RESUMO
Ecuador is one of the major cocoa producers worldwide, but its productivity has lately been affected by diseases. Endophytic biocontrol agents have been used to minimize pathogenic effects; however, compounds produced by endophytes are minimally understood. This work presents the chemical characterization of the Trichoderma species extracts that proved inhibition against cocoa pathogens. Solid-liquid extraction was performed as a partitioning method using medium with the fungal mycelia of Trichoderma reesei (C2A), Trichoderma sp. (C3A), Trichoderma harzianum (C4A), and Trichoderma spirale (C10) in ethyl acetate individually. The extract of T. spirale (C10) exhibited the growth inhibition (32.97-47.02%) of Moniliophthora perniciosa at 10 µg/mL, while a slight stimulation of Moniliophthora roreri was shown by the extracts of T. reesei (C2A) and T. harzianum (C4A) at higher concentrations. The inhibitory activity could be related to alkaloids, lactones, quinones, flavonoids, triterpenes, and sterols, as indicated by chemical screening and antifungal compounds, such as widdrol, ß-caryophyllene, tyrosol, butyl isobutyrate, sorbic acid, palmitic acid, palmitelaidic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid, which were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the extracts, particularly T. spirale (C10), have the potential as biocontrol agents against witches' broom disease; however, further studies are needed to confirm their effectiveness.
Assuntos
Cacau , Trichoderma , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/química , Cacau/microbiologia , Lactonas , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: The goal is to automatically detect anomalous vascular cross-sections to attract the radiologist's attention to possible lesions and thus reduce the time spent to analyze the image volume. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assume that both lesions and calcifications can be considered as local outliers compared to a normal cross-section. Our approach uses an intensity metric within a machine learning scheme to differentiate normal and abnormal cross-sections. It is formulated as a Density Level Detection problem and solved using a Support Vector Machine (DLD-SVM). The method has been evaluated on 42 synthetic phantoms and on 9 coronary CT data sets annotated by 2 experts. RESULTS: The specificity of the method was 97.57% on synthetic data, and 86.01% on real data, while its sensitivity was 82.19 and 81.23%, respectively. The agreement with the observers, measured by the kappa coefficient, was substantial (κ = 0.72). After the learning stage, which is performed off-line, the average processing time was within 10 s per artery. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to use the DLD-SVM approach to detect vascular abnormalities. Good specificity, sensitivity and agreement with experts, as well as a short processing time, show that our method can facilitate medical diagnosis and reduce evaluation time by attracting the reader's attention to suspect regions.
Assuntos
Doença das Coronárias/diagnóstico por imagem , Diagnóstico por Computador/métodos , Reconhecimento Automatizado de Padrão , Interpretação de Imagem Radiográfica Assistida por Computador/métodos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Algoritmos , Inteligência Artificial , Humanos , Imageamento Tridimensional , Imagens de Fantasmas , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pioglitazone and glimepiride improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by different mechanisms. Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione that reduces insulin resistance, and glimepiride is a sulfonylurea insulin secretagogue. OBJECTIVE: The goals of this study were to compare changes in measures of glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes who received pioglitazone or glimepiride for 1 year. METHODS: This was a multicenter, 52-week, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Patients were randomized to receive monotherapy with either glimepiride (2 mg QD initially) or pioglitazone (15 mg QD initially). Doses were titrated (maximal doses: pioglitazone 45 mg, glimepiride 8 mg) to achieve glycemic targets (fasting blood glucose < or =7 mmol/L and 1-hour postprandial blood glucose < or =10 mmol/L). Insulin sensitivity (primary end point) was evaluated in terms of the Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Sensitivity (HOMA-S), the Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI), and fasting serum insulin (FSI) concentrations. Glycemic control was evaluated in terms of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) values and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentrations. Patients were encouraged to maintain their individual diet and exercise regimens throughout the study. RESULTS: Two hundred forty-four patients (125 women, 119 men; all but 1 Hispanic) were randomized to receive pioglitazone (n = 121) or glimepiride (n = 123). In the intent-to-treat sample, pioglitazone and glimepirede produced comparable reductions in HbA(1c) from baseline to the end of the study (-0.78% and -0.68%, respectively). The pioglitazone group had significantly higher HbA(1c) values compared with the glimepiride group after 12 weeks of therapy (8.66% vs 7.80%; P = 0.007) but had significantly