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BACKGROUND: Albumin, along with other proteins, is abnormally eliminated via the urine during early stages of diabetic nephropathy. Moreover, endothelial dysfunction (ED) accompanying early diabetic nephropathy may develop even before microalbuminuria is detectable. Transferrin has a molecular weight comparable to albumin, whereas transferrinuria and microalbuminuria in a 24-h urine sample may comparably reflect early diabetic nephropathy. Whereas transferrin metabolism is related with ED during very early diabetic nephropathy has not been elucidated yet. This case-control study aimed to evaluate the relation between ED and urine transferrin, even before early diabetic nephropathy is present. METHODS: Patients were enrolled from two study sites in Mexico City: Ticomán General Hospital (healthy controls); and a Specialized Clinic for the Management of the Diabetic Patient (cases). All patients provided written informed consent. The primary endpoint was the correlation between urinary transferrin concentration and ED measured in type 2 diabetic patients without albuminuria. ED was evaluated by ultrasonographic validated measurements, which included carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and flow mediated dilation (FMD). Plasma biomarkers included glycated hemoglobin, creatinine, cholesterol and triglycerides, as well as urine albumin, transferrin and evidence of urinary tract infection. RESULTS: Sixty patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (t2DM; n = 30) or without t2DM (n = 30), both negative for microalbuminuria, were recruited. The group with t2DM were older, with higher values of HbA1c and higher ED. This group also showed significant differences in urine transferrin and urine/plasma transferrin ratio, as compared with healthy controls (14.4 vs. 18.7 mg/mL, p = 0.04, and 74.2 vs. 49.5; p = 0.01; respectively). Moreover, urine transferrin correlated with higher CIMT values (r = 0.37, p = 0.04), being particularly significant for t2DM population. CIMT also correlated with time from t2DM diagnosis (r = 0.48, p < 0.001) and HbA1c (r = 0.48; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Urine transferrin correlated with subclinical atherogenesis in patients with t2DM without renal failure, suggesting its potential to identify cardiovascular risk in patients at very early nephropathy stage without microalbuminuria.

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BACKGROUND & AIMS: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with severe complications have shown comorbidities with cardiovascular-disease, hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus; clinical disorders that share the common metabolic alterations of insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. A high triglyceride to high density lipoprotein cholesterol (Tg/HDL c) ratio has been associated with reduced insulin sensitivity, metabolic syndrome and adverse cardiovascular events. Our aim in this study was to determine the association between different components of the lipid profile and particularly the Tg/HDL c ratio with severe complications like the requirement of invasive mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 patients. METHODS: We collected demographic, clinical and biochemical data to conduct a cohort study in 43 adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) at baseline and in the subsequent 15 days. Patients were subjected to a very similar treatment scheme with the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib. Descriptive statistics, variable association and logistic regression were applied to identify predictors of disease severity among elements and calculations from the lipid profile. RESULTS: Patients were aged 57 ± 14 years; 55.8% were male from which 75% required hospitalization and 44.2% were female who 58% were hospitalized. The most common comorbidities were type 2 diabetes mellitus (58%) and hypertension (40%). Hospitalized and critical care patients showed lower HDL c blood levels and increased Tg/HDL c ratio than those with outpatient management and mild/asymptomatic COVID-19. Tg/HDL c ratio correlated with variables of disease severity such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (r = 0.356; p < 0.05); National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS 2) (r = 0.495; p < 0.01); quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) (r = 0.538; p < 0.001); increased need of oxygen support (r = 0.447; p < 0.01) and requirement of mechanical ventilation (r = 0.378; p < 0.05). Tg/HDL c ratio had a negative correlation with partial oxygen saturation/fraction of inspired oxygen (SaO 2/FiO2) ratio (r = -0.332;p < 0.05). Linear regression analysis showed that Tg/HDL c ratio can predict increases in inflammatory factors like LDH (p < 0.01); ferritin (p < 0.01) and D-dimer (p < 0.001). Logistic regression model indicated that ≥7.45 Tg/HDL c ratio predicts requirement of invasive mechanical ventilation (OR 11.815, CI 1.832-76.186, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The Tg/HDLc ratio can be used as an early biochemical marker of COVID-19 severe prognosis with requirement of invasive mechanical ventilation.

