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Due to the energy requirements for various human activities, and the need for a substantial change in the energy matrix, it is important to research and design new materials that allow the availability of appropriate technologies. In this sense, together with proposals that advocate a reduction in the conversion, storage, and feeding of clean energies, such as fuel cells and electrochemical capacitors energy consumption, there is an approach that is based on the development of better applications for and batteries. An alternative to commonly used inorganic materials is conducting polymers (CP). Strategies based on the formation of composite materials and nanostructures allow outstanding performances in electrochemical energy storage devices such as those mentioned. Particularly, the nanostructuring of CP stands out because, in the last two decades, there has been an important evolution in the design of various types of nanostructures, with a strong focus on their synergistic combination with other types of materials. This bibliographic compilation reviews state of the art in this area, with a special focus on how nanostructured CP would contribute to the search for new materials for the development of energy storage devices, based mainly on the morphology they present and on their versatility to be combined with other materials, which allows notable improvements in aspects such as reduction in ionic diffusion trajectories and electronic transport, optimization of spaces for ion penetration, a greater number of electrochemically active sites and better stability in charge/discharge cycles.

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Resumen La presente investigación indaga la relación entre los niveles de contaminación ambiental por material particulado 2,5 y consultas respiratorias según tipo de enfermedad respiratoria y edad de los usuarios que consultaron en los Servicios de Atención Primaria de Urgencia de 2 comunas de la Región de Ñuble, Chile, entre los años 2016 y 2017 mediante un diseño de tipo ecológico. La unidad de análisis correspondió a medias agrupadas (promedios) de consultas diarias por enfermedades respiratorias y de concentración de material particulado 2,5. Los análisis estadísticos utilizados fueron Anova, test estadístico Dickey-Fuller, análisis inferencial basado en correlación de Spearman y Cross-Correlation. Se observó una correlación positiva entre los niveles de contaminación ambiental y consultas por enfermedades respiratorias registrados al día siguiente y al noveno día posterior a un episodio de emergencia ambiental. Desde la entrada en vigencia del Plan de Prevención y Descontaminación Atmosférica no se observan diferencias significativas en las concentraciones de MP2,5 entre los años 2016 y 2017. Los mayores niveles de contaminación ambiental se concentran entre los meses de abril a septiembre. En conclusión, existe relación entre los niveles de contaminación ambiental por MP2,5 con el número de consultas por enfermedades respiratorias y la edad de los usuarios.

The present investigation inquires the relation between the levels of environmental pollution by air borne particulate matter 2,5 and respiratory-related consultatons according to type of respiratory disease and age of the users who were admitted in the Primary Healthcare Emergency Services in two communes in Chile's Ñuble Region, between 2016 and 2017 through an ecological design. The unit of analysis corresponded to pooled means (averages) of daily consultations for respiratory diseases and concentration of particulate matter 2.5. The statistical methods used were: Anova, statistical test Dickey-Fuller, inferential analysis based on Spearman's correlation and Cross-Correlation. A positive correlation was observed between environmental pollution and consultations related to respiratory diseases recorded the next day and the ninth day after an environmental emergency episode. Since the entry into force of the Atmospheric Prevention and Decontamination Plan, no significant differences have been observed in the concentrations of PM2.5 between 2016 and 2017. The highest levels of environmental pollution are concentrated between the months of April to September. In conclusion, there is a relation between the levels of environmental pollution by PM2.5, the number of respiratory diseases consultatons and the age of users.

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BACKGROUND: Population ageing and changes in the epidemiological profile of neurological pathologies has resulted in an increase in patients with disabilities. Rehabilitation strategies such as Modified Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMTm) play a key role in treating patients with neurologic deficiencies and motor impairments. This intervention is intended to mitigate disability, promote maximum functional independence, and optimize social and economic participation of patients with upper extremity weakness. Our goal was to assess the recovery of functional independence in patients after a stroke using to CIMTm. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Thirty-six subjects who had suffered stroke took part in a randomised clinical trial. The treatment was applied through either collective or individual modalities for three hours per day for a period of ten days. Participant's functional independence was assessed using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scale at the before and after of the intervention. RESULTS: An analysis of covariance carried out on the pre-test assessments indicates that the dependent variable presents significant differences (F1.31 = 42.78, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.72) in favour of the collective intervention modality. CONCLUSION: Both modalities of CIMTm intervention promote functional independence. However, the greatest improvements were observed in participants in the collective modality. Improvements in functional independence pursue a reduction in learned non-use behaviours through greater use of the paretic upper extremity in everyday activities.

