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The bimodal preference is a fourth diurnal preference proposed by re-scoring the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. The present work aimed to describe the prevalence of the bimodal preference in a sample of undergraduate students and to characterize the bimodal type in terms of their health and sleep-related outcomes. A web-based cross-sectional study conducted between September 2018 and March 2021 (convenience sampling method). The sample was composed of undergraduate students who completed an electronic form that included the Morningness and Eveningness Questionnaire, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Self-Compassion Scale, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the World Health Organization Subjective Well-Being Index. The final sample consisted of 615 students (82% female, mean age: 23.4 ± 6.5 years), of whom 108 (18%) had positive bimodality indexes. Bimodal subjects comprised 48 students, 8% of the total sample. Bimodal subjects had poorer subjective sleep quality, more daytime sleepiness, lower subjective well-being, greater anxiety and depression symptoms, and lower self-compassion than morning and/or intermediate types; they did not differ from evening types. The description of bimodal diurnal preference in this population may be of interest for the design of academic policies more in line with the circadian reality of students.

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Introdução: na Introdução: Na saúde infantil, o sono desempenha um papel significativo, especialmente na maturação física e cognitiva e nas capacidades de lidar com estresse, regular emoções e socializar.Objetivo: analisar hábitos do sono infantil ao longo do primeiro ano de vida e fatores associados aos despertares noturnos segundo percepções maternas.Método: estudo longitudinal, prospectivo, com acompanhamento de 144 mães e crianças no primeiro mês, terceiro/quarto mês e 12º/13º mês de idade, de um município de médio porte do interior paulista, Brasil. Hábitos de sono foram analisados com medidas de tendência central e dispersão e testes de associação válido Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher, nível de significância α=0,05.Resultados: o local predominante onde as crianças dormem é o mesmo quarto e mesma cama dos cuidadores parentais. A maior parte das crianças dorme em decúbito lateral e dorsal. Tempo médio de sono foi 12,5h no primeiro mês, 11,5h no terceiro/quarto mês e 11,5h no 12º/13º mês. Tempo médio do sono noturno aumentou e sono diurno diminuiu. Do primeiro mês para o 12° mês de vida, não houve mudanças nos despertares noturnos. Percepção do sono como problema aumentou de 4% para 9% entre as participantes.Conclusão: três momentos no primeiro ano de vida trazem características dos hábitos do sono infantil, sobre local onde as crianças dormem, posição de dormir, tempo médio de sono e despertares noturnos, sugerindo a importância de informações obtidas longitudinalmente. Despertares noturnos mostraram-se associados à ocorrência do desmame e à percepção materna de considerar o sono da criança um problema.

Introduction: in children's health, sleep plays a significant role, especially in physical and cognitive maturation and in the abilities to deal with stress, regulate emotions and socialize.Objective: to analyze children's sleep habits during the first year of life and factors associated with nighttime awakenings according to maternal perceptions.Methods: a longitudinal, prospective study, with follow-up of 144 mothers and their children in the first month, third/fourth month and 12th/13th month of age, in a medium-sized city in the interior of São Paulo, Brazil. Sleep habits were analyzed using measures of central tendency and dispersion and valid association tests Chi-square and Fisher's exact, significance level α=0.05.Results: the predominant place where children sleep is the same room and bed as the parental caregivers. Most children sleep in the lateral and dorsal decubitus position. Mean sleep time was 12:30h in the first month, 11:30h in the third/fourth month and 11:24h in the 12th month. Mean nighttime sleep time increased and daytime sleep decreased. From the first month to the 12th month of life, there were no changes in nocturnal awakenings. Perception of sleep as a problem increased from 4% to 9% among participants.Conclusion: three moments in the first year of life show characteristics of children's sleep habits, about where children sleep, sleeping position, average sleep time and nocturnal awakenings, suggesting the importance of information obtained longitudinally. Nocturnal awakenings were associated with the occurrence of weaning and the maternal perception about child sleep as a problem.

