severe pain and factors associated with long-term functional response (visit https://becertain.shinyapps.io/lumbar_fusion_calculator), pre-medication and the establishment of an adequate analgesic approach according to the clinical characteristics of the patients will lead to early mobilization, decreasing the risk of pneumonia, ileus, pressure ulcers, in addition to accelerating hospital discharge, lower costs and increase the quality of care (visithttp://www.painoutmexico.com to get the full version of the article and recommendations) .

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Leishmaniasis is a poverty-related disease, the chemotherapy of which is based on few drugs. The in vitro macrophage-amastigote model using mouse peritoneal cells, human-monocyte transformed macrophages and immortalized cell lines have been used to test new and safe antileishmanial drugs. Considering the differences for drug sensitivities between these Leishmania infected cells, the efficacy of amphotericin B, pentavalent antimonial, miltefosine and resveratrol was evaluated in a recently developed ex vivo culture of macrophages isolated from mouse lesion induced by L. amazonensis (CD11b+F4/80+CD68+CD14+) compared with infected peritoneal macrophages (CD11b+F4/80+CD68+CD14+). The results show that IC50 values of amphotericin B, miltefosine and pentavalent antimonial for parasites in lesional and peritoneal macrophages were similar, although high doses of these compounds did not result in total clearance of parasites in lesional cells (amphotericin B), peritoneal cells (miltefosine) and both cell cultures (pentavalent antimonial). Amastigotes infecting lesional macrophages were more resistant to resveratrol as compared to parasites in peritoneal macrophages. The cytoxicity of miltefosine and resveratrol was higher in infected peritoneal macrophages than in lesional cells. These data suggest that the antileishmanial effect and citotoxicity of some anti leishmanial compounds are dependent of macrophage source and mouse peritoneal macrophages loaded with amastigotes do not represent the lesion cell.

