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Germination and seedling establishment are two critical processes in the life cycle of plants. Seeds and seedlings must pass through a series of abiotic and biotic filters in order to recruit as members of their communities. These processes are part of the regeneration niche of the species. In arid regions, the regeneration niche is frequently associated to facilitation by shade. Facilitation is a positive interaction between plants, in which one of them acts as a benefactor (the nurse) of the other (the beneficiary). The result of this interaction can be reflected in the increased growth, survival, and/or reproduction of the beneficiary plant. In this study, we determined experimentally the effect of shade and irrigation on the germination and early survival of dominant species of a semi-arid Andean region, the Bolivian Prepuna. An experiment with Acacia feddeana, Prosopis ferox, Cercidium andicola (woody species), Parodia maassii, and Oreocereus celsianus (cactus species) was carried out at an experimental garden in La Paz, Bolivia, with a bifactorial design, considering shaded and unshaded pots, subjected to two irrigation treatments (≈50 and 80 mm of rainfall during the whole study period). Microenvironmental conditions did not affect the seed germination of the woody species. However, they showed differences in seedling survival: A. feddeana survived better under shade, whereas P. ferox and C. andicola survived better without shade. Cercidium andicola, compared to P. ferox, was more affected by shade and low irrigation. Although germination success of cacti was low, both species germinated better under shade and with high irrigation. These results showed differences in the regeneration niche of dominant species of the Prepuna which may favor their coexistence and which may be characteristic of other dry Andean regions.

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Introducción: Las labores de pesquisa activa realizadas por estudiantes de Ciencias Médicas, algunos de los cuales constituyeron objeto de aislamiento y cuarentena, se iniciaron en Cuba, con la aparición de la COVID-19. Objetivo: Describir características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los estudiantes ingresados durante la pesquisa de COVID-19 en 10 de Octubre. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico, observacional descriptivo, transversal, entre el 18 de marzo y el 31 de julio de 2020. La muestra se seleccionó por muestreo no probabilístico, quedando 82 estudiantes objeto de ingreso en el periodo y lugar. Se aplicaron medidas de resumen, porcentaje y tasa. Resultados: Los estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina constituyeron el 70,73 por ciento, el sexo femenino estuvo representado con un 65,85 por ciento. El 61 por ciento de los estudiantes fueron ingresados en el hogar. El policlínico Luis de la Puente Uceda (LPU) constituyó el área de mayor riesgo global con una tasa de 81,71 por 100 mil habitantes. El 67 por ciento estuvo en cuarentena por haber sido contacto indirecto. El 2,43 por ciento de la muestra resultó positivo al SARS-CoV-2. Conclusiones: La vigilancia de los contactos indirectos se realizó en ingreso en el hogar y los casos positivos ingresaron en hospitales. La trasmisión fue mínima en zonas de muy alto Riesgo Global y nula entre contactos de los casos positivos. En los confirmados no existió preferencia por algún sexo y no se presentaron complicaciones de la enfermedad(AU)

Introduction: With the appearance of COVID-19 pandemic, medical students began to carry out active research work in Cuba. However, some of them were subjected to isolation or quarantine. Objective: To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the students admitted during the COVID-19 pandemic in 10 de Octubre Municipality. Material and Methods: An epidemiological, observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted between March 18 and July 31, 2020. Non-probabilistic sampling was used in the selection of the sample, leaving 82 students admitted in the period and place under investigation. Percentages, rates and summary measures were applied. Results: Medical students represented 70.73 percent of the sample, of whom 65.85 percent were women. Sixty-seven percent were admitted to home because of indirect contact with infected people. The Luis de la Puente Uceda (LPU) Polyclinic was the area of highest global risk with an incidence rate of 81,71 per 100 thousand inhabitants. Also, 2.43 percent of the sample was positive for SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions: Surveillance of indirect contacts was carried out on admission to home and positive cases were admitted to hospitals. There was minimal transmission in areas of very high global risk. The results of the tests were negative in almost all the students. In those confirmed cases, there was no sex preference and there were no complications of the disease(AU)