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Resumen OBJETIVOS: Determinar la frecuencia de infecciones nosocomiales por Acinetobacter baumannii e identificar las características que inciden en la probabilidad de ocurrencia de estas infecciones. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio transversal analítico que incluyó todos los pacientes con reporte de cultivo positivo para Acinetobacter en el Hospital General Ticomán de enero de 2016 a diciembre de 2017. Se utilizó el programa SPSS y Graphpad Prism 0.7 para análisis estadístico con homogeneidad de x 2, análisis de supervivencia con estimado de Kaplan-Meier, OR y prueba de U de Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 80 pacientes, se formaron dos grupos: muertos (n = 40) y vivos (n = 40) con infección por Acinetobacter. La media de edad fue de 52 ± 16 años; 61.3% era de sexo masculino; la media de estancia hospitalaria fue de 28 ± 19 días; el foco infeccioso más frecuente fue el pulmonar (72%); 76% requirió apoyo mecánico ventilatorio, se realizó punto de corte con base en los días de ventilación < 7 días y > 7 días con lo que se obtuvo valor p = 0.0013. El análisis de supervivencia con Kaplan-Meier concluyó que la estancia en Medicina Interna aumenta la mortalidad (p = 0.012). CONCLUSIÓN: La supervivencia disminuye en pacientes con apoyo ventilatorio durante más de siete días y foco infeccioso pulmonar.

Abstract OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of nosocomial infections due to Acinetobacter baumannii and to identify the characteristics influencing the probability of these infections. MATERIAL AND METHOD: An analytical cross-sectional design was carried out, including all patients with a positive culture report for Acinetobacter in the General Hospital of Ticoman, Mexico City, from January 2016 to December 2017. SPSS and Graphpad Prism 0.7 software were used for statistical analysis with x 2 homogeneity, survival analysis with Kaplan-Meier estimate, OR and Mann Whitney U test. RESULTS: An analysis of 80 patients was performed, 2 groups were formed: dead (n = 40) and alive (n = 40) with Acinetobacter infection. Mean age was 52 ± 16 years, 61.3% were male; mean hospital stay was of 28 ± 19 days, the most frequent infectious focus was pulmonary (72%); 76% required mechanical ventilatory support, a cut-off was performed based on ventilation days < 7 days and > 7 days, obtaining p value = 0.0013. The survival analysis with Kaplan-Meier concluded that the stay in Internal Medicine increased mortality (p = 0.012). CONCLUSION: Survival decreases in patients with ventilatory support for > 7 days and pulmonary infectious focus.

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Resumen: OBJETIVO: Demostrar si el índice neutrófilo/linfocito predice la mortalidad en pacientes con neumonía tipo influenza. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio de casos y controles, observacional, analítico, transversal, retrospectivo y retrolectivo que incluyó pacientes con neumonía por influenza que padecieron neumonía aguda grave de 2009 a 2017. Se calculó APACHE II, SMART COP y el índice neutrófilo/linfocito (INL). Se determinó supervivencia mediante Kaplan y Meier, para la asociación entre INL y mortalidad, APACHE II, SMART COP y comorbilidades se usó χ2 y razón de momios (RM), así como correlación entre APACHE II, SMART COP e INL. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 69 pacientes. La RM entre el INL y la mortalidad fue de 0.174 (p = 0.533; IC95% 0.274 a 2.08). Hubo asociación significativa entre el INL y componentes del síndrome metabólico en pacientes vivos. No hubo diferencia en la supervivencia entre INL mayor o menor de 7. Correlación positiva entre APACHE II e INL de 0.4295 (p = 0.0002; IC95% 0.00 a 0.063). CONCLUSIONES: Existe asociación entre el INL y el síndrome metabólico en pacientes vivos, así como correlación positiva con APACHE II. No hay asociación entre el INL y mortalidad. El punto de corte del INL se desplazó cuatro puntos comparado con otras poblaciones.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate if neutrophil/lymphocyte index predicts mortality in patients with influenza-like pneumonia. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A case-control, observational, analytical, cross-sectional, retrospective and retrolective study with patients with influenza like pneumonia who developed severe acute pneumonia from 2009 to 2017. APACHE II, SMART COP and neutrophil lymphocyte index (INL) were calculated. Survival was determined by Kaplan and Meier, for the association between INL and mortality, APACHE II, SMART COP and comorbidities was used χ2 and odds ratio (OR), as well as correlation between APACHE II, SMART COP and INL. RESULTS: There were included 69 patients. OR between the INL and mortality was of 0.174 (p = 0.533, IC95% 0.274-2.08). There was significant association between INL and components of the metabolic syndrome in living patients. There was no difference in survival between INL greater or less than 7. Positive correlation between APACHE II and INL of 0.4295 (p = 0.0002, IC95% 0.00 to 0.063). CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between INL and metabolic syndrome in liv- ing patients, as well as a positive correlation with APACHE II. There is no association between INL and mortality. The cutoff point of the INL shifted 4 points compared to other populations.