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Graphene oxide (GO) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can be formed into a hybrid nanomaterial, known as GOAg nanocomposite, which presents high antibacterial activity. The successful translation of this nanomaterial into medical use depends on critical information about its toxicological profile. In keeping with a Safe-by-design approach, we evaluated the immunotoxicity of GOAg using J774 and primary murine macrophages. The interaction between GOAg and macrophages was investigated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). High-throughput technologies were employed to evaluate cell viability, apoptosis/necrosis, mitochondrial depolarization and lipid peroxidation. The inflammogenicity of nanomaterials was predicted after quantification of the cytokines IL-1ß, TNF-α and IL-10 before and after stimulation with interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The ratio between CD80 and CD206 macrophage populations were also estimated. In addition, the production of nitric oxide (NO) was investigated. SEM surveys revealed the potential of GOAg to induce frustrated phagocytosis. GOAg induced a dose-dependent mitochondrial depolarization, apoptosis and lipid peroxidation to J774 macrophages. GOAg toxicity was not modified in an inflammatory microenvironment, but its toxicity was within the range of concentrations used in bacterial inactivation. GOAg did not induce primary macrophages to significantly produce inflammatory cytokines, and previous macrophage stimulation did not enhance GOAg inflammogenicity. Additionally, the pristine nanomaterials and GOAg do not shift macrophages polarization towards M1. Sublethal concentrations of GOAg did not impair macrophages NO production. Finally, we suggest options for improvement of GOAg nanocomposite in ways that may help minimize its possible adverse outcomes to human health.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the correlation between morbidity/mortality and the pre-surgical protocol in patients undergoing anterior cervical surgical approach. Methods: Retrospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study, in which 114 patients who underwent anterior cervical surgical approach were reviewed, divided into two groups: "Group A" Conventional Presurgical Protocol (CPP) and "Group B" Extended Presurgical Protocol (EPP). Statistical analysis used the IBM SPSS Statistics Base v.24 software. Results: We evaluated 114 patients, 35 from "Group A", 79 from "Group B", 83 (72.8%) with cervical myelopathy, 30 (26.3%) with cervicobrachialgia. "Group A" had 10 cases of respiratory failure, with 5 secondary to bronchial secretion, 2 secondary to cervical hematoma. "Group B" had 12 cases of respiratory failure, 3 secondary to bronchial secretion and 1 secondary to cervical hematoma. Conclusions: The extended presurgical protocol can be the answer to reduce complications by improving selection parameters of the candidate patient for a surgical procedure of the cervical spine. Level of Evidence III; Case-control studyg.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a correlação entre morbidade e mortalidade e o protocolo pré-cirúrgico, em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de coluna cervical anterior. Método: Estudo retrospectivo, transversal e descritivo, em 114 pacientes com cirurgia cervical anterior, dois grupos foram montados: "Grupo A" pré-cirúrgico convencional (PPP) e "grupo B" protocolo pré-cirúrgico estendido (PPE), a análise v.24 SPSS Statistics Base. Resultados: 114 casos de pacientes, 35 "Grupo A", 79 "grupo B", 83 (72,8%) com a mielopatia cervical, 30 (26,3%) com cervicobraquialgia avaliada. No "Grupo A" forma relatados: 10 casos de insuficiência respiratória, 5 são secundárias a secreção brônquica, 2 são secundárias a hematoma cervical. No "Grupo B" foram relatados: 12 casos de aflição respiratória, 3 são secreção brônquica secundária e um secundário ao hematoma cervical. Conclusão: protocolo pré-cirúrgico estendido pode ser a resposta para reduzir as complicações, a partir do momento que se melhoram os parâmetros de seleção do paciente, que é candidato a um procedimento cirúrgico anterior da coluna cervical. Nível de evidência III, Estudo de caso controleg.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la correlación entre la morbimortalidad y el protocolo prequirúrgico en pacientes sometidos a cirugía de la columna cervical por vía anterior. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, transversal y descriptivo, en el cual se revisaron 114 pacientes con cirugía cervical anterior, divididos en dos grupos: "Grupo A", Protocolo Prequirúrgico Convencional (PPC) y "Grupo B" Protocolo Prequirúrgico Extendido (PPE). El análisis estadístico se hizo con el software IBM SPSS Statistics Base v.24. Resultados: Se evaluaron 114 casos de pacientes, 35 del "Grupo A", 79 del "Grupo B", 83 (72,8%) con mielopatía cervical, 30 (26,3%) con cervicobraquialgia. El "Grupo A" tuvo 10 casos de insuficiencia respiratoria, con 5 secundarios a secreción bronquial, 2 secundarios a hematoma cervical. El "Grupo B" tuvo 12 casos de insuficiencia respiratoria, 3 secundarios a secreción bronquial y 1 secundario a hematoma cervical. Conclusiones: El protocolo prequirúrgico extendido puede ser la respuesta para reducir las complicaciones mediante la mejoría de los parámetros de selección del paciente candidato a un procedimiento quirúrgico anterior de la columna cervical. