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Deforestation is one of the most relevant transformations characterizing global environmental change in the tropics at present. There is wide consensus in pointing the context-dependent nature of tropical deforestation. In this sense, a better characterization of the phenomenon considering the social context could provide a more accurate picture of tropical deforestation. With this aim, a Q-methodology discourse analysis was conducted to characterise the different discourses that coexist in the particular region of the Paraguayan Chaco concerning the development of cattle ranching and derived deforestation. Four different discourses were identified as making sense the wide range of interests and values coexisting and clashing in the Paraguayan Chaco, namely: the Environmentalist discourse, the Business discourse, the Resigned discourse, and the Possibilist discourse. The results point that the fundamental differences between the discourses are largely explained by the different positions on three specific domains: (i) the socio-economic benefits the expansion of cattle ranching brings about; (ii) the environmental impacts the expansion of cattle ranching and the derived deforestation brings on; and, finally (iii) the degree to which an active intervention from the side of policy making to regulate the expansion of cattle ranching and to minimize possible detrimental effects is seen as necessary. The position of the different discourses in relation to these domains could help policy makers to make measures and regulations more widely accepted and followed.
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Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Gado , Animais , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Paraguai , BovinosRESUMO
A chain formation strategy based on mobile frames for a set of n differential drive mobile robots is presented. Considering two consecutive robots in the formation, robots Ri and Ri+1. It is intended that robot Ri+1 follows the delayed trajectory, τ units of time, of the leader robot Ri. In this way, the follower robot Ri+1 becomes the leader robot for robot Ri+ 2 in the formation and so on. With this formation policy, the trailing distance between two consecutive robots varies accordingly to the velocity of the Ri leader robot. Mobile frames are located on the body of the vehicles, in such a way that the position of robot Ri is determined with respect to the frame located on Ri+1 robot. The strategy relies on the fact that the general leader robot R1 describes any trajectory generated by bounded linear v1(t) and angular ω1(t) velocities. For the remaining vehicles in the string, the strategy considers a desired trajectory for the follower robot Ri+1 obtained by an estimation of the delayed trajectory of the leader robot Ri. This desired estimated trajectory is obtained under the knowledge of the actual and past input velocities of the Ri robot. To formally prove the convergence of the formation strategy, the equations describing the time variation of the relative posture between any pair of consecutive vehicles in the formation are obtained, and a feedback law based on local measurements is proposed to get the convergence of robot Ri+1 to the delayed trajectory, τ units of time, of the trajectory previously described by robot Ri. Lyapunov techniques are considered for this fact. The effectiveness of the chain formation solution is evaluated by means of numerical simulations and real time experiments showing an adequate convergence.
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Robótica , Conhecimento , Políticas , Postura , Fases de LeituraRESUMO
As the human population grows, an increase in food trade is needed. This elevates the risk of epidemiological outbreaks. One of the prevalent pathogens associated with food production in Mexico has been Salmonella Oranienburg. Effective surveillance systems require microbial genetic knowledge. The objective of this work is to describe the genetic composition of Mexican S. Oranienburg genomes. For that, 53 strains from different environmental sources were isolated and sequenced. Additionally, 109 S. Oranienburg genomes were downloaded. Bioinformatic analyses were used to explore the clonal complex and genomic relatedness. A major clonal group formed by ST23 was identified comprising four STs. 202 SNPs were found the maximum difference among isolates. Virulence genes for host invasion and colonization as rpoS, fimbria type 1, and, T3SS were found common for all isolates. This study suggests that Mexican S. Oranienburg strains are potential pathogens circulating continuously in the region between host and non-host environments.
