RESUMO
This study updates knowledge on historical geographic distribution of sand fly species through identifying altitudinal and bioclimatic patterns in leishmaniasis endemic areas in Mexico. We analyze and identify sand fly specimens obtained through national efforts by the Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE, Mexico), collected between 1995 and 2001, 2008-2012, and 2017-2023, and add bibliographic information (427 additional records). After a principal components analysis of WorldClim variables and altitudinal ranges, variables that better explain the distribution of sand fly species were chosen (BIO6, BIO12, and BIO16, explaining 72 % of variation). A total of 1,187 specimens of 22 species were retrieved from eight states, providing 29 new municipalities and 48 new localities, being Lutzomyia cruciata, Micropygomyia chiapanensis, and Psathyromyia shannoni the most common species. We presented new historical records of distribution for sand fly species from Morelos (3), Oaxaca (7) and Tabasco (1). The 82.7 % of sand fly species analyzed were distributed in areas with altitudinal ranges below 420 m. The anthropophilic species Psathyromyia shannoni, and Lutzomyia cruciata showed the greatest variability regarding altitudinal range, and climatic preferences, while several wild species showed abiotic preferences. It is likely that the effect of urbanization and climate change generate new beneficial biotopes for the proliferation of the vector sand fly species. Complementary studies that consider seasonality, vegetation types, and change in land use could provide new information to better understand the spread of vector-borne diseases.
Assuntos
Altitude , Leishmaniose , Psychodidae , Animais , México/epidemiologia , Psychodidae/classificação , Psychodidae/fisiologia , Leishmaniose/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose/transmissão , Insetos Vetores/fisiologia , Insetos Vetores/classificação , Clima , Distribuição Animal , Doenças Endêmicas , Humanos , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
Results of an aquatic beetle survey at Volcán Tacaná, Mexico, are presented with five altitudinal levels in a monthly sampling regime, aiming to estimate both diversity and altitudinal distribution patterns of the aquatic beetle fauna. The first list of aquatic beetle species from this mountain is presented, comprising 40 species in 32 genera and nine families, with four species recorded for the first time from Mexico and six recorded for the first time from Chiapas. The aquatic beetle fauna is characterized by Elmidae with 20 species, Dytiscidae with eleven species, Dryopidae with three, and Epimetopidae, Hydraenidae, Hydrophilidae, Gyrinidae, Lutrochidae, and Noteridae with one species each. The species composition through the sampled altitudinal gradient (670-1,776 m) was not homogeneous, with the elmid genera Macrelmis, Heterelmis, Microcylloepus, and Austrolimnius present at all levels, while Hexanchorus, Neoelmis, and Onychelmis were present at levels 1-3 (673-1,214 m); dytiscids were mostly present at levels 4 and 5 (1,619-1,776 m), and dryopids were present only at levels 1-3. A Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity supports a general partition between altitudinal levels 1-3 and levels 4 + 5.
RESUMO
Introducción: La educación para la sexualidad hace parte del compromiso de formación integral de las instituciones educativas en Colombia; por eso evaluar características de estos procesos educativos y buscar asociación con cambios en conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas en adolescentes y jóvenes, aporta información para reorientar y enriquecer estrategias y programas en este campo. Metodología: Estudio observacional de corte longitudinal analítico en adolescentes y jóvenes entre 12 y 19 años quienes recibieron un proceso de educación para la sexualidad y tres mediciones de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas mediante encuesta, previo consentimiento informado. La última medición se hizo dos años después del proceso educativo inicial. En el análisis se buscó la asociación de variables mediante coeficiente de correlación de Spearman, la t de Student o chi cuadrado dependiendo del tipo y características de las variables. Resultados: Grupos de 244, 111 y 139 estudiantes participaron en las mediciones. En conocimientos se encontró diferencia significativa por sexo a favor de las mujeres y mejores conocimientos en el grupo que ha tenido relaciones sexuales, en tanto que las actitudes fueron mejores entre quienes no las han tenido; así mismo se encontró correlación entre actitudes y prácticas. Las técnicas didácticas con significancia estadística fueron el cine-foro para conocimientos y el taller para actitudes. Y como agente educativo solo mostró diferencia el personal de bienestar estudiantil para trabajar las actitudes. Conclusiones: Es necesario continuar desarrollando investigación sobre los procesos de educación para la sexualidad, pues la efectividad del trabajo educativo observado en la persistencia e integralidad de cambios en conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas aún deja muchos interrogantes. Salud UIS 2012; 44 (2):21-33.
Introduction: The education for sexuality is part of the commitment to integral formation made by educative institutions in Colombia; therefore, the evaluation of these features of the educative processes and the search of association with changes in knowledge, attitudes and practices among adolescents and youngsters provide information to guide and enrich strategies and programs in this field. Methodology: Observational and analytical longitudinal study among adolescents and youngsters with age between 12 and 19 years who received an educational process for sexuality and three measures tests of their knowledge, attitudes and practices were taken throughout a inquest, with a previous informed consent. The last measurement was done two years later from the initial educative process. In the analysis the association of variables was sought out using the Spearman correlation coefficient, the Student's T distribution or chi squared test depending on the type and characteristics of the variables. Results: groups of 244, 111 and 139 students participated in the measuring. In terms of their knowledge a significant difference was found between genders favoring women and the group who has had sexual intercourse; in contrast, the attitudes were best between those who have not had it. Likewise, it was found that there was a correlation between attitudes and practices. The didactic techniques with a statistical significance were the movie forum for knowledge and the workshop for attitudes. As educative agent the students welfare staff was the only that showed a difference when working with attitudes. Conclusions: Since the effectiveness of the educative training observed in the persistence and integrality of changes in knowledge, attitudes and practices still leaves many questions, it is necessary to continue the development of research about the processes of education for sexuality. Salud UIS 2012; 44 (2):21-33.