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Introduction: the great increase in childhood obesity rates is well documented in the scientific literature. However, the influence of diet on sleep quality in children and adolescents still needs further research in order to be better understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between diet and sleep characteristics and in children and adolescents with obesity. Methods: observational analytical cross-sectional study with prospective data collection. Forty-three children and adolescents aged between 6 and 13 years diagnosed with obesity and treated at a public tertiary care institution participated in the study. The 6-day Food Intake Registry was used to evaluate the intake of energy and macronutrients. To investigate the risk of sleep disturbances and to know the routine and characteristics of sleeping habits, the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) questionnaire was used. Results: and discussion: Food intake showed association with Sleep Breathing Disorders (SBD) and Sleep Wake Transition Disorders (SWTD). The sum of all SDSC factors demonstrated the presence of pathological sleep in most patients (n = 25).

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This study aims to describe the athletes' sleep regularity using the Sleep Regularity Index (SRI) and determine whether factors, such as sex, competitive level and sport type, could affect the sleep/wake rhythm. It is a descriptive, cross-sectional study consisting of 172 athletes (25 ± 7 y old; 45 women). Seventy-three competed in team sports and 99 in individual sports. Furthermore, 56 competed in the international level, 95 in the national and 21 in the regional. We recorded the SRI values for at least 5 d via continuous actigraphy. We recorded a mean SRI value of 73 ± 12. We found no significant differences between athletes' sleep parameters in relation to sleep regularity. Furthermore, SRI data showed no correlations (Spearman's ρ) with sleep parameters, bed time and wake time. Female athletes (p = 0.001) and individual sport athletes (p = 0.001) reported better sleep regularity than their counterparts. International-level athletes reported better sleep regularity than those in other competitive levels (national: p = 0.001; regional: p = 0.024). Our study showed that international level athletes, female athletes and individual sport athletes reported better sleep regularity. Additionally, SRI data showed no correlation with athletes' sleep parameters, bed and wake time.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the occurrence of daytime sleepiness and associated sleep factors in a sample of elementary school students who attended school in the afternoon schedule. METHODS: Sleep data from 363 Brazilian public school students (12.78 ± 1.36 years, 206 girls) were obtained by applying questionnaires in classrooms. All subjects attended school in the afternoon schedule, with classes starting between 1:00 and 1:20 p.m. Daytime sleepiness was assessed by the pediatric daytime sleepiness scale; sleep quality, by the mini-sleep questionnaire; and sleep patterns and chronotypes, by the Munich chronotype questionnaire. Scores equal to or greater than 15 pediatric daytime sleepiness scale points were considered as excessive daytime sleepiness. The predictive power of sleep variables on daytime sleepiness was evaluated by a multiple linear regression. RESULTS: The subjects in the sample had an average time in bed greater than nine hours both on school days and on weekends. Nevertheless, 52.1% had an average pediatric daytime sleepiness scale score equal to or greater than 15 points, indicative of excessive daytime sleepiness. As for their quality of sleep, 41.1% had a very altered sleep. We observed, by a multiple linear regression, that quality of sleep (ß = 0.417), chronotype (ß = 0.174), mid-sleep on school days (ß = 0.138), and time in bed (ß = - 0.091) were all significant in predicting daytime sleepiness. CONCLUSION: This study showed the occurrence of excessive daytime sleepiness in non-sleep deprived students who attended school in the afternoon. The worst quality of sleep and eveningness had a greater predictive power on daytime sleepiness than time in bed. Therefore, we must consider other factors in addition to sleep duration when planning interventions for daytime sleepiness.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the occurrence of daytime sleepiness and associated sleep factors in a sample of elementary school students who attended school in the afternoon schedule. METHODS Sleep data from 363 Brazilian public school students (12.78 ± 1.36 years, 206 girls) were obtained by applying questionnaires in classrooms. All subjects attended school in the afternoon schedule, with classes starting between 1:00 and 1:20 p.m. Daytime sleepiness was assessed by the pediatric daytime sleepiness scale; sleep quality, by the mini-sleep questionnaire; and sleep patterns and chronotypes, by the Munich chronotype questionnaire. Scores equal to or greater than 15 pediatric daytime sleepiness scale points were considered as excessive daytime sleepiness. The predictive power of sleep variables on daytime sleepiness was evaluated by a multiple linear regression. RESULTS The subjects in the sample had an average time in bed greater than nine hours both on school days and on weekends. Nevertheless, 52.1% had an average pediatric daytime sleepiness scale score equal to or greater than 15 points, indicative of excessive daytime sleepiness. As for their quality of sleep, 41.1% had a very altered sleep. We observed, by a multiple linear regression, that quality of sleep (β = 0.417), chronotype (β = 0.174), mid-sleep on school days (β = 0.138), and time in bed (β = - 0.091) were all significant in predicting daytime sleepiness. CONCLUSION This study showed the occurrence of excessive daytime sleepiness in non-sleep deprived students who attended school in the afternoon. The worst quality of sleep and eveningness had a greater predictive power on daytime sleepiness than time in bed. Therefore, we must consider other factors in addition to sleep duration when planning interventions for daytime sleepiness.

