RESUMO
RESUMEN Introducción: La OMS declaró como Pandemia a la COVID-19 el 11 de marzo de 2020. El municipio Cotorro tuvo su primer caso el 16 de marzo. Objetivo: Examinar la evolución de la COVID-19, marzo-agosto de 2020 en el municipio habanero del Cotorro. Métodos: Investigación descriptiva y transversal, del 16 de marzo al 16 de agosto. Se analizaron historias clínico-epidemiológicas, resultados virológicos, pesquisa domiciliaria y laboral, atención por infección respiratoria aguda en consultorios y policlínicos, y parte diario de la Dirección Municipal de Salud. La información se introdujo en base de datos en Excel. Se realizó análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados: La tasa de incidencia fue de 8,59 por 10 000 habitantes; en todos los casos se conoció la fuente de infección, hubo siete pacientes activos y 61 recuperados con alta epidemiológica y 2 fallecidos. La mayoría de los casos sucedieron en personas pertenecientes a los policlínicos Cuatro Caminos y Rafael Valdés. Los más afectados fueron las mujeres, las personas de 41-60 años y los asintomáticos al diagnóstico (60,0 %). Se presentó evento epidemiológico en el Centro Provincial de Protección Social con 92 pacientes; 6 fallecidos, predominio masculino, edades de 50-59 años; prevalecieron los asintomáticos (78,3 %). Conclusiones: La evolución clínico-epidemiológica de la COVID-19 en el municipio Cotorro, en su variabilidad temporal y espacial fue favorable en los cinco meses iniciales de enfrentamiento a la nueva enfermedad, debido a la acción conjunta del sistema único de salud, el trabajo intersectorial y la participación de las organizaciones políticas y de masas.
ABSTRACT Introduction: COVID-19 was declared pandemic by the WHO on 11 March 2020. The municipality of Cotorro had its first case on 16 March. Objective: Examine the evolution of COVID-19 in the municipality of Cotorro, Havana, from March to August 2020. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from 16 March to 16 August. An analysis was performed of clinical-epidemiological records, virological results, home and workplace screening, acute respiratory infection care in consultation offices and polyclinics, and the daily report by the Municipal Health Division. The information obtained was entered into an Excel database. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out. Results: The incidence rate was 8.59 per 10 000 inhabitants; in all cases the source of infection was known; seven patients were active, 61 recovered and were epidemiologically discharged, and two died. Most of the cases were from Cuatro Caminos and Rafael Valdés polyclinics. The most affected groups were women, people aged 41-60 years and asymptomatic patients at diagnosis (60.0%). An epidemiological event occurred at the Provincial Social Protection Center with 92 patients: six died, male sex prevailed, age range 50-59 years, and a predominance of asymptomatic patients (78.3%). Conclusions: In spatial and temporal terms, the clinical-epidemiological evolution of COVID-19 in the municipality of Cotorro was favorable during the first five months of the response to the new disease, due to the joint action of the unified health system, intersectoral work and the participation of political and mass organizations.
RESUMO
Abstract Introduction: mTOR inhibitors Sirolimus and Everolimus are an alternative for inmunosuppression in renal transplant recipients. The aim of the study was to describe the experience of patients with switch to mTOR inhibitors, followed up for more than five years. Materials and methods: Patients with renal transplantation from 1995 to 2013, who had indication of calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawl after the third month post-transplant were included. All patients underwent renal biopsy prior to conversion. No patient had a diagnosis of chronic nephtopathy, IFTA>40 % or proteinuria >350mg/24h. A descriptive analysis for all variables was devoloped. Kaplan-Meier method was used for the patient's and graft survival and graft rejection incidence. Results: From 1273 renal transplants, the switch from CNI to mTOR inhibitors was performed in 166 (13 %), 78 % (n=129) were switched to Sirolimus. 12,6 % of the patients lost graft function and 4,2 % (n=7) died. 37% had mTOR inhibitors withdrawal, and the major cause was pathologic proteinuria. The incidence of graft rejection after switching to mTOR inhibitors was 9,6 %. The one and five year graf survival was 96,6 % and 83,5 %. The patient survival at one and five years was 98 % and 97 %. Conclusions: The use of mTOR inhibitors drugs appears to be safe in the managgement of specific renal transplant recipients, with a low rejection rate and good survival.