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudio de caso controlg.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To know the clinical and radiographic results of patients with L4-L5 degenerative spondylolisthesis grade I, II, and III surgically treated with minimally invasive 360-degree arthrodesis. To determine the clinical and radiographic results according to the Oswestry Index 6 months after surgery and the percentage of postsurgical reduction in these patients. Methods: The present study was developed in the Department of Spinal Surgery of the Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Lomas Verdes, from October 2016 to August 2017. It is a prospective, cross-sectional, comparative observational study. We evaluated the reduction of the listhesis using pre and post-operative radiographs, as well as the Oswestry Disability Index. Results: The sample was composed of 12 patients, eight females and four males, showing a statistical significance in the Student's t test, with p=0.05 for both variables. Conclusions: Degenerative spondylolisthesis of the 4th lumbar level is a very frequent pathology that affects groups of productive age and represents a burden not only for the patient, but also for the community. This surgical technique showed a high level of security and confidence for its resolution, showing results comparable to the literature. However, it requires certain technical resources and training to be performed. Evidence Level II; Prospective comparative study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Conhecer os resultados clínicos e radiográficos de pacientes com espondilolistese degenerativa L4-L5 de grau I, II e III, tratados cirurgicamente com artrodese minimamente invasiva de 360 graus. Determinar os resultados clínicos e radiográficos segundo o Indice de Oswestry seis meses após a cirurgia e a porcentagem de redução pós-operatória nesses pacientes. Métodos: Este estudo se desenvolve na Unidade Médica de Alta Especialidade "Lomas Verdes", Cirurgia de coluna, no período de outubro 2016 a agosto de 2017. É um estudo transversal prospectivo, observacional seccional. Avaliamos a lista de redução através de estudos radiográficos pré e pós-operatórios e escala de incapacidade Oswestry. Resultados: Observamos 12 pacientes, oito homens e quatro mulheres, mostrando significancia estatística pelo teste t de Student com p = 0,05, para ambas as variáveis. Conclusão: Espodilolistesis degenarativa de 4° nível lombar são muito frequentes, afetam grupos etários produtivos e afetam tanto o paciente quanto o seu ambiente social. Esta técnica cirúrgica mostra um alto nível de segurança e confiança para solução, mostrando resultados comparáveis com a literatura. No entanto, ele requer recursos técnicos e nível de formação para a sua execução. Nível de Evidência II; Estudo prospectivo comparativo.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Conocer los resultados clínicos y radiográficos en pacientes con espondilolistesis degenerativa L4-L5 grado I, II y III operados con artrodesis 360 minimamente invasivo. Determinar los resultados clínico y radiográficos de pacientes con espondilolistesis degenerativa L4-L5 grado I, II y III con la escala de Oswestry después de 6 meses de operados. Determinar el porcentaje de reducción postquirúrgico de pacientes con espondilolistesis degenerativa L4-L5 grado I, II y III operados con artrodesis 360 minimamente invasivo.. Métodos: El presente estudio se desarrolló en la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Lomas Verdes, módulo de Cirugía de Columna en el periodo de Octubre de 2016 a Agosto del 2017. Es un estudio prospectivo, observacional transversal y comparativo. Evaluamos la reducción de la listesis mediante estudios radiográficos pre y posoperatorios, así como la escala de discapacidad Oswestry. Resultados: La muestra fue de 12 pacientes, ocho del sexo femenino y cuatro del masculino, mostrando una significancia estadística mediante la prueba T de Student con una p=0,05 para ambas variables. Conclusiones: La espondilolistesis degenerativa en el cuarto nivel lumbar es una entidad patológica muy frecuente, que afecta grupos en edad productiva y representa una carga no solo para el paciente, sino también para la sociedad. Esta técnica quirúrgica mostró un alto nivel de seguridad y confianza para su resolución, mostrando resultados equiparables a la literatura. Sin embargo, requiere ciertos recursos técnicos y nivel de adiestramiento para su ejecución. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudio prospectivo comparativo.