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BACKGROUND: The prevalence of chronic sleep restriction during adolescence is a major public health issue. Napping has been adopted to alleviate sleep pressure complaints. However, it also has the potential to amplify sleep restriction due to a vicious cycle triggered by delayed sleep times. The aim of this study was to investigate sleep and napping habits in a sample of Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: This study enrolled 1554 high school students and included the evaluation of sleep times, daytime sleepiness, sleep quality, and circadian preference. The students were asked about their napping routine, ie its frequency and duration per week. RESULTS: The adolescent sleep recommendation was achieved by only 27.6% of the sample. Napping habit was reported by 58.1%, with 36.2% of nappers informing naps in 1-2 times per week. Prolonged naps were reported by 44.9% of nappers. Nappers had later median bedtime (23:30) and reduced time in bed (TIB) (median = 07:00 h) compared to non-nappers. The frequency of nappers who did not achieve satisfactory TIB was higher than non-nappers. In addition, nappers reported increased daytime sleepiness and poor sleep quality. Later bedtimes and reduced TIB were associated with longer nap duration. Increased sleepiness and poor sleep quality were linked to a higher nap frequency. CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory survey demonstrated a severe sleep restriction faced by Brazilian adolescents. Napping can be an efficient strategy to counteract sleep restriction, but it needs to be adopted with caution due to the detrimental effects of frequent and prolonged naps on nocturnal sleep.

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Social jetlag (SJL) causes impairment of academic achievement; on the other hand, the personality factor of conscientiousness is related to better grades. We evaluated the impact of conscientiousness on the academic consequences of social jetlag. Undergraduate students (n = 556) were evaluated throughout their first 3 years of university education. Conscientiousness, as a mediating factor in the structural equation modeling, explained 20% of the effect of SJL on academic achievement. This is the first cohort study to evaluate the mediating effect of personality on the consequences of SJL.

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Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, with a worldwide incidence of 1% in individuals >60 years of age. Its primary characteristics include postural impairments and changes in circadian rhythms. The authors investigated the association between postural impairment and changes in circadian rhythms in 24 PD subjects diagnosed with stages 1 to 3 on the Hoehn-Yard (HY) scale and regularly used dopaminergic medication for at least 1 year (experimental group - EG) and 24 healthy elderly individuals without a history of neurological impairment as the control group (CG). Static balance tests using a force plate were performed, and activity/rest rhythm, according to the relative amplitude of L5 and M10 values, was monitored for seven consecutive days using actimetry. The results indicated differences in posturographic indicators of mediolateral displacement (ML) [EG, 4.71 ± 0.85 mm; CG, 2.79 ± 0.53 mm (p < .0001)] and anteroposterior displacement of the center of pressure (COP) [EG, 5.61 ± 2.43 mm; CG, 8.23 ± 1.72 mm (< 0.0001)], ML velocity of the COP [EG, 2.39 ± 0.83 mm/s; CG, 1.40 ± 0.18 mm/s (p < .0001)], and total distance of the COP in the tandem stance condition [EG, 227.6 ± 75 mm; CG, 53.4 ± 6.1 mm (p < .0001)] between the EG and CG. There was no correlation between relative amplitude and posturographic data for the EG. Postural impairments were verified in comparing the EG and CG; however, there was no association between posturographic indicators and activity/rest rhythm.