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Resumen: OBJETIVO: Evaluar el índice leuco-glucémico (ILG) como marcador pronóstico de mortalidad y complicaciones en pacientes con enfermedad vascular cerebral de tipo isquémico aterotrombótico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio prospectivo efectuado en pacientes con enfermedad vascular de tipo isquémico aterotrombótico durante la fase aguda del infarto, que ingresaron entre enero y diciembre de 2017 al servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital General Ticomán. Se recolectaron datos clínicos y de laboratorio, incluyendo glucemia y leucograma al ingreso, a partir de los cuales se calculó el ILG y se evaluó su valor pronóstico, así como su relación con las escalas de NIHSS y Rankin y con la mortalidad a 21 días. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 72 pacientes. Los pacientes con mayor número de complicaciones durante la hospitalización tuvieron valores superiores de ILG (p = 0.02). Se obtuvo un valor ≥ 900 como punto de corte; los pacientes con valores superiores tuvieron tres veces mayor probabilidad de complicaciones durante la hospitalización (razón de momios = 3.02; IC95%: 1.03 a 9.9; p = 0.04), por lo que el índice leuco-glucémico constituyó un predictor significativo. CONCLUSIONES: El índice leuco-glucémico se relacionó con mayor severidad de enfermedad vascular cerebral en las escalas de NIHSS y Rankin, además, se asoció con complicaciones intrahospitalarias.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The glycemia and the determination of serum leukocytes on admission have demonstrated prognostic importance in patients with ischemic cerebral vascular disease (CVD). The leuko-glycemic index (ILG) is recently studied as a prognostic marker, but knowledge about its value is lacking. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the leuko-glycemic index (ILG) as a prognostic marker of mortality and complications in patients with atherothrombotic ischemic stroke. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A prospective study was conducted on patients with atherothrombotic ischemic vascular disease during the acute phase of the infarction, who were admitted to the Internal Medicine Department of the Ticoman General Hospital from January to December 2017. Clinical and laboratory data were collected, including glycemia and leukogram at admission, from which the ILG was calculated and its prognostic value was evaluated, as well as its relationship with the NIHSS and Rankin scales and/or with the 21-day mortality. RESULTS: There were included 72 patients. Patients with a higher number of complications during hospitalization had higher ILG values (p = 0.02). A value ≥ 900 was obtained as a cut-off point; patients with higher values presented a three times higher probability of complications during hospitalization (odds ratio: 3.02, CI95%: 1.03 to 9.9, p = 0.04), so the ILG was a significant predictor. CONCLUSIONS: Leuko-glycemic index was associated with greater severity of cerebral vascular disease in the NIHSS and Rankin scales, and was associated with intrahospital complications.

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Resumen: Antecedentes: El choque hemorrágico conduce a la disminución del suministro de oxígeno, disminución de la perfusión tisular, hipoxia celular, daño celular, síndrome de disfunción multiorgánica y muerte. Está demostrado que existen diferentes escalas pronósticas y determinaciones bioquímicas que permiten identificar al paciente en riesgo. Objetivo: Establecer la correlación que existe entre el índice de Briones (IB), delta de CO2 (ΔCO2) y la disfunción orgánica en pacientes con choque hipovolémico traumático. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal, retrospectivo, comparativo y analítico; participaron 46 pacientes, se evaluaron variables demográficas, presión oncótica, IB, diferencia arteriovenosa de CO2, escalas pronósticas y seguimiento a 48 horas con puntos de desenlace: mortalidad y disfunción orgánica. Resultados: La distribución por género fue 41% mujeres y 59% hombres. La edad promedio: 38 ± 14.6 años. La clasificación del choque hipovolémico fue: clase I: 7%, clase II: 39%, clase III: 24%, clase IV: 30%; IB: 0.25 ± 0.07 mmHg, DB: -7.9 ± 5.2 mmol/L, lactato: 3.01 ± 2.2 mmol/L, ΔCO2: 6.98 ± 4.6 mmHg. La mortalidad a las 48 horas: 10.8%. Trauma score: 9 ± 3 puntos; SOFA: 6 ± 3 puntos. Lesión renal aguda (LRA): 41%. ΔCO2 > 6 mmHg mostró sensibilidad 0.91 y especificidad 0.54 como predictor de mortalidad, se identificó el mejor punto de corte > 10.5 mmHg (0.96 y 0.98 respectivamente, p < 0.001, intervalo de confianza IC 0.988-1.0; área bajo la curva ABC 0.998). Conclusiones: Este estudio demostró que ΔCO2 es un marcador con impacto en la mortalidad y escalas pronósticas de SOFA y trauma score. El IB puede emplearse como pronóstico en pacientes que desarrollarán LRA dentro de las primeras 48 horas de estancia en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) con una adecuada significancia estadística.