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El lupus eritematoso sistémico clasifica como una compleja, multisistémica enfermedad autoinmune que evoluciona por brotes de actividad, con diferentes grados de severidad, determinante de daño crónico irreversible. Las infecciones constituyen un capitulo particular en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico, y estos pacientes pueden asociar sus manifestaciones autoinmune-reumáticas a la infección por VIH/SIDA, aunque no existen muchos reportes a nivel mundial sobre esta asociación. Existen diferencias en cuanto a los mecanismos patogénicos que obran en ambas entidades, no obstante presentan homologías en el orden clínico las cuales en ocasiones hacen difícil establecer el diagnóstico diferencial entre estas entidades. Nuestro objetivo estuvo dirigido a reportar dos casos de féminas de 47 y 36 años de edad, con esta asociación en el marco de la epidemia cubana VIH-SIDA. Una de ellas desarrolló la infección varios años después del diagnóstico de lupus, y ha presentado luego del VIH brotes aislados de actividad; desarrollado daño renal y severas lesiones discoideas en cuero cabelludo todo ello aunado a infecciones urinarias. La segunda paciente desarrolló la infección VIH, y luego de varios años en tratamiento antirretroviral, tórpidamente presentó criterios clínicos e inmunológicos para lupus: debutó con un síndrome febril, toma del estado general, lesiones importantes vasculíticas de miembros inferiores complicadas con ulceraciones infectadas que remedaban pioderma gangrenosa así como serositis lúpica e infección respiratoria grave. Ambos casos contaban con tratamiento antirretroviral, y un buen conteo de células T CD4+, con carga viral indetectable. Se logró en ambos casos yugular los brotes de actividad e infecciones intercurrentes. Metodológicamente desarrollamos una amplia revisión por Medline, PubMed-Lilacs entre otros motores de búsqueda. No conocemos de otros estudios que establezcan una descripción clínica y analítica de este tipo de pacientes en Cuba(AU)

Systemic lupus erythematous classifies as a complex, multisystemic autoimmune disease that evolves through outbreaks of activity, with different degrees of severity, determining irreversible chronic damage. Infections are a particular chapter in patients with systemic lupus erythematous, and these patients can associate their autoimmune-rheumatic manifestations with HIV / AIDS infection, although there are not many worldwide reports on this association. There are differences in the pathogenic mechanisms that work in both entities, however they present homologies in the clinical order which sometimes make it difficult to establish the differential diagnosis between these entities. Our objective was to report two cases of females aged 47 and 36 years old, with the association within the framework of the Cuban HIV-AIDS epidemic. One of them developed the infection several years after the diagnosis of lupus, has presented isolated HIV activity outbreaks and developed kidney damage and severe discoid lesions on the scalp and urinary tract infections. The second patient developed HIV infection, and after several years on antiretroviral treatment, she presented clinical and immunological criteria for lupus: She debuted with a febrile syndrome, taking the general condition, important vasculitic lesions of the lower limbs complicated by infected ulcerations mimicking pioderma, gangrenous as well as lupus serositis and severe respiratory infection. Both cases had ARV treatment, and a good CD4 + T cell count, with undetectable viral load. In both cases, the outbreaks of activity and intercurrent infections were achieved. Methodologically, we developed an extensive review by Med-Line, Pubmed-Lilacs among other search engines using the keywords lupus and VIH infections: We do not know of other studies that establish a clinical and analytical description of this type of patients in Cuba.We conclude with the presentation of two patients differents form of presentation, both with systemic lupus in asociation with VIH-aids infection, and hgih level of disease activity . The were safe with a good control of the diseases and the treatment wih antirretroviral drugs, antibiotics, an especific drugs like antimalarials, corticosteroids and others with satisfactory clinical evolutions(AU)

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The fast expansion of human population around La Paz, Bolivia (3,200-4,100 m.a.s.l.) triggered new suburban settlements in nearby areas in valleys and mountain feet. The white mesquite, Prosopis alba Griseb. (Leguminosae), is a resource (originally used by native communities) that is strongly affected by changes in land use. A gradient in the level of disturbance is found moving away from the La Paz city toward less altitude areas. The main objective of this study was to characterize genetically three P. alba populations with different levels of human disturbance located at different altitudes in Bolivia, in order to provide some guidelines for management and conservation of these species. Based on 10 SSR loci, the populations showed high level of genetic diversity in comparison with other forest species. The population less disturbed and situated at the lowest altitude was the most variable (H e  = 0.51-0.42), whereas the less variable was the most disturbed and situated at the highest altitude. Heterozygote excess was observed in all populations. Most of genetic diversity (99%) is contained within populations. Genetic differentiation among populations is low (1%), suggesting low gene flow among populations. No evidence of recent bottlenecks events was detected. The estimates of the effective population size were low in all populations. The results are in agreement with the hypothesis that genetic diversity is reduced by the impact of anthropic disturbance in the population located at higher altitude in comparison with the lightly disturbed situated at lower altitude and farther from urban settlements.