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ABSTRACT Objective: Traumatic injuries due to accidents are the leading causes of death and disability in the population of young adults in many countries. Spinal fractures are among the multiple injuries by traumatic mechanisms. The incidence of these injuries is estimated between 8,000 and 16,000 new cases per year and are associated with high-energy trauma. Methods: Retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted at the Hospital Central Cruz Roja Mexicana. We reviewed 68 medical records of patients admitted to the emergency department of that hospital and were diagnosed with some type of traumatic vertebral fracture associated with high-energy trauma. Results: The sample consisted of 53 men and 15 women, of whom 11 patients with cervical spine injury, 2 with cervicothoracic injury, 16 with thoracic injury, five with thoracolumbar fracture and 34 with lumbar injury. Conclusions: The lumbar spine is more prone to suffer injuries by high-energy mechanism, followed by the thoracic and cervical spine, respectively. The thoracolumbar junction is more frequently affected than the cervicothoracic junction in a ratio of 2:1. Level of Evidence II; Retrospective studyf.

RESUMO Objetivo: Lesões traumáticas devido a acidentes estão entre as principais causas de morte e incapacidade na população de adultos jovens em muitos países. As fraturas ao nível da coluna vertebral estão entre as múltiplas lesões causadas por mecanismos traumáticos. A incidência dessas lesões é estimada entre 8.000 e 16.000 novos casos por ano, associados com um mecanismo de alta energia. Método: Estudo descritivo, transversal, retrospectivo, realizado no Hospital Central da Cruz Vermelha Mexicana. Foram revisados 68 registros clínicos dos pacientes, que entraram na área de emergência do Hospital Central da Cruz Vermelha Mexicana, diagnosticados com algum tipo de fratura vertebral traumática associada a traumas de alta energia. Resultados: 53 homens e 15 mulheres. 11 pacientes com lesões ao nível da coluna cervical, dois com lesões na região cérvicotorácica, 16 com lesões torácicas, cinco com fraturas na região toracolombar e 34 com lesões na coluna lombar. Conclusões: A coluna lombar é mais propensa a sofrer alguma lesão por um mecanismo de alta energia, seguido pela coluna torácica e a cervical, respectivamente. A junção toracolombar é mais frequentemente afetada que a junção cervicotorácica na proporção de 2:1. Nível de Evidencia II; Estudo retrospectivof.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Las lesiones traumáticas por accidentes son las primeras causas de muerte e incapacidad en la población de adultos jóvenes en numerosos países. Entre las múltiples lesiones por mecanismos traumáticos se encuentran las fracturas de columna vertebral. La incidencia a de estas lesiones se estima entre 8.000 y 16.000 casos nuevos por año y son asociados a trauma de alta energía. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, transversal, descriptivo realizado en el Hospital Central Cruz Roja Mexicana. Se revisaron 68 expedientes clínicos de pacientes que ingresaron al departamento de urgencias de ese hospital y se diagnosticaron con algún tipo de fractura vertebral traumática asociada a trauma de alta energía. Resultados: La muestra se compuso de 53 hombres y 15 mujeres, de los cuales 11 pacientes con lesión de columna cervical, dos con lesión cervicotorácica, 16 con lesión torácica, cinco con fractura toracolumbar y 34 con lesión lumbar. Conclusiones: La columna lumbar es más propensa a sufrir lesiones por mecanismo de alta energía, seguida de la columna torácica y la cervical, respectivamente. La unión toracolumbar se afecta con mayor frecuencia que la unión cervicotorácica, en proporción de 2:1.Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudio retrospectivof.

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ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the factors associated with the persistence of pain in patients operated on for lumbar stenosis. Method: One hundred and fifty-three patients were studied, divided into two groups: 1) Patients with persistent pain in varying degrees, 2) Patients without pain. Age, sex, affected levels, comorbidities, surgical risk, and type of surgical procedure were evaluated. Results: There were 108 patients in the group with pain and 45 in the group without pain. In the group with pain, there were 28 patients with diabetes mellitus, 31 smokers, and 28 alcohol-dependent patients, with a significant difference of p = 0.001 and an RR = 1.1. A simple widening procedure was performed in 48 patients in the group with pain and 12 patients in the group without pain, with RR = 0.8, and widening plus instrumentation was performed in 7 patients in both the with and without pain groups. Conclusion: The indication of a surgical procedure in patients with spinal stenosis must take many factors into account in addition to clinical factors and the segments affected, since these factors impact patient prognosis. In the multivariate analysis, the variable most closely associated with persistent pain was the procedure performed. Level of Evidence III; Case-control study.g

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar os fatores associados à persistência da dor em pacientes operados por estenose lombar. Método: 153 pacientes foram estudados em dois grupos: 1) Pacientes com dor persistente em graus variados; 2) Pacientes sem dor. Idade, sexo, níveis afetados, comorbidades, risco cirúrgico e tipo de procedimento cirúrgico foram avaliados. Resultados: 108 pacientes no grupo com dor e 45 no grupo sem dor. Diabetes Mellitus em 28 pacientes no grupo da dor. Grupo com dor positivo em relação ao tabagismo em 31 pacientes, 28 pacientes com alcoolismo, com diferença significativa de p=0,001 e um RR=1,1. Os procedimentos realizados foram: Aumento Simples em 48 pacientes dentro do grupo com dor e em 12 pacientes no grupo sem dor, com RR=0,8, Extensão mais instrumentação em sete pacientes no grupo com dor e em sete pacientes no grupo sem dor. Conclusão: A indicação do procedimento cirúrgico em pacientes com estenose espinhal deve levar em consideração muitos fatores, não apenas os segmentos clínicos ou afetados, uma vez que esses fatores têm um efeito prognóstico no paciente. Na análise multivariada, a condição mais associada à dor persistente foi o procedimento realizado. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo de caso-controle.g