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Studies focusing on human rhythmicity show that human circadian rhythm suffers constant changes across lifespan. Changes in rest-activity patterns can be studied through nonparametric variables of actigraphy: L5 (an individual's least active 5 h), M10 (an individual's most active 10 h) and RA (relative amplitude of the rest-activity rhythm). The variable RA is the normalized difference between L5 and M10 - the higher the RA, the greater the difference between these two variables. This study used the data bank of the Human Chronobiology Laboratory of Federal University of Paraná (Brazil). It analyzed actimetric data of 93 children between 4 and 11 years of age in their naturalistic context in order to describe the development of nonparametric variables. Correlation between age and L5 was significantly negative (rho = - 0.29, p = 0.004), while correlation between age and RA was significantly positive (rho = 0.31, p = 0.003). The variables M10, sL5 (start of L5) and sM10 (start of M10) did not show significant correlation to age. Furthermore, there were no statistical differences between genders. The population of this study, healthy children, has been poorly assessed by similar literature. Through our results, we have demonstrated that, as children age, L5 significantly decreases, which reflects a smaller fragmentation of circadian rhythm. As an expected consequence, RA significantly increases. In other words, these nonparametric variables of actimetry successfully demonstrate that children tend to reduce nocturnal activity as they age, a phenomenon that reflects the ongoing consolidation of circadian rhythm.

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There is still insufficient data about the characteristics and clinical significance of the bimodal chronotype. We evaluated more than 1000 students with Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and 36-item Short Form Health Survey. Twelve percent of the sample was bimodal and they showed similar results to intermediate chronotype in MCTQ-chronotype and social jetlag, both different from morning and evening chronotypes. However, their quality of life and sleep quality were similar to evening types, both different from morning and intermediate types. We discuss if being bimodal would be a maladaptive aspect of circadian preference.

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To characterize circadian rest-activity rhythm in COPD, 26 cases (66.9 ± 8.5y) and 15 controls (63.0 ± 10.7y) were assessed by actimetry. Rhythm fragmentation was measured by intradaily variability (IV), while synchronization to the 24-h light-dark cycle was measured by interdaily stability (IS). The average activity during the least active 5-h period (L5) and the average activity during the most active 10-h period (M10) were used to calculate the relative amplitude mean [RAm = (M10-L5)/(M10+L5)]. COPD patients presented higher IVm (0.242 ± 0.097 vs 0.182 ± 0.063) and L5 (36.849 ± 18.239 vs 19.888 ± 12.268) and lower RAm (0.696 ± 0.134 vs 0.833 ± 0.093) than controls. Future studies on the effects of chronotherapy measures in COPD are warranted.

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Here our goal was to determine the magnitude of sleep-related motor skill enhancement. Performance on the finger tapping task (FTT) was evaluated after a 90 min daytime nap (n=15) or after quiet wakefulness (n=15). By introducing a slight modification in the formula used to calculate the offline gains we were able to refine the estimated magnitude of sleep׳s effect on motor skills. The raw value of improvement after a nap decreased after this correction (from ~15% to ~5%), but remained significantly higher than the control. These results suggest that sleep does indeed play a role in motor skill consolidation.

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Objetivo Determinar a especificidade e a sensibilidade de uma medida para apontar o melhor ponto de corte para a duração de sono como preditor da sonolência diurna excessiva em adolescentes. Métodos Participaram do estudo 1.359 adolescentes, com idades de 14 a 21 anos, de duas cidades do sul do Brasil, que responderam a questionário de hábitos de sono e sonolência diurna. Utilizou-se a Receiver Operating Characteristic para estimar a capacidade preditiva da duração de sono para a sonolência diurna excessiva. Resultados A média de duração do sono para os adolescentes com sonolência diurna excessiva foi de 7,9 horas e para aqueles sem sonolência diurna excessiva foi de 8,33 horas (p < 0,001). A prevalência de sonolência diurna excessiva foi de 35,7%. Foi observada correlação significativa e negativa entre a duração do sono e as idades analisadas (p < 0,001). A análise de Receiver Operating Characteristic indicou duração mínima de 8,33 horas como proteção para a sonolência diurna excessiva. Conclusão Foi observada alta prevalência de sonolência diurna excessiva e propõe-se como possível duração de sono um mínimo de 8,33 horas nos dias com aula para que os adolescentes evitem esse desfecho. .