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Plant facilitation is now recognized as an important process in severe environments. However, there is still no agreement on how facilitation changes as conditions become increasingly severe. The classic stress gradient hypothesis (SGH) predicts a monotonic increase in facilitation, which rises in frequency as conditions approach the extreme end of the environmental gradient. However, few studies have evaluated the validity of the SGH at the community level, the level at which it was formulated. Moreover, few studies have tested the SGH at either extreme of the gradient, and very few have excluded the effect of livestock on community response to stress. In line with the SGH, we hypothesized that several spatial pattern summary statistics would change monotonically from the least to the most arid sites, indicating increasingly aggregated patterns. In this study, we performed an evaluation of the SGH both within communities of shrub species and across a large portion of the Atacama Desert, and we isolated the abiotic component of the SGH. Our environmental gradient covered an extreme aridity gradient (< 20-130 mm annual precipitation). To perform point pattern analysis, we established 13 sites with environmental conditions representing four distinct levels of this gradient. Further, we conducted species co-occurrence analyses at 19 sites along the gradient. Both sets of analyses showed stronger positive spatial associations among plants at the most extreme end of the gradient. This was true regardless of whether we included all individuals, only small individuals located around large ones, or individuals in species pairs. Moreover, species tended to show greater co-occurrence as environmental severity increased. This increase in aggregation in the plant community seems to correlate with an increase in the strength of positive interspecific interactions, rather than greater clustering within each species. These monotonic increases in species co-occurrence and spatial association in more severe environments are consistent with some of the predictions of SGH, and collectively these results suggest that as the climate becomes more arid, positive species pairs interactions tend to be prevalent in the community.

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Introducción: Las quemaduras son lesiones de los tejidos producidas por una agresión cutánea de energía térmica cuya clasificación varía de acuerdo a la gravedad. Representan un problema de salud pública especialmente en los niños por su elevada letalidad y los años de vida perdidos por discapacidad. Objetivo: Identificar las características relacionadas con la ocurrencia de escaldaduras en niños menores de 5 años, en un Hospital Pediátrico de la Ciudad de México, 2011. Material y Métodos: Se empleó un diseño de casos-autocontroles en 60 niños menores de 5 años que presentaron escaldadura. La evaluación de algunas variables se obtuvo mediante el diligenciamiento de un cuestionario estructurado por parte de los cuidadores. Se definieron dos periodos de estudio; el primero denominado "periodo de riesgo" que incluyó la evaluación de los eventos ocurridos 15 minutos previos a la escaldadura y el segundo, denominado "periodo de control" que evaluó las 24 horas previas a la ocurrencia del evento. Resultados: La muestra estuvo conformada por 60 menores, 70% (n=42) de los participantes fueron varones. El promedio de edad fue 2.2 años (ds=1.2). El 95% de las escaldaduras ocurrieron en el hogar, 61.4% se presentaron en la cocina y 15.8% en el baño. Cerca del 70% de los participantes tenía bajo nivel socioeconómico, 86.7% vivía en condiciones de hacinamiento. El rango horario en el cual se presentaron con mayor frecuencia fue entre las 12 a 18 horas. La única asociación encontrada se dio cuando el cuidador estaba cocinando (OR 6.8, IC95% 1.9-24.9) Conclusiones: Identificar las características relacionadas con las escaldaduras en menores de cinco años es fundamental para impulsar medidas preventivas que reduzcan el riesgo de vivir con secuelas derivados de estas lesiones. Los cuidadores deben mejorar la supervisión de los niños a su cargo, en especial al interior de las cocinas.