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Genômica , Humanos , MéxicoRESUMO
In this study, the convective heating/cooling process assisted by US irradiation is analyzed with the aims of developing a new convective heat transfer correlation. Heat transfer experiments were conducted with different copper machined geometries (cube, sphere and cylinder), fluid velocities (0.93-5.00 × 10-3 m/s), temperatures (5-60 °C), and US intensities (0-6913 W/m2) using water as heat transfer fluid. The Nusselt (Nu) equation was obtained by assuming an apparent Nu number in the US-assisted process, expressed as the sum of contributions of the forced convection and cavitation-acoustic streaming effects. The Nu equation was validated with two sets of experiments conducted with a mixture of ethylene glycol and water (1:1 V/V) or a CaCl2 aqueous solution (30 g/L) as immersion media, achieving a satisfactory reproduction of experimental data, with mean relative deviations of 17.6 and 17.8%, respectively. In addition, a conduction model with source term and the proposed correlation were applied to the analysis of US-accelerated heating kinetics of dry-cured ham reported in literature. Results demonstrated that US improves heating of ham slices because of the increased heat transfer coefficients and the direct absorption of US power by the foodstuff.
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PURPOSE: We aimed to evaluate the current situation of electronic health records (EHRs) and patient registries in the oncology departments of hospitals in Spain. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from December 2018 to September 2019. The survey was designed ad hoc by the Outcomes Evaluation and Clinical Practice Section of the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM) and was distributed to all head of medical oncology department members of SEOM. RESULTS: We invited 148 heads of oncology departments, and 81 (54.7%) questionnaires were completed, with representation from all 17 Spanish autonomous communities. Seventy-seven (95%) of the respondents had EHRs implemented at their hospitals; of them, over 80% considered EHRs to have a positive impact on work organization and clinical practice, and 73% considered that EHRs improve the quality of patient care. In contrast, 27 (35.1%) of these respondents felt that EHRs worsened the physician-patient relationship and conveyed an additional workload (n = 29; 37.6%). Several drawbacks in the implementation of EHRs were identified, including the limited inclusion of information on both outpatients and inpatients, information recorded in free text data fields, and the availability of specific informed consent. Forty-six (56.7%) respondents had patient registries where they recorded information from all patients seen in the department. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that EHRs are almost universally implemented in the hospitals surveyed and are considered to have a positive impact on work organization and clinical practice. However, EHRs currently have several drawbacks that limit their use for investigational purposes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable.
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Registros Eletrônicos de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Oncologia/estatística & dados numéricos , Serviço Hospitalar de Oncologia/estatística & dados numéricos , Sistema de Registros/estatística & dados numéricos , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Estudos Transversais , Prescrição Eletrônica/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Relações Médico-Paciente , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , Espanha , Inquéritos e Questionários/estatística & dados numéricos , Carga de TrabalhoRESUMO
Salmonella enterica is a pathogenic bacterium responsible for intestinal illness and systemic diseases such as typhoid and paratyphoid fevers. Among clinical manifestation classification, non-typhoidal Salmonella is mainly known as foodborne pathogen associated with the consumption of fecal contaminated food and water. Even though Salmonella hosts include humans and warm-blooded animals, it has been found in non-host environments as river water where the bacteria use different strategies to fitness the environment persisting and establishment. Now with the availability of WGS and bioinformatics tools, we can explore bacterial genomes with higher resolution to increase our understanding of specific genetic signatures among environmental and clinical isolates, being the goal of this work. Pangenome construction allowed the detection of specific environmental and clinical gene clusters related to metabolism and secretion systems as the main signature respectively. Specifically, D-galactonate degradation pathway was observed mainly in environmental genomes while T3SS and flagellum genes were detected for all clinical but not for all environmental isolates. Gene duplication and pseudogenes accumulation were detected as the main adaptation strategy for environmental isolates; thus, isolation source may play an important role in genome plasticity, conferring a selective advantage to survive and persist for environmental Salmonella isolates. Intact prophage sequences with cargo genes were observable for both isolation sources playing an important role in virulence contribution.