Resumen Introducción: los ImTOR, sirolimus y everolimus son una alternativa de inmunosupresión en personas que han recibido transplantes renales. En este artículo, se describe la experiencia de pacientes que han experimentado una conversión a ImTOR, y a los que se les ha hecho un seguimiento por más de cinco años. Materiales y métodos: se incluyeron pacientes con transplantes renales desde 1995 hasta 2013, quienes tuvieron indicación de suspensión del inhibidor de calcineurina (ICN) después del tercer mes posterior al trasplante. Todos los pacientes fueron sometidos a biopsia renal antes de la administración de ImTOR. Ningún paciente tuvo diagnóstico de nefropatía crónica, IFTA >40 % o proteinuria >350 mg/24h. Se elaboró un análisis descriptivo para todas las variables. Para estudiar la supervivencia del paciente y del injerto, y la incidencia de rechazo agudo, se usó el método de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: de 1273 trasplantes renales, la conversión de ICN a ImTOR se realizó en 166 casos (13 %). Al 78 % (n=129) se le administró sirolimus. El 13 % de los pacientes perdió la función del injerto y 7 pacientes (4,2 %) fallecieron. En el 37 % de los casos, se retiró el ImTOR. La principal causa de retiro fue el hallazgo de proteinuria patológica. La incidencia de rechazo agudo después del cambio a ImTOR fue de 9,6 %. La supervivencia del injerto tras uno y cinco años fue de 96,6 % y 83,5 %, respectivamente; y la supervivencia del paciente a uno y cinco años fue de 98 % y 97 %, respectivamente. Conclusiones: el uso de inhibidores ImTOR parece ser seguro en este grupo de pacientes trasplantados, pues hubo una baja tasa de rechazo y buena supervivencia del injerto.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Terapia de Imunossupressão , Transplante de Rim , Resultado do Tratamento , Colômbia , Sirolimo , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , EverolimoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Aerobic exercise is recommended for glycemic and weight control in type 2 diabetes (T2D), but exercise intensity that increase post-exercise fat oxidation has not been established yet. It is expected that high-intensity exercise induce higher absolute oxidations and rates of oxidation of CHO (during) and fat (after) in normoglycemic, but in hyperglycemic it is unclear. AIM: To compare the effects of exercise intensity on CHO and fat oxidation during and after exercise in individuals with T2D. METHODS: Eleven persons with T2D, randomly underwent three experimental sessions 72 hours apart: 1) 20 minute of high-intensity exercise (120% of lactate threshold (LT) - 120%LT), 2) 20 minute of moderate-intensity exercise (80% of LT - 80%LT), and 3) 20 minute of control session (CON) - no exercise was performed and the individuals remained seated during the whole time. Percentages of CHO and fat contribution and CHO and fat oxidation rate (mg/min) were analyzed during and after sessions. RESULTS: The rate of CHO oxidation during exercise was significantly higher during 120%LT in relation to 80%LT and CON (18.2 ± 5.6 vs. 9.5 ± 2.7 vs. 1.1 ± 0.4 mgâmin-1), the absolute rate of fat oxidation was significantly higher in 120%LT compared to 80%LT and CON during exercise (13.5 ± 3.3, 9.5 ± 2.2, and 0.7 ± 0.2 mgâmin-1, respectively, p < 0.05). During the post-exercise oxygen consumption recovery period, only the 120%LT had higher fat oxidation (94.5% vs. 68.1%, p < 0.05), when compared to CON. Both exercise sessions equally elicited a lowered glycaemia during the post-exercise period, but CHO oxidation was lower after 120%LT than CON (0.1 ± 0.2 vs. 0.9 ± 0.5 mgâmin-1, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Higher intensity elicited an elevated CHO oxidation rate during exercise and a higher percentage of fat utilization during the post-exercise recovery period compared to moderate-intensity exercise and control sessions. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS: High-intensity aerobic exercise, even of short duration, may benefit individuals with T2D on the substrate oxidation related to the body fat. Exercise can be an important tool for the prevention and management of T2D due to its effects on carbohydrate and fat metabolism, reduction of body fat, and control of blood glucose.