lower values after 52 weeks (7.46% vs 7.77%; P = 0.027). Pioglitazone significantly reduced FPG compared with glimepiride (-0.6 vs 0.6 mmol/L; P = 0.01). Pioglitazone therapy was associated with significant increases in insulin sensitivity (reduced insulin resistance), whereas glimepiride had no effect. HOMA-S values changed 18.0% for pioglitazone and -7.9% for glimepiride (P < 0.001), QUICKI values changed a respective 0.013 and -0.007 (P < 0.001), and FSI values were -21.1 and 15.1 pmol/L (P< 0.001). Both drugs were well tolerated, with pioglitazone associated with more peripheral edema (number of treatment-emergent cases: 35/121[28.9%] vs 17/123 [13.8%]; P = 0.005) and fewer hypoglycemic episodes (19 [15.7%] vs 38 [30.9%]; P = 0.024). The incidence of weight gain was not significantly different between treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that long-term treatment with pioglitazone enhances insulin sensitivity relative to glimepiride in Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes and that pioglitazone may have a more sustained antihyperglycemic effect.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Resistência à Insulina , Compostos de Sulfonilureia/uso terapêutico , Tiazolidinedionas/uso terapêutico , Glicemia/metabolismo , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/metabolismo , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Insulina/sangue , Lipídeos/sangue , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pioglitazona , Compostos de Sulfonilureia/farmacologia , Tiazolidinedionas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Con un diseño transversal realizado en 1987, se estudiaron 9.844 mujeres postmenopáusicas de 39 a 59 años de edad, residentes de la ciudades de Durango, Monterrey, Guadalajara y León, que hubieran presentado su última menstruación por lo menos 12 meses antes de la entrevista y que no estuvieron embarazadas. El objetivo principal fue conocer si la menarca, paridad, uso de métodos anticonceptivos y tabaquismo influían en la edad de la menopausia. Tratándose de un diseño incompleto, el análisis se realizó como un estudio de casos y controles. Con base en la distribución de frecuencias de la edad de menopausai declarada, con la media menos de DE, se seleccionaron los casos de menopausai temprana y con la media más dos DE los casos de menopausia tardía. Con la media más menos una DE se formó el grupo de testigos, asignandose aleatoriamente dos para cada caso de menopausia temprana y tres para cada caso de menopausia tardía, quedando para el análisis 1,610 registros. Como medida de aosicación se utilizó la razón de momios, con un nivel de confianza de 95 por ciento. Se realizó análisis de confusión e interacción de las variables en estudio. Los resultados más relevantes fueron: asociación significativa entre fumar más de 15 paquetes de cigarrillos por año con RM de 2.31 (1.05-5.17), tener más de cinco embarazos con RM de Mantel y Haenzel de 0.51 (0.33-0.76) para menopausia temprana. No se observó ninguna asociación con la menopausia tardía. Se encontró que la edad de la menopausia fue en promedio a los 45.5 años con DE de 4.5 en el grupo total (9,844)
Assuntos
Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Feminino , Causalidade , Anticoncepcionais Femininos/administração & dosagem , Menopausa Precoce/efeitos dos fármacos , Menopausa Precoce/fisiologia , Menopausa/efeitos dos fármacos , Menopausa/fisiologia , ParidadeRESUMO
En el mundo físico, se han descubierto leyes que rigen los fenómenos del Universo y se manifiestan como constantes; así tenemos las leyes que rigen la gravedad, la velocidad de la luz, etc; y en el campo de la biologí, se han podido descubrir que los factores del crecimiento, siguen un patrón, en ocasiones logarítmico. Sorprendentemente, un factor matemático que originalmente se utilizó en la geometría, arquitectura, y después en las artes, se ha aplicado a los seres vivos con fines Biométricos y corresponde a la cifra 1.618. Por sus maravillosas proporciones, fué denominado "Sección Dorada", "Regla de Oro" y "Divina Proporción". Resulta de dividir un espacio cualquiera, en dos proporciones desiguales, pero estéticamente agradables. Se estudian los aspectos históricos y se describe el método, aplicándolo a decenas de especímenes orgánicos, y se muestran los resultados, los cuales, todos son concordantes con las proporciones de la Regla de Oro, desde un virus hasta el hombre.
Assuntos
História do Século XX , Biometria/história , Filosofia Médica/história , MéxicoRESUMO
Dentro del diagnóstico diferencial de las disfonías crónicas se encuentra el edema de Reinke, caracterizado por edema de la capa subepitelial de las cuerdas vocales (espacio de Reinke) con frecuencia confundido con laringitis crónicas hiperplásicas, pero de etiología y significación clínica diferente. Se trataron 24 enfermos con historia de disfonía crónica, cuyos hallazgos mediante laringoscopia indirecta y microlaringoscopia fueron compatibles con el diagnóstico de edema de Reinke, los cuales fueron tratados con cirugía, siguiendo la técnica de Kleinsasser en 1968, consistente en una decorticación parcial bilateral de las cuerdas vocales mediante microcirugía con buenos resultados anatómicos y funcionales, por lo que creo que esta intervención y la eliminación de los factores causales, es el tratamiento de elección.