Abstract: Background: Hemorrhagic shock leads to decrease in oxygen supply, decreased tissue perfusion, cellular hypoxia, cell damage, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and death. It is shown that there are different prognostic scales and biochemical determinations that identify the patient at risk. Aim: To establish the correlation between the Briones index, ΔCO2 and organ dysfunction in patients with traumatic hypovolemic shock. Material and methods: A transversal, retrospective, comparative and analytical study; from January 2015 to May 2016, involving 46 patients diagnosed with traumatic hypovolemic shock who were admitted to the intensive care unit of the General Hospital La Villa. We evaluated demographic variables, oncotic presion, Briones index, arteriovenous difference of CO2. We prognostic and monitoring 48 hours with descenlace points: mortality and organic dysfunction. Results: Of the 46 study participants represented gender: female 41%, men 59%. The average age: 38 ± 14.6 years. Hypovolemic shock classification based deficit represented: class I: 7%, class II: 39%, class III: 11 24%, class IV: 30%; IB: 0.25 ± 0.07 mmHg, DB: -7.9 ± 5.2 mmol/L, lactate: 3.01 ± 2.2 mmol/L, ΔCO2: 6.98 ± 4.6 mmHg. Mortality at 48 hours: was 10.8%. Trauma score 9 ± 3 points; SOFA: 6 ± 3 points. Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurred in 41%. ΔCO2 > 6 mmHg showed sensitivity 0.91 and specificity 0.54 as a predictor of mortality, the highest cutpoint 10.5 mmHg was identified with 0.96 and 0.98 respectively (p < 0.001, confidence interval IC 0.988-1.0; area under the curve AUC 0.998). Conclusions: This study showed that ΔCO2 is a marker with impact on mortality and prognostic scales and Trauma SOFA score. The IB can be used as a prognostic in patients who developed Acute kidney injury (AKI) within the first 48 hours of stay in the ICU with adequate statistical significance.

Resumo: Antecedentes: O choque hemorrágico conduz à uma diminuição do suprimento de oxigênio, diminuição da perfusão tecidual, hipóxia celular, danos às células, síndrome de disfunção de múltiplos órgãos e morte. Está demonstrado que há diferentes escalas de prognóstico e determinações bioquímicas que identificam o paciente em risco. Objetivo: Estabelecer a correlação entre o índice de Briones (IB), Delta do CO2(ΔCO2) e disfunção orgânica em pacientes com choque hipovolêmico traumático. Material e métodos: Estudo transversal, retrospectivo, comparativo e analítico; paticiparam 46 pacientes, foram avaliadas variáveis demográficas, pressão oncótica, IB, diferença artério-venosa de CO2, escalas de prognóstico e monitorização às 48 horas com os resultados: disfunção de múltiplos órgãos e mortalidade. Resultados: O gênero representou: sexo feminino (41%), sexo masculino (59%). Idade média: 38 ± 14.6 anos. A classificação do choque hipovolêmico foi: classe I: 7%, classe II: 39%, classe III: 24%, classe IV: 30%; IB: 0.25 ± 0.07 mmHg, DB: -7.9 ± 5.2 mmol/L, lactato: 3.01 ± 2.2 mmol/L, ΔCO2: 6.98 ± 4.6mmHg. A mortalidade às 48 horas: 10.8%. Trauma score: 9 + 3 pontos; SOFA: 6 ± 3 pontos. LRA: 41%. ΔCO2 > 6 mmHg mostrou sensibilidade 0.91 e especificidade 0.54 como preditor de mortalidade, se identificou uma coorte > 10.5 mmHg (0.96 e 0.98, respectivamente, p 0.001, intervalo de confiança IC 0.988-1.0; área sob a curva ABC 0.998). Conclusões: Este estudo demonstrou que ΔCO2 é um marcador com impacto na mortalidade e nas escalas de prognóstico SOFA e Trauma score. O IB pode ser usado como um prognóstico em pacientes que desenvolveram LRA nas primeiras 48 horas de internação na UTI com uma adequada significância estatística.