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Adaptação Biológica/genética , Biologia Computacional , Genes Bacterianos , Genoma Bacteriano , Família Multigênica , Salmonella enterica/genética , Sequenciamento Completo do GenomaRESUMO
The Ría de Ortigueira is an environmentally well conserved; however, the sediments show high concentrations of toxic elements. In some zones, the concentrations of Ni (60-1080 mg kg-1) and Cr (9-567 mg kg-1) were extremely high, while the concentrations of other toxic elements were within normal ranges. PCA revealed that metal enrichment was due to dumping of waste sludge from a peridotite mine. The study of marine currents showed that the exit of the contaminated waste towards the external zone is restricted by the low energy of the residual currents, and the sludge therefore remains trapped in the internal zones. The potential ecological risk was moderate for all areas of the ría, reaching high values close to the mouth of the river Landoi. Finally, geochemical fractioning showed that most of the metals are associated with Fe oxyhydroxides which can become unstable and release adsorbed or coprecipitated metals, especially Ni.
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Metais Pesados , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Monitoramento Ambiental , Sedimentos Geológicos , Metais/análise , Metais Pesados/análise , Rios , Espanha , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
PURPOSE: Hormone receptor (HR)-positive, Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC) requires a therapeutic approach that takes into account multiple factors, with treatment being based on anti-estrogen hormone therapy (HT). As consensus documents are valuable tools that assist in the decision-making process for establishing clinical strategies and optimize the delivery of health services, this consensus document has been created with the aim of developing recommendations on cretiera for hormone sensitivity and resistance in HER2-negative luminal MBC and facilitating clinical decision-making. METHODS: This consensus document was generated using a modification of the RAND/UCLA methodology, which included the definition of the project and identification of issues of interest, a non-exhaustive systematic review of the literature, an analysis and synthesis of the scientific evidence, preparation of recommendations, and external evaluation with a panel of 64 medical oncologists specializing in breast cancer. RESULTS: A Spanish panel of experts reached consensus on 32 of the 32 recommendations/conclusions presented in the first round and were accepted with an approval rate of 100% about definition of metastatic disease not susceptible to local curative treatment, definition of hormone sensitivity and hormone resistance in metastatic luminal disease and therapeutic decision-making. CONCLUSION: We have developed a consensus document with recommendations on the treatment of patients with HER2-negative luminal MBC that will help to improve therapeutic benefits.
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Antineoplásicos Hormonais/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Tomada de Decisão Clínica , Consenso , Receptor ErbB-2 , Idoso , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Biópsia , Mama/patologia , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Antígeno Ki-67/análise , Menopausa/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hormônio-Dependentes/diagnóstico , Ovário/efeitos dos fármacos , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Receptores de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Receptores de Progesterona/metabolismoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To study the utility of positron emission tomography with computerized tomography (PET/CT) in patients with a stage I-III melanoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: PET/CT findings from all patients with a stage I-III melanoma attended at our hospital from September 2011 to November 2015 were reviewed. RESULTS: Data from 83 patients with a stage I-III melanoma, 39 patients with a positive sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and 35 patients with locoregional recurrences were analyzed. Sensitivity of PET/CT in clinical stage I-III patients was 5%, with a 14% of false positives. In patients with a positive SLNB, PET/CT previous to complete lymph node dissection had a 23% of false negatives. In patients with clinical locoregional recurrences, PET/CT findings revealed asymptomatic visceral distant metastasis in 25.7%. CONCLUSIONS: PET/CT has a significant rate of false positive and negative results in patients with a stage I-III melanoma. Utility in patients with nodal locoregional recurrences seems higher than in patients with skin metastases.