Objective Determine specificity and sensibility, to point the best cut off for the sleep duration as predictor of excessive daytime somnolence in adolescents. Methods One thousand three hundred fifty-nine adolescents aged 14 to 21 years of two cities from South Brazil answered a questionnaire about sleep habits and daytime somnolence. To estimate the predictive capacity of sleep duration for the excessive daytime somnolence was used the Receiver Operating Characteristic. Results The sleep duration mean for adolescents with excessive daytime somnolence was 7.9 hours and for those without excessive daytime somnolence was 8.33 hours (p < 0,001). The prevalence of excessive daytime somnolence was 35.7%. Significant and negative correlation between the sleep duration and the ages analyzed was observed (p < 0,001). The Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis indicated a minimum duration of 8.33 hours as protection for excessive daytime somnolence. Conclusion High prevalence of excessive daytime somnolence was observed and is proposed as a possible sleep duration a minimum of 8.33 hours of sleep in the days with classes for adolescents to avoid this outcome. .

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations between excessive daytime sleepiness and nocturia in women. METHOD: A total of 488 women aged 18-89 years who underwent screening for cervical cancer at one institution in Florianópolis, Brazil, took part in this investigation. Sleep issues and daytime sleepiness, urinary frequency, and nutritional status were investigated. RESULTS: The prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness was 31.3%. Most of the women reported having nocturia, since 32.4% reported one nocturnal voiding, and 24.3% two or more nocturnal voidings. Higher nocturnal voiding frequency was identified in women who spent longer in bed (P=0.028) and had worse quality of sleep (P<0.001), higher daytime sleepiness (P=0.016) and excess body weight (P<0.001). A higher prevalence of daytime sleepiness was also observed in those women assumed to have urine leakage (P=0.006). Women with two or more nocturnal voidings presented 1.58 (CI: 1.06-2.37) higher prevalence of daytime sleepiness independent of time in bed (P=0.030). CONCLUSION: Women with at least two nocturnal voidings presented higher prevalence of daytime sleepiness, worse sleep quality, and longer time in bed. Moreover, women with daytime sleepiness presented higher frequency of urine leakage.

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In the past years many studies have demonstrated the role of sleep on memory consolidation. It is known that sleeping after learning a declarative or non-declarative task, is better than remaining awake. Furthermore, there are reports of a possible role for dreams in consolidation of declarative memories. Other studies have reported the effect of naps on memory consolidation. With similar protocols, another set of studies indicated that sleep has a role in creativity and problem-solving. Here we hypothesised that sleep can increase the likelihood of solving problems. After struggling to solve a video game problem, subjects who took a nap (n = 14) were almost twice as likely to solve it when compared to the wake control group (n = 15). It is interesting to note that, in the nap group 9 out 14 subjects engaged in slow-wave sleep (SWS) and all solved the problem. Surprisingly, we did not find a significant involvement of Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep in this task. Slow-wave sleep is believed to be crucial for the transfer of memory-related information to the neocortex and implement intentions. Sleep can benefit problem-solving through the generalisation of newly encoded information and abstraction of the gist. In conclusion, our results indicate that sleep, even a nap, can potentiate the solution of problems that involve logical reasoning. Thus, sleep's function seems to go beyond memory consolidation to include managing of everyday-life events.

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Active travel to school has been referred to as one way of increasing the level of daily physical exercise, but the actual impacts on student's general health are not clear. Recently, a possible association between active travel to school and the duration of sleep was suggested. Thus, the aim was of this study to investigate the associations between the type of transportation and travel time to school, the time in bed and sleepiness in the classroom of high school students. Information on sleeping habits and travel to school of 1126 high school students were analyzed, where 55.1% were girls with an average age of 16.24 (1.39) years old, in Santa Maria Municipality, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Multiple linear regression and adjusted prevalence rates analyses were carried out. The frequency of active travel found was 61.8%. Associations between time in bed, sleepiness in the classroom and the type of transportation (active or passive) were not identified. Nevertheless, the time in bed was inversely associated with the travel time (p = 0.036) and with a phase delay. In the adjusted analysis, active travel was more incident for the students of schools in the suburbs (PR: 1.68; CI: 1.40-2.01) in comparison with the students of schools in the center. Therefore, longer trips were associated with a reduction of sleep duration of morning and night groups. Interventions concerning active travel to school must be carried out cautiously in order not to cause a reduction of the sleeping time.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of exposure to bright light on sleepiness during evening hours among college students. METHODS: Twenty-seven healthy college students, all males, with ages ranging from 21 to 24years, working during the day and studying in the evening, participated in this study. During the 3week study, the students wore actigraphs and recorded levels of sleepiness. In a crossover design, on the second and third weeks, the students were exposed to bright light (BL) at either 19:00 or 21:00h. Salivary melatonin samples were collected before and after BL exposure. ANOVA test for repeated measurements were performed. RESULTS: After BL exposure, sleepiness levels were reduced at 20:30 and 22:00h (F=2.2; p<0.05). ANOVA showed statistical differences between time (F=4.84; p=0.04) and between day and time of BL exposure (F=4.24; p=0.05). The results showed effects of melatonin onset at 20:00 and 21:30h and sleepiness levels (F=7.67; p=0.02) and perception of sleepiness and intervention time (F=6.52; p=0.01). CONCLUSION: Controlled exposure to BL during evening hours increased alertness among college students. The effects of BL on sleepiness varied according to the time of melatonin onset.