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BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is commonly associated with hypertension; the standard oral glucose load is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this research is to show the prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance in hypertensive patients with normal fasting glucose. METHODS: We enrolled 65 hypertensive non diabetic patients with fasting glucose < 100 mg/dL. In all of them a standard glucose load was performed. RESULTS: We found abnormal glucose tolerance in 32 patients (49.2 %), 29 individuals with impaired glucose tolerance, and three of them with a diabetic curve. We did not find any relation between abnormal glucose tolerance with blood pressure; however, we found a significant positive correlation between abnormal glucose tolerance and body mass index > 32.6 (R = 0.59, p < 0.005, OR 4.2). CONCLUSION: Our results shown that abnormal glucose tolerance is common in hypertensive non-diabetic patients, especially in those with increased body mass index, and that fasting glucose is not an accurate screening test for diabetes in those patients.

Introducción: la hipertensión arterial y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 tienden a coexistir en el mismo paciente. La hiperglucemia postprandial de dos horas es un predictor de enfermedad cardiovascular. Nuestro objetivo fue investigar la prevalencia de tolerancia a la glucosa alterada en sujetos hipertensos con glucosa de ayuno normal. Métodos: se incluyeron 65 pacientes hipertensos no diabéticos y con glucosa plasmática de ayuno < 100 mg/dL, en quienes se realizó una prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa. Resultados: encontramos tolerancia a la glucosa alterada en 32 pacientes (49.2 %), 29 en rango de intolerancia a la glucosa y tres casos en rango de diabetes mellitus. No hallamos relación entre glucosa postprandial con cifras de presión arterial ni con la edad, pero sí una correlación significativa entre intolerancia a la glucosa e índice de masa corporal > 32.6 (R = 0.59, p < 0.005, RR 4.2). Conclusión: nuestros resultados muestran que los pacientes hipertensos no diabéticos suelen cursar con tolerancia a la glucosa alterada, particularmente aquellos con índice de masa corporal aumentado, y que la glucosa de ayuno no es suficiente como prueba de monitoreo para diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en ese tipo de pacientes.

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BACKGROUND: differentiating hemorrhagic from ischemic cerebral vascular disease (CVD) is the starting point for the treatment. The aim was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the scales that differentiate hemorrhagic from ischemic stroke. METHODS: we applied the scale of Siriraj Stroke Score (SSS) and Greek Stroke Score (GSS) to patients with stroke. The results were described as means and frequencies. For significant variables odds ratio was calculated. We calculated the validity of both scales compared to the head computed tomography. RESULTS: ninety one patients had ischemic stroke and 28 were hemorrhagic. The mean systolic blood pressure in ischemic stroke was 138.94 mmHg (SD ± 26.90) and hemorrhagic was 165.55 mmHg (SD ± 36.40) p = 0.0007. The atherogenic index (AT) in ischemic stroke was 4.52 (SD ± 1.52) and in hemorrhagic was 4.84 (SD ± 2.01) p = 0.87. The specificity of the SSS for hemorrhagic stroke is 85.5 % and 96.7 % for the GSS. CONCLUSIONS: the GSS has a high specificity for hemorrhagic stroke.

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UNLABELLED: Endothelial dysfunction is a common feature in type-2 diabetic patients and is associated with inflammation, increased levels of circulating soluble adhesion molecules and atherosclerosis. Insufficiency of tetrahydrobiopterin leads to uncoupling of the nitric oxide synthase enzyme an endothelial dysfunction. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY: was to evaluate if there is a relationship between the levels of circulating soluble adhesion molecules and the levels of biopterins in normotensive type-2 diabetic patients. METHODS: We studied 30 normotensive type-2 diabetic patients in whom VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin were measured by ELISA. Additionally, Biopterins were measured by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The levels of circulating adhesion molecules and biopterins were correlated using the Spearman correlation coefficient test. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA. RESULTS: We did not find any relationship between absolute values of biopterins and soluble adhesion molecules. However, we observed significant inverse correlations between the BH4/BH2 ratio and VCAM-1 (r= -0.65, p<0.001) with ICAM-1 (r= -0.69, p<0.001) and with E-selectin (r=-0.64 p<0.001), CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that systemic levels of adhesion molecules have an inverse association with the BH4/BH2 ratio in type 2 diabetic normotensive patients.