Introduction: Burns are injuries of tissues caused by skin aggression thermal energy. Their classification varies according to gravity. Such injuries are a public health problem especially in children because of its high fatality rate and years of life lost due to disability. Objective: Identify the characteristics associated with the occurrence of scalds in children under 5 years in a Pediatric Hospital in Mexico City, 2011 Methodology: We employed a case crossover design on a sample of 60 children under 5 years old with scalding, to whom we applied a structured questionnaire to their caregivers. We defined two study periods: risk period, 15 minutes pre-scald and control period 24 hours prior to the occurrence of the event. Results: Of the sample of 60 children, 70% (n:42) were male, mean age 2.2 years (sd:1.2); 95% of scalds occurred at home, 61.4% occurred in the kitchen and 15.8% in the bathroom. About 70% of them had low socioeconomic status, 86.7% were living in overcrowded conditions. The times of higher occurrence of events were between 12 to 18 hours. The only association found was when the caregiver was cooking (OR 6.8, CI 95% 1.9 - 24.9). Conclusions: To identify the risk factors and characterize the scald in children under than five years old are fundamentals aspects to promote promotion and preventive program to reduce risk of live with physical and psychological disability from these causes of injuries. The caregiver should to have more attention to the children they supervise, in special within kitchen.

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The stress gradient hypothesis posits that facilitation and stress are positively correlated. The hump-shaped hypothesis, on the contrary, proposes that facilitation is greater at intermediate stress levels. The relationship between facilitation and environmental stress is commonly studied at small spatial scales and/or considering few species; thus, the implications of facilitation at a community level remain poorly understood. Here, we analyzed local co-occurrence patterns of all plant species at 25 sites within the subtropical Andes to evaluate the role of facilitation and competition as drivers of community structure. We considered a wide latitudinal gradient (19-26°S) that incorporates great variation in aridity. No previous studies have attempted to study these patterns across such a broad scale in warm deserts. Each locality was sampled at two scales (quadrat and patch), and co-occurrence was analyzed via null models. Furthermore, we tested for a relationship between plant co-occurrences and environmental aridity. Resulting patterns depended on life form. When all species were considered, negative associations were found, indicating competition. Woody/cactus life forms tended to be associated across communities, suggesting that there is facilitation between these life forms. Additionally, and unlike previous studies, we found positive associations among shrubs. The strength of the association between woody species changed non-monotonically with aridity. Herbs showed an inverted hump-shaped relationship, albeit ranging mostly among neutral values. Independent of the association type exhibited by different life forms, our community level results do not support current stress gradient hypotheses.

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In the nurse plant syndrome, or nurse association, seedlings (beneficiaries) are associated with adult shrubs/trees (benefactors). This phenomenon has been documented in several regions of the planet. Abiotic stress amelioration (one mechanism of facilitation) is one of the causes of this association. Most of the studies addressing the nurse syndrome have been conducted on spatial scales of a few hectares and have focused on only one or a few species. Moreover, there is an almost complete lack of studies addressing the incidence and characteristics of the nurse phenomenon in the arid Andes of South America. We undertook a first approximation to the study of facilitation in these ecosystems. The study was conducted at local and regional scales and involved the assessment of the spatial distribution of juveniles (seedlings and saplings) of 51 populations of 16 shrub and 12 cactus species in relation to shrub cover at 20 localities of the Prepuna (subtropical Andes of Bolivia and Argentina, 20-26 degrees S). In terms of spatial distribution, the juveniles of most of the populations of shrubs studied were distributed both under the shrubs and in open spaces, thereby showing an apparent indifference to microhabitat. Globose and opuntioid cacti were preferentially distributed below the canopies of shrubs and were usually more associated with the dominant shrub species, which stood out as better potential nurses. The pattern was consistent throughout the region, including the more mesic and arid localities. The fact that Prepuna woody species are capable of establishing in open spaces would confer this region a greater resilience. Our findings further suggest that community dynamics in arid and semi-arid environments are more variable than previously thought.

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Field dissipation, soil movement and laboratory leaching studies were performed to elucidate the effect of two rainfall amounts in the behaviour and environmental fate of simazine under climatic conditions at Casablanca Valley, Chile. Dissipation and soil movement were studied in a field vineyard with a sandy loam soil (Inceptisol; 74.08% sand; 14.87% silt and 11.04% clay). Simazine was applied to bare soil at 2.0 kg AI ha(-1), and its concentration was measured using immunoassay (ELISA) at 0, 10, 20, 40 and 90 days after application under two rainfall amounts, natural field conditions (39 mm) and modified conditions (39 + 180 mm). Simazine leaching was studied using soil core PVC lysimeters (0.9 m height; 0.22 m diameter). Field dissipation data were adjusted with a bi-exponential model. Half-life (DT(50)) values varied between 31.3 (+/-2.5) and 19.0 (+/-4.2) days under natural and modified conditions, respectively. Simazine K(d) varied from 0.42 to 2.15 (K(oc) 32.6-216.2) in the soil profile. Simazine was detected at a 90-cm soil depth in concentrations of 0.0085 (+/-0.0043) mg kg(-1) and 0.0321 (+/-0.001) mg kg(-1) under field and modified conditions, respectively. The maximum simazine leachate concentrations were 0.013 (+/-0.00084) mg litre(-1) (0.012% of total applied simazine) and 0.0084 (+/-0.00082) mg litre(-1) (0.11% of total applied simazine) for field and modified conditions respectively. These data indicate that water quantity has a significant effect on the DT(50) and the amount of simazine that moved through the soil profile, but not on the soil depth reached by this herbicide.

