RESUMO
We report three cases of refractory chronic endophthalmitis after cataract surgery presenting to a referral center, and with repeated negative cultures. Initial treatment consisted of intravitreal and systemic antibiotics, with partial improvement. After subsequent worsening, pars plana vitrectomy, intraocular lens explantation and en bloc capsulectomy were performed. Histopathological examination revealed multiple filamentous fungal structures, sequestered between anterior/posterior lens capsule in all cases. Chronic postoperative fungal endophthalmitis may manifest with negative cultures possibly associated with sequestration of the microorganism into the capsular bag. Careful histopathological examination of lens capsule in these cases may be essential for a definite diagnosis.
RESUMO
The use of smartphones is revolutionizing the way information is acquired, leading to profound modifications in teaching medicine. Nevertheless, inadvertent use can negatively affect student learning. The present study aims to evaluate smartphone use in the educational context as well as Internet addiction and its repercussions on surface and deep learning and to compare them during the different phases of medical students' education. This is a cross-sectional study involving medical students in all phases of education. Sociodemographic data, type and frequency of smartphone use, degree of digital addiction (Internet Addiction Test - IAT), and surface and deep approaches to learning (Biggs) were analyzed. A total of 710 students were included. Almost all students had a smartphone and a total of 96.8% used it during lectures, classes, and meetings. Less than half of the students (47.3%) reported using a smartphone for more than 10 min for educational purposes, a usage that is higher among clerkship students. At least 95% reported using a smartphone in the classroom for activities not related to medicine (social media and searching for general information) and 68.2% were considered problematic Internet users according to the IAT. The most common reasons for noneducational use were that the class was uninteresting, students needed to receive or make an important call, and the educational strategy was not stimulating. The "frequency of smartphone use" and higher "internet addiction" were correlated to both higher levels of surface learning and lower levels of deep learning. Educators should advise and educate their students about conscientious use of this tool to avoid detrimental impact on the learning process.
Assuntos
Comportamento Aditivo/epidemiologia , Educação Médica/estatística & dados numéricos , Internet , Smartphone/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudantes de Medicina/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Aprendizagem , Aplicativos Móveis/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Sexuais , Mídias Sociais/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
La citogenética ha adquirido un valor indiscutible en el diagnóstico, pronóstico y seguimiento de las leucemias. Es un hecho conocido que las anomalías cromosómicas forman parte del fenotipo de la célula tumoral. Con las mejoras en las técnicas citogenéticas se ha podido establecer aberraciones cromosómicas específicas, no aleatorias en diferentes tipos de leucemias. El ejemplo clásico lo constituye la leucemia mieloide crónica (LMC), resultado de una transformación neoplásica monoclonal de la célula pluripotencial. Está caracterizada por presentar un 90 por ciento de los casos, un cromosoma Philadelphia (cromosoma 22 acortado), producto de una translocación recíproca entre un cromosoma 9 y 22. Esta aberración cromosómica, además de constituir un sello diagnóstico, permitió la localización del proto-oncogen c-abl (en el cromosoma 9) que al yuxtaponerse (mediante translocación al bcr del cromosoma 22) da como resultado la producción celular de una proteína kinasa anormal, que juega un rol muy importante en la cancerogénesis. El estudio cromosómico sirve de gran apoyo clínico, de ahí el interés de montar estas técnicas. Desde febrero de 1990 iniciamos el estudio citogenético de leucemias, realizando cultivos de médulña ósea y en ocasiones de blastos de sangre periférica. Se realizaron en forma sistémica cultivo directo de 24 y de 48 horas y un minucioso análisis. Nuestra experiencia muestra un 70 por ciento de éxito en la obtención de resultados. De un total de 30 pacientes, 21 arrojaron resultados positivos. De éstos, 8 (35 por ciento) no presentaron anomalías cromosómicas, 134 (65 por ciento) las presentaron. De éstos, 13.5 fueron POhiladelkphia positivo y 8 presentaron anomalías numéricas y/o estructurales, entre las cuales cuenta una translocación aberrante, t (9;11;22). La clínica y la utilidad prestada por el estudio citogenético son analizados individualmente en los casos con resultados positivos
Assuntos
Humanos , Citogenética/métodos , Leucemia/genética , Aberrações Cromossômicas/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/genética , Leucemia Mielogênica Crônica BCR-ABL Positiva/genética , /genética , Marcadores Genéticos/genéticaRESUMO
Eight pts with acute myeloid leukemia were studied to assess coagulation and fibrinolysis disturbances as a cause of hemorrhages associated to thrombopenia. Fibrinogen, products of fibrinogen to fibrin degradation, D-dimer, antithrombin III, protein C, plasminogen and alpha-2 antiplasmin determinations were performed at admission, during and after chemotherapy. All pts were on heparin during induction chemotherapy. Coagulation activation, which increased with the onset of chemotherapy (increases in D-dimer) and a decreasing trend at the end of the antileukemic therapy (normalization of fibrinogen levels) was observed. During the whole observation period alpha-2 antiplasmin levels remained very low. No significant changes were observed in antithrombin III or protein C levels. In conclusion, disseminated intravascular coagulation with associated thrombopenia is an important event in acute leukemia and an increased fibrinolytic activity due to low alpha-2 antiplasmin levels may take part in the genesis of hemorrhage. These data suggest that both heparin administration and the use of antifibrinolytic drugs may have a therapeutic effect.