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BACKGROUND: both, the ankle-brachial index < 0.9, and microalbuminuria are considered markers of endothelial dysfunction. Our objective was to evaluate if there is a correlation between the ankle-brachial index (ABI) and the degree of albuminuria in diabetic normotensive patients. METHODS: we included 32 diabetic normotensive patients and measured their ABI, and their 24-h urinary albumin excretion by nephelometry; the ABI and albuminuria were correlated with the Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS: we did not find overall correlation between the ABI and albuminuria (r = 0.21, 95 % CI = -0.14-0.52, p = 0.12); However, when we measured the correlation of an ABI < 0.9 with any degree of albuminuria, we found a significant correlation (r = -0.32 ± 0.11, 95 % CI = 0.027 to -0.6, p = 0.03); and when the correlation of ABI with albuminuria > 300 mg, we also found a significant correlation (r = -0.45 ± 0.11, 95 % CI = -0.015 to -0.76, p = 0.3). CONCLUSIONS: our results suggest that ABI < 0.9 is a useful marker to estimate microalbuminuria in diabetic normotensive patients.

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BACKGROUND: Endothelial dysfunction, a common feature among hypertensive and type-2 diabetic patients, has been associated with inflammation and increased concentrations of serum soluble adhesion molecules and resistin, a monocyte-macrophage- and adipocyte-derived cytokine. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY: To determine if there is a correlation between the serum concentrations of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, Eselectin and resistin in hypertensive type-2 diabetic patients. METHODS: Thirty hypertensive type-2 diabetic patients were enrolled in the study. Serum ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin and resistin concentrations were determined by ELISA and correlated with the Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The patients' serum resistin concentrations significantly correlated with VCAM-1 (r = 0.31, p= 0.05) concentrations but not with ICAM-1 (r = 0.29, p = >0.05) and E-selectin (r = 0.10, p = 0.24) concentrations. CONCLUSION: VCAM-1 and resistin may participate in the pathophysiology of vascular damage in hypertensive type-2 diabetic patients. Serum resistin concentrations may be a marker of endothelial dysfunction.

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UNLABELLED: Endothelial dysfunction is a common feature in type-2 diabetic patients and is associated with inflammation, increased levels of circulating soluble adhesion molecules and atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the levels of circulating soluble adhesion molecules and the degree of atherosclerosis in normotensive type-2 diabetic patients. RESULTS: We found significant correlations between ICAM-1 (r = 0.69, p < 0.001 95% IC 0.65 to 0.82) and VCAM-1 (r = 0.4, p < 0.03, 95% IC 0.65 to 0.82) levels and maximal carotid artery intimal-medial thickness, whereas no correlation was observed with E-selectin. METHODS: We studied 30 normotensive type-2 diabetic patients in whom VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin were measured by ELISA. Additionally, the intimal-medial thickness of both the common and internal carotid arteries was measured (B-mode ultrasound). The levels of circulating adhesion molecules and maximal carotid artery intimal-medial thicknesses were correlated using the Spearman correlation coefficient test. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are markers associated, and correlated with the degree of atherosclerosis in normotensive type-2 diabetic patients.

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BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endothelial dysfunction, a common feature among hypertensive and type-2 diabetic patients, is associated with inflammation, increased levels of circulating soluble adhesion molecules (SAM), and urinary albumin excretion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of circulating SAM levels in the development of albuminuria in hypertensive type-2 diabetic patients. METHODS: We studied 30 hypertensive type-2 diabetic patients and 30 non-diabetic normotensive subjects, and measured their VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin levels by ELISA, and their 24-hour urinary albumin excretion by nephelometry; the levels of circulating adhesion molecules and albuminuria were correlated with the Spearman correlation coefficient. RESULTS: We found that the diabetic patients had significantly (p < 0.001) higher levels of circulating SAM than control subjects. When levels of circulating SAM were correlated with albuminuria, we found a significant correlation between VCAM-1 levels and 24-hour urinary albumin excretion (r = 0.4, p < 0.02). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that VCAM-1 may be a marker of nephropathy in hypertensive type-2 diabetic patients.