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A privação de sono é uma situação comum entre os estudantes e pode causar problemas de saúde e de aprendizagem. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o padrão de sono de estudantes universitários do curso de fisioterapia e os fatores associados à qualidade de sono. Participaram do estudo 199 alunos do curso de Fisioterapia. Para avaliação da qualidade do sono, foi utilizado o Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh. Variáveis ambientais, biológicas e sociais foram obtidas e sua relação com qualidade de sono foi analisada. Pode-se observar que 51,75% dos estudantes apresentaram qualidade do sono ruim, a qual estava associada com a menor duração do sono (p<0,01) e hora de acordar mais cedo em dias de semana (p<0,01), dois turnos de trabalho (p<0,01) e maior sonolência diurna (p<0,01). Concluiu-se que 51,75% dos estudantes universitários avaliados apresentaram qualidade de sono ruim e essa pode ter causa multifatorial.

Sleep deprivation is a common situation among students and can cause health problems and learning difficulties. On this way, the aim of the study was to analyze the sleep pattern of physical therapy university students, as well as the associated factors with quality of sleep. A total of 199 physical therapy students participate of the study. To asses sleep quality, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used. Environmental, biological and social variables were investigated and their relations to sleep quality were analyzed. It was shown that 51.75% of the students showed poor sleep quality, which has been associated with shorter sleep duration (p<0.01) and earlier wake-up time in weekdays (p<0.01), double work shift (p<0.01) and increased daytime sleepiness (p<0.01). It was concluded that the quality of sleep was poor in 51.75% of the evaluated students and this may have multifactorial cause.

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OBJETIVO: Analisar as relações entre ciclo vigília/sono e transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade. FONTES DE DADOS: Os artigos foram selecionados nas bases de dados SciELO e PubMed, utilizando-se "sono", "transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade", "atividade motora" e "crianças" como palavras-chave para a busca. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Embora os resultados de diferentes estudos sejam inconclusivos e, por vezes, contraditórios, não sendo possível estabelecer relações claras entre sono e transtorno do déficit de atenção/hiperatividade, observa-se que o sono das crianças diagnosticadas difere do sono de crianças que não possuem o transtorno, sugerindo que alterações de sono possam se relacionar ao transtorno do déficit de atenção/hiperatividade. CONCLUSÕES: A falta de marcadores biológicos e de conhecimento a respeito da sua etiologia gera dificuldades na determinação da real prevalência do transtorno do déficit de atenção/hiperatividade, além de limitar sua compreensão e a busca por novas formas de tratamento e prevenção. Embora dificuldades de sono sejam frequentemente relatadas na prática clínica e já tenham sido utilizadas como um dos critérios diagnósticos para o transtorno, pouco se sabe sobre a possível participação da privação de sono na etiologia do transtorno do déficit de atenção/hiperatividade.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between the wake/sleep cycle and the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. DATA SOURCE: The articles were found in the SciELO and PubMed databases, using "sleep", "attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder", "motor activity" and "children" as search key-words. DATA SYNTHESIS: The results of individual studies are inconclusive and frequently contradictory, not allowing the establishment of a clear relationship between sleep and the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. However, sleep patterns of children diagnosed with this disorder are different than those of healthy children. Thus, the possible role of sleep alterations in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder etiology cannot be ruled out. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of biological markers and knowledge about the etiology of the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder results in some difficulties in determining its real prevalence. Moreover, this restricts our understanding of the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the search for new forms of treatment and prevention. Although sleeping difficulties have been frequently mentioned in clinical practice studies and are already being used as one of the diagnostic criteria for the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, little is known about the possible participation of sleep deprivation in the etiology of the disorder.

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