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Melanoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada , Biópsia de Linfonodo Sentinela , Neoplasias Cutâneas/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Reações Falso-Negativas , Reações Falso-Positivas , Feminino , Humanos , Excisão de Linfonodo , Masculino , Melanoma/mortalidade , Melanoma/patologia , Melanoma/cirurgia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/mortalidade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/cirurgia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Neoplasias Cutâneas/mortalidade , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/cirurgiaRESUMO
An automated method to determine the band gap energy (E g ) of pure and mixed powder compounds using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is presented. This method is based on a five-step algorithm that mimics the judgment made by an expert analyst in identifying the linear segments in Tauc plots and subsequent estimation of the E g value. It is demonstrated that the method to estimate E g by intersecting the straight-line fit of the Tauc segment with the photon energy axis is not appropriate for those samples containing more than one optical absorbing phase because systematic underestimation of the E g value results. The automated method accounts for such cases by introducing a base line function. The robustness of the implemented algorithm was tested using three model systems, ZnO-Al2O3, ZnO-CoO and ZnO-CdO. The estimated E g 's using the automated method differ in less than 1% than those obtained by its manual counterpart.
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Although the metastasic breast cancer is still an incurable disease, recent advances have increased significantly the time to progression and the overall survival. However, too much information has been produced in the last 2 years, so a well-based guideline is a valuable document in treatment decision making. The SEOM guidelines are intended to make evidence-based recommendations on how to manage patients with advanced and recurrent breast cancer to achieve the best patient outcomes based on a rational use of the currently available therapies. To assign a level of certainty and a grade of recommendation the United States Preventive Services Task Force guidelines methodology was selected as reference.
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Neoplasias da Mama/terapia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/terapia , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto/normas , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Terapia Combinada , Gerenciamento Clínico , Feminino , Humanos , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Prognóstico , Sociedades MédicasRESUMO
On page 5 of the article, in the last paragraph of the section "Prognostic genetic platforms: molecular phenotypes and translation to the clinic" a relevant discrepancy between the text and Table 1 could be misunderstood, therefore the paragraph was corrected.
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Friction is the natural response of all tribosystems. In a total knee replacement (TKR) prosthetic device, its measurement is hindered by the complex geometry of its integrating parts and that of the testing simulation rig operating under the ISO 14243-3:2014 standard. To develop prediction models of the coefficient of friction (COF) between AISI 316L steel and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) lubricated with fetal bovine serum dilutions, the arthrokinematics and loading conditions prescribed by the ISO 142433: 2014 standard were translated to a simpler geometrical setup, via Hertz contact theory. Tribological testing proceeded by loading a stainless steel AISI 316L ball against the surface of a UHMWPE disk, with the test fluid at 37⯰C. The method has been applied to study the behavior of the COF during a whole walking cycle. On the other hand, the role of protein aggregation phenomena as a lubrication mechanism has been extensively studied in hip joint replacements but little explored for the operating conditions of a TKR. Lubricant testing fluids were prepared with fetal bovine serum (FBS) dilutions having protein mass concentrations of 5, 10, 20 and 36â¯g/L. The results were contrasted against deionized, sterilized water. The results indicate that even at protein concentration as low as 5â¯g/L, protein aggregation phenomena play an important role in the lubrication of the metal-on-polymer tribopair. The regression models of the COF developed herein are available for numerical simulations of the tribological behavior of the aforementioned tribosystem. In this case, surface stress rather than film thickness should be considered.
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Fricção , Teste de Materiais/normas , Polietilenos , Aço , Lubrificação , Padrões de Referência , Análise de RegressãoRESUMO
This consensus statement revises and updates the recommendations for biomarkers use in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer, and is a joint initiative of the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology and the Spanish Society of Pathology. This expert group recommends determining in all cases of breast cancer the histologic grade and the alpha-estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor, Ki-67 and HER2 status, in order to assist prognosis and establish therapeutic options, including hormone therapy, chemotherapy and anti-HER2 therapy. One of the four available genetic prognostic platforms (MammaPrint®, Oncotype DX®, Prosigna® or EndoPredict®) may be used in node-negative ER-positive patients to establish a prognostic category and decide with the patient whether adjuvant treatment may be limited to hormonal therapy. Newer technologies including next-generation sequencing, liquid biopsy, tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes or PD-1 determination are at this point investigational.