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This paper sought to determine if the fixed-dose combination of trandolapril and verapamil is effective in the treatment of hypertensive obese patients resistant to monotherapy. Thirty-six hypertensive obese patients uncontrolled by monotherapy were given the combination of trandolapril-verapamil (2/180 mg) for 12 weeks. Before and after taking the drug, they self-measured their blood pressure. Patients experienced a significant reduction of blood pressure (from 178 +/- 18/100 +/- 12 mm Hg to 135 +/- 14/76 +/- 7 mm Hg, p < 0.001). Eighty percent of patients reached therapeutic goals; one patient suffered from headaches and one had constipation. it was determined that the combination of trandolapril-verapamil is effective and safe for the management of hypertension in obese patients uncontrolled by monotherapy.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of fixed-dose trandolapril-verapamil (FDTV) with that of trandolapril on proteinuria in normotensive, type 2 diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 60 normotensive, type 2 diabetic patients with 24-h proteinuria >300 mg were randomly assigned to two groups for open-label treatment. One group received 2 mg trandolapril/180 mg verapamil FDTV once daily; the other group received 2 mg trandolapril once daily. Study drugs were administered for 6 months in both groups. Creatinine clearance and 24-h urinary protein excretion were measured at the beginning and the end of the study. Patients were evaluated monthly for blood pressure, fasting blood glucose level, heart rate, and adverse events. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA. RESULTS: Both groups experienced a statistically significant (P < 0.005) mean decrease in mean proteinuria from baseline: FDTV ([mean +/- SD] 1200 +/- 200 to 540 +/- 79 mg; P < 0.001) and trandolapril (1,105 +/- 212 to 750.9 +/- 134 mg; P < 0.005). A significantly greater reduction from baseline in proteinuria was observed in the FDTV group compared with the trandolapril group. Patients who received trandolapril experienced a statistically significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean creatinine clearance (91.1 +/- 3.4 to 75.3 +/- 3 ml/min; P < 0.05) compared with patients who received FDTV (88.3 +/- 3.6 to 82.9 +/- 3.5 ml/min; P > 0.05). Final fasting blood glucose was significantly lower in the FDTV group (139 +/- 19) compared with the trandolapril group (154 +/- 22; P < 0.001). No significant differences were observed between the two groups in mean baseline or final measurements of blood pressure, mean heart rate, or frequency of adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that FDTV is more effective than trandolapril in reducing proteinuria in normotensive, type 2 diabetic patients. This effect on proteinuria is not related with blood pressure reduction.

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Antecedentes: la hipertensión inducida por el médico se llama hipertensión de bata blanca (HBB), ocurre en 25 por ciento de la población geriátrica de nuestro país con diagnóstico de hipertensión sistólica aislada (HSA). Objetivo: determinar la utilidad de la automedición de la presión arterial (AMPA) para detectar la prevalencia de la HBB en pacientes con HSA en nuestro servicio. Material y métodos: después de un periodo de lavado de dos semanas, 80 pacientes ancianos con diagnóstico previo de HSA realizaron AMPA durante tres días en su casa (al despertar y tres veces al día). Quienes presentaron cifras de presión < 135/85 mmHg realizaron un segundo proceso de automedición un mes después y, si continuaban con tales cifras, otra AMPA cuatro semanas después. Resultados: todos los pacientes completaron los registros solicitados, 20 (25 por ciento, 18 mujeres, RR 2.6) resultaron con cifras tensionales normales en su casa mediante AMPA en los tres procedimientos. Conclusiones: la automedición de la presión demostró que la HBB sucede en 25 por ciento de los pacientes geriátricos de nuestro hospital. Éste es un buen método de diagnóstico, lo que es importante no sólo para realizar uno adecuado de HSA, sino también para evitar el uso innecesario de fármacos antihipertensivos.

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Antecedentes: el hígado juega un papel fundamental en el metabolismo de las hormonas tiroideas. Objetivos: evaluar las concentraciones séricas de tiroxina como factor pronóstico en pacientes con cirrosis hepática descompensada. Material y métodos: se evaluaron 30 pacientes con diagnóstico de cirrosis hepática y descompensación aguda. Los sujetos se clasificaron de acuerdo con la escala de Child-Pugh y se les realizó cuantificación sérica de tiroxina. El análisis estadístico se realizó con ANOVA. Resultados: los 30 pacientes tenían algún grado de encefalopatía hepática, 86 por ciento con estadio B o C de la clasificación Child-Pugh. Fallecieron 14 personas; su puntuación Child-Pugh fue, en promedio, de 13 puntos y las concentraciones medias de tiroxina sérica fueron de 3.1 ng/dL, mientras que los pacientes que no fallecieron tenían un puntaje Child-Pugh promedio de 7.4 y concentraciones promedio de tiroxina sérica de 6.4 ng/dL. Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p < 0.05) entre concentraciones séricas de tiroxina disminuidas y la mortalidad. Conclusiones: las concentraciones séricas de tiroxina parecen ser un indicativo seguro y confiable para establecer el pronóstico de los pacientes con cirrosis hepática descompensada, ya que las cifras disminuidas de la hormona se relacionan con un resultado negativo.