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a la persistencia del dolor en pacientes operados por estenosis lumbar. Métodos: Se estudiaron 153 pacientes, en dos grupos: 1) Pacientes con persistencia del dolor en grados variables, 2) Pacientes sin dolor. Se evaluó edad, sexo, niveles afectados, comorbilidades, riesgo quirúrgico y tipo de procedimiento quirúrgico. Resultados: Ciento ocho pacientes en el grupo con dolor y 45 en el grupo sin dolor. Diabetes Mellitus en 28 pacientes del grupo con dolor. Grupo positivo tabaquismo con dolor en 31 pacientes, 28 pacientes con alcoholismo, con diferencia significativa de p=0,001 y un RR=1,1. Los procedimientos realizados fueron: aumento simple en 48 pacientes dentro del grupo con dolor y en 12 pacientes en el grupo sin dolor con RR=0,8, extensión más instrumentación en siete pacientes en el grupo con dolor y en siete pacientes en el grupo sin dolor. Conclusiones: La indicación del procedimiento quirúrgico en pacientes con estenosis espinal debe tomar en cuenta numerosos factores, no únicamente los clínicos o los segmentos afectados, ya que esos factores tienen un efecto pronóstico en el paciente. En el análisis multivariado la condición mayormente asociada a la persistencia del dolor fue el procedimiento realizado. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudio de caso-controlg.

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ABSTRACT Objective: When a lumbar fractures developes a significant deformity, the sagittal balance is altered which can lead to clinical consequences. The aim of this study was to measure and analyze the sagittal balance in patients with lumbar fractures operated with posterior instrumentation after three months and analyze their correlation with the different variables of the patient and the fracture. Methods: Sixty-three medical records of patients with lumbar fracture operated with posterior instrumentation were analyzed, excluding those with previous spinal pathology, or inability to stand upright. The parameters of pelvic incidence, sacral slope, pelvic tilt, lumbar lordosis, lumbar lordosis/pelvic incidence (LL/ PI) ratio, as well as the pre and postoperative status of segmental kyphosis and residual pain were measured. Results: Eighteen women, 44 men, with mean age of 42 years, with lumbar fractures: 29 in L1, 19 in L2, 10 in L3, 3 in L4 and 1 in L5. AOSpine Clasification: 2 type A1, 2 type A2, 37 type A3, 19 type A4, 2 type B. All patients were operated with a transpedicular polyaxial system. More than 80% of patients with spinopelvic balance within parameters considered normal. More than 70% with lumbar lordosis and LL/PI ratio within parameters. All with improvement of segmental kyphosis (average correction of 8.5°, p<.000). Final mean VAS of 1.85. Conclusions: The posterior instrumentation with a polyaxial system allows acceptable corrections of the segmental kyphosis of lumbar fractures. No statistically significant correlation was found between sagittal balance parameters, and characteristics of the patient and fracture. Level of Evidence IV; Case series.