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Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Tomada de Decisões , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto/normas , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Sociedades Médicas , EspanhaRESUMO
Introducción: La colecistectomía laparoscópica precoz es nuestra conducta para el tratamiento de la colecistitis aguda; sin embargo, la consulta tardía y el tratamiento postergado por dificultades de acceso hacen que el tiempo de resolución muchas veces sobrepase los 7 días de iniciados los síntomas. Nuestro objetivo es comparar los resultados quirúrgicos entre los pacientes operados antes y después de este periodo. Material y métodos: Serie de casos consecutivos de pacientes con diagnóstico de colecistitis aguda operados entre junio de 2013 y diciembre de 2014 en el Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital de Coquimbo. De 358 casos, se excluyen aquellos asociados a colangitis, pancreatitis aguda, ASA ≥ 4 y cuadro mayor de 30 días. Consecuentemente se incluyen 233 pacientes que se dividen en «grupo precoz¼ (GP), operados antes del séptimo día de iniciados los síntomas, y «grupo tardío¼ (GT), operados después de este periodo. Se analizan la presentación de la serie y la asociación entre variables cualitativas y cuantitativas mediante la prueba de χ² y t de Student, respectivamente. Resultados: El GP presenta una estadía hospitalaria de 3,9 (± 2,0) días y el GT de 7,2 (± 5,2), (p = 0,0001); el periodo postoperatorio es de 1,9 (± 1,6) y de 2,9 (± 4,4) días, respectivamente (p = 0,055). La tasa de conversión en el GP es del 2,1% y en el GT del 9,7% (p = 0,027); la tasa global de complicaciones postoperatorias es del 3,2 y 10,7%, respectivamente (p = 0,033). Discusión: Nuestros resultados respaldan la colecistectomía precoz en pacientes con colecistitis aguda. Se pone de manifiesto un problema de gestión, en que la postergación de la resolución quirúrgica empeora los resultados y conlleva mayor riesgo de complicaciones.
Introduction: The treatment for acute Cholecystitis should be an early Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. However, this resolution often exceed 7 days after the clinical symptoms onset. Mainly, for delayed consultation of the patients, access difficulties and delayed surgical resolution in our hospital. The aim is compare the surgical outcomes of patients that have had a Cholecystectomy before 7 days after the clinical symptoms onset with those operated after this period. Material and methods: Between June 2013 and December 2014, 358 patients were Cholecystectomy for acute Cholecystitis at the Hospital of Coquimbo. Those associated to Cholangitis, Acute Pancreatitis, ASA ≥ 4 and Gallbladder Cancer, were excluded; 233 patients were included. They were allocated into two groups according to the treatment timeframe: ‘Early Group’ (EG) for those operated before the seventh day of symptoms onset and ‘Late Group’ (LG) for those operated after this period. A retrospective study was used to collect data demographics, clinical and surgical outcomes. All these factors were compared between the two groups. Results: The EG had a hospital stay of 3.9 (± 2.0) days and the LG 7.2 (± 5.2) (P = .0001); the postoperative stay was 1.9 (± 1.6) and 2.9 (± 4.4) (P = .055) days, respectively. The conversion rate in the EG was 2.1% and 9.7% in the LT (P = .027); the overall rate of postoperative complications was 3.2% and 10.7% (P = .033), respectively. Conclusions: The findings support an early Cholecystectomy in patients with acute cholecystitis. There is a management problem in terms of delayed surgical resolution which worsens surgical outcomes and increase morbidity.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Colecistectomia Laparoscópica/métodos , Colecistite Aguda/cirurgia , Tempo para o Tratamento , Análise de Variância , Tempo de Internação , Complicações Pós-OperatóriasRESUMO
Eight new fluorescent biosensors of human calmodulin (hCaM) using Alexa Fluor® 350, 488, 532, and 555 dyes were constructed. These biosensors are thermodynamically stable, functional, and highly sensitive to ligands of the CaM. They resolve the problem of CaM ligands with similar spectroscopic properties to the intrinsic and extrinsic fluorophores of other biosensors previously reported. Additionally, they can be used in studies of protein-protein interaction through Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). The variation in Tm (range 78.07-81.47 °C; 79.05 to WT) is no larger than two degrees in all cases in regards to CaM WT. The Kds calculated with all biosensors for CPZ and BIMI (a new inhibitor of CaM) are in the range of 0.45-1.86 and 0.69-1.54 µm respectively. All biosensors retain their ability to activate Calcineurin about 70%. Structural models built "in silico" show their possible conformation taking the fluorophores in protein thus we can predict system stability. Finally, these new biosensors represent a biotechnological development applied to an analytical problem, which aims to determine accurately the affinity of inhibitors of CaM without possible interference, to be put forward as possible drugs related to CaM.