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Antecedentes: las complicaciones de la cirrosis alcohólica (CA) son una causa importante de muerte en nuestro hospital, entre éstas, el sangrado del tubo digestivo alto (STDA) es una de las más frecuentes. Objetivo: conocer las causas del sangrado del tubo digestivo alto en los pacientes con cirrosis de nuestro hospital. Material y métodos: a veinticinco pacientes con CA y STDA que ingresaron al servicio de Medicina Interna de nuestro hospital durante 1999 se les realizó un estudio panendoscópico para conocer el origen de la hemorragia del tubo digestivo. Resultados: las lesiones responsables del sangrado en nuestros pacientes (19 de los cuales eran hombres, con edad de 51.5 ñ 13.5 años) fueron las siguientes: várices esofágicas (48 por ciento), gastritis erosiva (20 por ciento), gastropatía hipertensiva portal (16 por ciento), úlcera gástrica (8 por ciento), úlcera duodenal (4 por ciento) y síndrome de Mallory-Weiss (4 por ciento). Conclusiones: las várices esofágicas son la causa principal de STDA en los pacientes con CA en nuestro hospital; estos resultados corresponden con lo reportado por otros autores. El conocimiento de estos datos es importante para el manejo rápido y apropiado durante el episodio agudo y para tomar medidas profilácticas, especialmente en los casos en los que no están disponibles los estudios endoscópicos.

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Introducción: el objetivo del tratamiento antihipertensivo es llevar las cifras tensionales por debajo de 140/90 mmHg. En el registro de tales cifras hay ciertos requisitos, como usar un brazalete del tamaño adecuado; sin embargo, no se ha determinado el impacto del tamaño del brazalete en la evaluación del control antihipertensivo. Objetivo: determinar el impacto del tamaño del brazalete en la evaluación del control antihipertensivo. Material y método: se evaluaron 30 sujetos hipertensos que acudieron a la consulta externa de nuestro hospital, en quienes se midió el perímetro braquial y se realizó la toma de la presión arterial con equipo semiautomático Omrom HEM-712 validado, utilizando en cada uno de ellos el brazalete regular y el grande y comparando los resultados mediante la t de Student. Resultados: encontramos una diferencia significativa (p<0.01) de 12 mmHg en los registros de la presión sistólica con ambos brazaletes. Por otra parte, la medición de la presión diastólica también registró una diferencia significativa (p<0.05) de 4 mmHg. En 11 casos (36.6 por ciento) esta diferencia cruzó los límites entre control antihipertensivo adecuado o inadecuado. Conclusión: nuestros resultados confirman, desde el punto de vista estadístico, la observación clínica que establece la necesidad de utilizar los brazaletes adecuados al diámetro braquial del paciente (grande en sujetos con perímetro braquial > 30 cm), ya que el uso de un brazalete inapropiado incrementa los valores de presión arterial obtenidos en el registro.

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Antecedentes: las dihidropiridinas se consideran fármacos de elección en el manejo de pacientes con hipertensión sistólica aislada siempre que su efecto dure las 24 horas. Hace poco, la OMS destacó la importancia de la automedición de la presión en la evaluación de la respuesta a los antihipertensivos. Objetivo: valorar, mediante medición realizada por el paciente, el efecto antihipertensivo, durante 24 horas, de la nifedipina de liberación retardada en personas con hipertensión sistólica aislada. Material y métodos: después de un periodo de dos semanas de lavado y capacitación, 20 sujetos con hipertensión sistólica aislada midieron su presión arterial (por triplicado) al despertar y tres veces al día, durante tres días, con equipo OMROM HEM 712C validado; después recibieron nifedipina de liberación retardada, 30 mg diarios durante un mes, al cabo del cual se repitió la automedición. Se continuó la ingestión del medicamento y se evaluó el control antihipertensivo alcanzado y su comportamiento a lo largo del día. El análisis estadístico se realizó con ANOVA. Resultados: los 20 pacientes (edad 72 ñ .8 años, 10 de cada sexo), mostraron una disminución significativa de la presión sistólica (171 ñ 7 a 136 ñ 3 mmHg, p < 0.001) que se mantuvo en forma uniforme durante las 24 horas, incluida la medición previa a la siguiente toma. Una mujer tuvo edema de miembros inferiores; ningún paciente refirió cefalea. No hubo modificaciones en la presión diastólica ni en la frecuencia cardiaca. Conclusión: la nifedipina de liberación retardada es eficaz y segura en el manejo de los pacientes con hipertensión sistólica aislada y mantiene un adecuado efecto antihipertensivo durante las 24 horas.

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