RESUMO Objetivo: Quando uma fratura lombar evolui com deformidade significativa, o equilíbrio sagital é alterado, o que pode levar a consequências da manifestação clínica. O objetivo deste estudo foi mensurar e analisar o equilíbrio sagital em pacientes com fratura lombar operada com instrumentação, após três meses, analizando sua correlação com as diferentes variáveis do paciente e da fratura. Método: Foram analisados 63 casos de pacientes com fratura lombar, operados com instrumentação posterior, excluindo-se aqueles com patologia anterior da coluna vertebral ou incapacidade de se manter em pé, parâmetros de incidência pélvico, sacro inclinação, a inclinação da pelve, lordose lombar, relação lordose lombar/incidência pélvica (LL / IP) e a cifose segmentar pós-operatória e pré estado da dor residual mensuradas. Resultados: 18 mulheres, 44 homens, idade média dos pacientes: 42 anos, fraturas: 29 em L1, 19 em L2, 10 em L3, 3 em L4 e 1 em L5. AOSPINE: 2 tipo A1, 2 tipo A2, 37 tipo A3, 19 tipo A4, 2 tipo B. Todos operados com sistema poliaxial transpedicular. > 80% dos pacientes com balanço espinopélvico, dentro de parâmetros considerados normais. > 70% com lordose lombar e relação LL / IP dentro dos parâmetros. Todos com melhora da cifose segmentar (correção média de 8,5°, p <0,000). EVA final médio de 1,85. Conclusão: Instrumentação posterior com um sistema poliaxial permite correções aceitáveis da cifose segmentar das fraturas lombares. Não houve correlação estatisticamente significativa encontrada entre os parâmetros de equilíbrio sagital e as características do paciente e da fratura. Nível de Evidência IV; Série de casos.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Cuando una fractura lumbar evoluciona con una deformidad significativa, se ve alterado el balance sagital lo cual puede llevar a consecuencias clínicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue medir y analizar el balance sagital en pacientes con fracturas lumbares operados con instrumentación posterior después de tres meses y analizar su correlación con las diferentes variables del paciente y la fractura. Métodos: Se analizaron 63 expedientes de pacientes con fractura lumbar operados con instrumentación posterior excluyendo aquellos con patología previa de columna, o incapacidad para bipedestación. Se midieron los parámetros de incidencia pélvica, pendiente sacra, inclinación pélvica, lordosis lumbar, relación lordosis lumbar/incidencia pélvica (LL/IP), así como el estado pre y postoperatorio de la cifosis segmentaria y el dolor residual. Resultados: Dieciocho mujeres, 44 hombres, con edad promedio de 42 años con fracturas lumbares: 29 en L1, 19 en L2, 10 en L3, 3 en L4 y 1 en L5. Clasificación AOSPINE: 2 tipo A1, 2 tipo A2, 37 tipo A3, 19 tipo A4, 2 tipo B. Todos los pacientes fueron operados con sistema poliaxial transpedicular. Más del 80% de los pacientes con balance espinopélvico dentro de parámetros considerados normales. Más del 70% con lordosis lumbar y relación LL/IP dentro de los parámetros. Todos con mejoría de la cifosis segmentaria (corrección promedio de 8,5°, p < 0.000). EVA final promedio de 1,85. Conclusiones: La instrumentación posterior con un sistema poliaxial permite correcciones aceptables de la cifosis segmentaria de las fracturas lumbares. No se encontró correlación estadísticamente significativa entre los parámetros de balance sagital y las características del paciente y la fractura. Nivel de Evidencia IV; Serie de casos.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the direct costs of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) and minimally invasive surgery (MIS) or open technique (OPEN). Methods: The present study is descriptive and retrospective. Sixteen patients with degenerative spinal pathology operated on with the TLIF MIS technique and TLIF OPEN were included over a 13-month period. Days of hospital stay, blood loss, surgical time, medical care and costs were compared. Results: The mean number of days of hospital stay was 6.7 ± 4.3 days with TLIF MIS and 11.1 ± 6.5 days with TLIF OPEN. The blood loss was 307 ± 81.6 ml (range 200400 ml) with TLIF MIS and 803 ± 701.3 ml (range 200-1800 ml) with TLIF OPEN. The surgical time was 320 ± 92.6 minutes (range 210-500 minutes) in TLIF MIS and 372 ± 95.2 minutes (280-540 minutes) in TLIF OPEN. Conclusions: The difference in surgical costs and time between the two procedures was not statistically significant. There was less bleeding during the TLIF-MIS surgery, as well as a correlation between shorter days of hospital stay proportional to bleeding and surgical time, which translates into a reduction in the cost of these items. Level of Evidence III; Analysis based on alternatives and limited costs.