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Calmodulina/química , Cromonas/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Transferência Ressonante de Energia de Fluorescência/métodos , Corantes Fluorescentes/química , Modelos Moleculares , HumanosRESUMO
We aimed to explore the possible influence of CYP2C9 (*2, *3 and IVS8-109 A>T), CYP2C19 (*2, *3 and *17) and ABCB1 (1236C>T, 2677G>A/T and 3435C>T) on phenytoin (PHT) plasma concentrations in 64 Mexican Mestizo (MM) patients with epilepsy currently treated with PHT in mono- (n=25) and polytherapy (n=39). Genotype and allele frequencies of these variants were also estimated in 300 MM healthy volunteers. Linear regression models were used to assess associations between the dependent variables (PHT plasma concentration and dose-corrected PHT concentration) with independent variables (CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and ABCB1 genotypes, ABCB1 haplotypes, age, sex, weight, and polytherapy). In multivariate models, CYP2C9 IVS8-109 T was significantly associated with higher PHT plasma concentrations (t(64)=2.27; P=0.03). Moreover, this allele was more frequent in the supratherapeutic group as compared with the subtherapeutic group (0.13 versus 0.03, respectively; P=0.05, Fisher's exact test). Results suggest that CYP2C9 IVS8-109 T allele may decrease CYP2C9 enzymatic activity on PHT. More research is needed to confirm findings.
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Anticonvulsivantes/sangue , Citocromo P-450 CYP2C19/genética , Citocromo P-450 CYP2C9/genética , Epilepsia/tratamento farmacológico , Epilepsia/genética , Variantes Farmacogenômicos/genética , Fenitoína/sangue , Subfamília B de Transportador de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/genética , Subfamília B de Transportador de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Anticonvulsivantes/administração & dosagem , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Citocromo P-450 CYP2C19/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP2C9/metabolismo , Monitoramento de Medicamentos , Epilepsia/sangue , Epilepsia/etnologia , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Estudos de Associação Genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Fenótipo , Fenitoína/administração & dosagem , Fatores de Risco , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Objetivo: Conocer las condiciones personales, de sobrecarga y su relación con el Síndrome de Burnout en el cuidador informal del adulto mayor. Método: Estudio correlacional y transversal. Muestreo no probabilístico, por conveniencia. Muestra: 52 cuidadores informales de ancianos de ambos sexos. Se utilizó cédula de datos personales, la escala de Zarit y el cuestionario Maslach Burnout Inventory. El procesamiento de datos se realizó con el Statistical Package for the Social Sciences versión 20. Resultados: La media de edad de los cuidadores fue de 44 años, 58% están casados, 50% tienen escolaridad media superior, 45% son hijos de los seniles (35% son las hijas), el 27% trabajan como profesionistas, 73% tienen de 1 a 6 años cuidando al anciano; 42% dedica de 6-15 horas a su cuidado; 58% padece sobrecarga, con significancia (r = 0.442, p = 001) con las horas diarias dedicadas al cuidado. El Síndrome de Burnout mostró bajo riesgo en todas las dimensiones: Agotamiento Emocional 67%, Deshumanización 80% y Realización Personal 73%, aunque más del 20% lo padece en alguna dimensión. Conclusiones: La sobrecarga y el síndrome de Burnout en los cuidadores familiares se encontraron bajos. El factor relacionado con la sobrecarga y él Burnout fue el tiempo diario dedicado al cuidado. Con base en los resultados, se propone establecer programas preventivos de entrenamiento acerca del cuidado dirigidos a familiares de ancianos; con el fin de contribuir al bienestar de los cuidadores.