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Se diseño y programo el boletin electrónico de características farmaceúticas, que viene a ser formulado de gran ayuda para la edición, introducción y control de datos de productos calificados en la CFN, los mismos que comprenden el principio activo o nombre genérico, forma farmaceútica, concentración, propiedades, se realizo a crear consultas dinámicas internas y también cliente servidor en la web, primero en el sistema interno de la unidad mediante la búsqueda de productos farmaceúticos

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Se realizó las adecuaciones respectivas al sistema de control en base de datos del laboratorio, vale decir que se modifiquen la base de datos estructuradas de tablas de ingreso de datos recepción, muestreo y análisis, estos cambios afectaron a las pantallas de registro de datos, por ende se realizó nueva codificación acorde a las tablas actuales.(au)

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Constituye un documento indispensable con la cual deben contar todos los medicamentos previo a su introducción en el mercado farmaceútico nacional, el cual de otorga despues de haber sido sometido cada uno de ellos a una estrictica evaluación técnico-científica, para garantizar la calidad de los productos en beneficio de la población, para controlar y facilitar este proceso la DINAMED ha sistematizado los procedimientos para obtener dicho Registro.(au)

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El estudio describe diferentes momentos de los grupos étnicos en la región del Chaco sudamericano. La investigación muestra la llegada de los tupí guaraní al Chaco, produciéndose entonces enfrentamientos con etnias locales como los chanés, así mismo la llegada de otros grupos que afectaron seriamente la existencia misma de los indígenas del Gran Chaco Americano. Detalla la diversidad de etnias que compartían el Chaco y demuestra la variedad de estrategias que desarrollaron para haber sobrevivido hasta nuestros días, pese a no ser el pueblo más importante de la región.

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El informe presenta: reporte general de empresas importadoras y laboratorios registrados a nivel nacional, reporte de importadoras y laboratorios registrados segun departamentos,reporte general de sucursales registradas, reporte general de distribuidoras registradas, relacion de productos comision farmacologica nacional aprobados,observados y rechazados gestion 1998,2000,2002.(au)

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La hepatitis viral del tipo B (VHB) constituye uno de los problemas de salud pública más importante en todos los continentes, se estima que hay cerca de 300 millones de individuos de todo el mundo que son portadores crónicos, de los cuales mueren 2 millones cada año como consecuencia de la cirrosis o el cáncer heptocelular. La infección por VHB puede ocurrirle a cualquier persona, algunos grupos de individuos son particularmente expuestos al virus, en función de determinadas prácticas, pero se manifiesta más en los grupos de riesgo como las trabajadoras sexuales, de la salud, drogadictos y homosexuales. De las 51 trabajadoras sexuales el promedio de edad fue de 28.2 +- 6.0 años, con un rango de clientes que fue de 3 a 120 por semana...

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Contiene la descripción detallada de la temática de medicina clínica, abordando las patologías desde el punto de vista integral, enmarcadas en la semiología...

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Contiene la descripción detallada de la temática de medicina clínica, abordando las patologías desde el punto de vista integral, enmarcadas en la semiología...

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Se intentó una hipercorrección en 70 pacientes portadores de endotropía adquirida no acomodativa, obteniéndose un 81% de resultados exitosos y un porcentaje bajo (6%) de hipercorreciones definitivas. Se piensa que una pequeña exo consecutiva de 5 a 10 dioptrías es una especie de ortóptica quirúrgica,la cual favorece la normalización de la correspondencia retiniana

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Cincuenta pacientes tratados quirúrgicamente en el Hospital Miguel Pérez Carreño por presentar estrabismos horizontales secundarios fueron controlados durante un tiempo mínimo de un año; en todos se empleó la técnica de sutura ajustable, encontrándose un alineamiento ocular similar al presentado en las casuísticas más favorables de desviaciones horizontales con buena visión y alternancia

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