RESUMO Objetivo: Garantir benefícios económicos diretos de cada procedimento cirúrgico. Metodologia: apresentar um estudo descritivo e retrospectivo. Dezesseis pacientes com patologia degenerativa de colônias operados com a técnica TLIF MIS e TLIF OPEN foram incluídos durante um período de 13 meses. Foram comparados os dias de internação, perda de sangue, tempo cirúrgico, assistência médica e custo. Resultados: O número de dias hospitalares para 6,7 ± 4,3 dias no TLIF MIS e 11,1 ± 6,5 dias no TLIF OPEN. Quanto à diferença entre a exigência de resultados da imagem e o número de cirurgias. A perda de sangue foi de 307 ± 81,6 ml (intervalo de 200-400 ml) com TLIF MIS e 803 ± 701,3 ml (intervalo de 200 - 1800 ml) com TLIF OPEN. O tempo cirúrgico de 320 ± 92,6 minutos (intervalo 210-500 minutos) em TLIF MIS e 372 ± 95,2 minutos (280-540 minutos) em TLIF OPEN. Conclusões: A diferença entre os procedimentos cirúrgicos e o tempo entre os procedimentos não é estatisticamente significativa. Houve menos sangria durante a cirurgia do TLIF-MIS, assim como uma correlação entre menos dias de internação proporcional ao sangramento e ao tempo cirúrgico, que se traduziu em uma redução dos custos dos itens. Nível de Evidência III; Análise baseada em alternativas e custos limitados.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar los costos directos de la fusión intersomática lumbar transforaminal (TLIF) de mínima invasión (MIS) o técnica abierta (OPEN). Métodos: El presente estudio es descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se incluyeron 16 pacientes con patología degenerativa de columna intervenidos con la técnica TLIF MIS y TLIF OPEN en un período de 13 meses. Se compararon días de estancia hospitalaria, pérdida sanguínea, tiempo quirúrgico, atención médica y costos. Resultados: La media de días de estancia hospitalaria fue de 6,7 ± 4,3 días con TLIF MIS y de 11,1 ± 6,5 días con TLIF OPEN. La pérdida sanguínea fue de 307 ± 81,6 ml (rango 200-400 ml) con TLIF MIS y de 803 ± 701,3 ml (rango 200-1800 ml) con TLIF OPEN. El tiempo quirúrgico fue de 320 ± 92,6 minutos (rango 210-500 minutos) en TLIF MIS y de 372 ± 95,2 minutos (280-540 minutos) en TLIF OpEN. Conclusiones: La diferencia de costos y tiempo quirúrgico entre ambos procedimientos no fue estadísticamente significativa. Se mostró un menor sangrado durante la cirugía TLIF-MIS, así como una correlación entre menores días de estancia hospitalaria proporcional con el sangrado y tiempo quirúrgico, lo cual traduce una reducción del costo en esos rubros. Nivel de Evidencia III; Análisis basados en alternativas y costos limitados.

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Silver vanadates have been widely investigated because of their many interesting properties and their potential use in several applications. In addition to this, a large number of groups have investigated silver vanadates in the form of nanostructures. Here, we address first the synthesis and properties of nanosilver vanadate. Different techniques, such as precipitation, thermal decomposition, hydrothermal treatment, and sol-gel, are among the methods that have been employed for the controlled synthesis of silver vanadate. The use of nanosilver vanadate for the development of novel electronic devices, catalysts, and antibacterial agents for industry and biomedical applications will then be discussed. In this sense, the present review highlights the major advances regarding the synthesis, properties and applications of nanostructured silver vanadates.

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The draft genome sequences of two strains of Escherichia coli, isolated from alpacas in Peru, are reported here. ECA1 has been determined to be a strain of enterohemorrhagic E. coli and ECB1 a strain of enteropathogenic E. coli These pathogens are responsible for hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans and diarrhea in different mammals, respectively.

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Leishmanioses are neglected diseases and the parasite Leishmania survives and proliferates within mononuclear phagocytes, particularly macrophages. In vitro studies of the immunology and cell biology of leishmaniosis are performed in murine peritoneum and bone marrow macrophages and immortalized cell lines despite the normal and injured tissue-specific heterogeneity of macrophages. In this work, we established an ex vivo methodology to culture lesional cells from BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania amazonensis. The cells were successfully isolated from footpad skin lesions and those exhibiting macrophage morphology were maintained in long-term culture (12 days), while the small number of lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear and unidentified cells died after 1 day of culture. The frequency of infected cells decreased over 2 days. Most lesional cells cultivated ex vivo were myeloid CD11b+ CD14+ F4/80+ CD68+ cells. Low levels of IFN-γ and IL-4, IL-10 production and low arginase and phagocytic activities were detected in ex vivo lesional cell cultures. The ex vivo model developed in this study open perspectives for studying the biology of leishmanial lesions in cellular subpopulations and at the single-cell level.

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