Objective: To explore the personal conditions associated with work overload and the Syndrome of Burnout among aged informal caregivers. Method: Correlational and transversal study using by-convenience not-probabilistic sampling. Sample: 52 aged informal caregivers of both sexes. A personal data form, the Zarit scale, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory questionnaire were all used. Data were processed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20. Results: The care providers average age was 44 years old, 58% reported being married, 50% said they had a mid-high level education, 45% were sons of the elderly (35% were daughters), 27% said they worked as professionals, 73% stated they had a 1- 6 year-experience taking care of elders, 42% said that they usually devote between 6 and 15 hours daily to their care activities, and 58% turned out to be suffering from a work overload (r = .442, p=.001). A low Burnout Syndrome risk was found in all the corresponding dimensions: Emotional Fatigue 67%, Dehumanization 80%, and Personal Accomplishment 73%, though more than 20% of the respondents were shown to be suffering from the syndrome in at least one dimension. Conclusions: Work overloads and the Burnout Syndrome among the aged family caregivers were found to be low. An important factor associated with the work overload and the Burnout Syndrome was the time per day devoted to the care. Based on the results, it is suggested to establish preventive training programs related to caring and aimed at the aged family caregivers with the objective of contributing to the wellbeing of these specific caregivers.
Objetivo: Conhecer as condições pessoais, de sobrecarga e sua relação com a síndrome de Burnout no cuidador informal do idoso. Método: Estudo correlacional e transversal. Amostragem não probabilística por conveniência. Amostra: 52 cuidadores informais de idosos de ambos os sexos. Utilizou-se a cédula de dados pessoais, a escala de Zarit e o questionário Maslach Burnout Inventory. O processamento de dados realizou-se com o Statistical Package for the Social Sciences versão 20. Resultados: A média de idade dos cuidadores foi de 44 anos, 58% são casados, 50% são de escolaridade de ensino médio, 45% são filhos dos idosos (35% são as filhas), 27% trabalham como profissionais, 73% cuidam o idoso de 1 a 6 anos, 42% dedica ao cuidado de 6 a 15 horas, 58% padece de sobrecarga com significância (r=.442, p=001) pelo cuidado dedicado diariamente. A síndrome de Burnout mostrou um risco baixo em todas as dimensões: esgotamento emocional 67%, desumanização 80% e realização pessoal 73%, ainda que mais do 20% padeça em alguma dimensão. Conclusões: A sobrecarga e a síndrome de Burnout nos cuidadores familiares encontram-se baixos. O fator relacionado com a sobrecarga e o Burnout foi pelo cuidado dedicado diariamente. Com base nos resultados, propõem-se estabelecer programas preventivos de treino em volta do cuidado dirigido a familiares de idosos, com o fim de contribuir para o bem-estar dos cuidadores.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou maisRESUMO
The aim of this work was to survey the discharges of dissolved and particulate Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn of the eight main rivers of Sinaloa State to the Mexican coastal environment. Zn was the most abundant dissolved metal and Fe was the most abundant particulate (8.02-16.90 and 51.8-1,140.3 µg/L, respectively). Only particulate Mn had significantly (p = 0.028) higher values in summer-fall (rainy season), whereas the significantly (p = 0.036) higher values of dissolved Zn were observed in winter and spring. The highest annual total discharges to Sinaloa coastal waters were those of the rivers San Lorenzo and Piaxtla (>2 × 10(3) m.t.) and the lowest those of rivers Baluarte and El Fuerte (349 and 119 m.t., respectively). Pb concentrations may become of concern, because they are higher than the value recommended for the welfare of aquatic communities of natural waters.