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En Chile, el cáncer infantil ocupa el 2° lugar en mortalidad en niños mayores de 5 años. Dentro del cáncer infantil, el más incidente es la Leucemia Linfoblástica Aguda. En relación al tratamiento de la Leucemia, el Trasplante de Médula Ósea puede ser indicación en determinados casos de Leucemia como última opción terapéutica. Al trabajar en el área de la salud, podemos atender a niños con cáncer con condiciones especiales. Dentro de ellos, tenemos a los niños con Síndrome de Down (SD), que por ser portadores de la Trisomía 21, tienen mayor riesgo de desarrollar Leucemia. En el siguiente artículo analizaremos el caso de una adolescente con Síndrome de Down, que al tener una Leucemia de alto riesgo deberá ser trasplantada de médula ósea, este procedimiento es de alto riesgo, única opción curativa para la paciente. Por ser el trasplante un tratamiento que puede conllevar graves complicaciones y ser los niños con Síndrome de Down particularmente frágiles al tratamiento previo al trasplante, analizaremos el caso desde una perspectiva bioética en base a un modelo de toma de decisiones en salud del Hastings Center de Filadelfia, a partir del siguiente problema ético: Dadas las consecuencias nocivas que podría conllevar el trasplante de médula para la paciente, considerando su condición de Síndrome de Down, ¿la paciente tendrá una mejor calidad de vida postrasplante? ¿es éticamente correcto no trasplantar a la paciente?

In Chile, cancer is the second cause of mortality in children with more than 5 year old. Inside this group of patients, Acute Linfoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is the most incidence type of cancer. For his treatment, the bone-marrow transplant is considered suitable as last option of therapy. Some special systemic conditions or certain previous diseases in children can increases the risk of develop ALL and, in the same time, represent a important risk-factor must be considered in the prognosis of ALL therapy. Down Syndrome (DS) is an example of this situation, because patients with DS are more susceptible of develop ALL, and the risks of treatment previous to transplant are higher in this group of patients than patients without DS. In this study we analyze the case of an adolescent with DS and ALL, with indication of bone-marrow transplant as the only option of treatment. For the high risk of this procedure, specially in patients with DS, we analyze the bioethics in relationship with this case using the Hasting Center of Philadelphia model designed for the make of decisions in health, with the next bioethics problem to analyze: in view of the potentially harmful consequences of bone-marrow transplant considering his DS condition, ¿his quality of life will be better after the treatment? ¿May be an ethic decision the choice of no realizes the transplant?

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the diagnosis and early treatment of an epidemic outbreak of tuberculosis and determine the utility of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) compared with routine culture in gastric juice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A computer studies teacher, with clinical features suggestive of tuberculosis and caverns on X-ray, was diagnosed with bacilliferous tuberculosis. Primary health care services carried out a Mantoux test on the school's 387 students as well as on teachers and other staff. The children with a positive Mantoux test underwent laboratory, radiological, and microbiological investigations for one week in the Pediatric Respiratory Unit of Hospital Clínico in Granada. In the teaching and non-teaching staff, active tuberculosis was ruled out through bacilloscopy of sputum samples, Mantoux test, and chest X-ray. RESULTS: In the first screening, the Mantoux test was positive in 67 children. Of these, 7 children were diagnosed with tuberculosis and 60 were found to be infected. Of the 7 children with tuberculosis, five presented positive gastric juice culture in Lowenstein medium while Roche COBAS PCR was negative. In the second screening, 9 children became tuberculin positive. Of these, 8 were diagnosed with tuberculosis and one was infected. Cultures were positive in 3 and PCR was negative. In 77.6 % of the children (59/76), the Mantoux induration was equal to or higher than 18 mm. All of the 15 children with tuberculosis were aged between 9 and 14 years old, except one who was 5 years old. CONCLUSIONS: The Mantoux test remains a basic screening method in diagnosis and epidemiological research, whereas the results of microbiological investigation remain poor and in our study the results DNA were disappointing. The screening of tuberculosis and of other infectious diseases should be more closely monitored in professional groups, such as teachers, that are in contact with large numbers of children. This would identify infected adults and prevent epidemics such as that described in the present study.

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