RESUMO
Obesogenic diets are known to induce obesity and changes in food intake in experimental animals. Obesity negatively affects the peripheral metabolism and neural aspects, such as changes in eating behavior. In obese animals, dopamine (DA) receptor levels are reduced. DA is one of the main peptides involved in the motivation and pleasure of eating. A combination of naltrexone/bupropion (NB) has shown promise in controlling metabolic alterations, but there are few studies on how they modulate dopaminergic expression. NB, in addition to reducing food intake and body weight, can modify tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) and DA receptor D2 (Drd2) levels in the mesolimbic areas of rats submitted to a high-fat diet (HF). The study evaluated the effect of NB on food intake, body weight, and expression levels of Th, Drd1a, and Drd2, in the nucleus accumbens and striatum of rats fed on HF diet. Wistar rats were grouped according to diet: standard (n = 20) and HF diet (n = 20). The food intake and body weight were analyzed. The gene expression of Th, Drd1a, and Drd2 was evaluated using real-time PCR. NB combination of 1 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg reduced food intake and body weight, increased Drd2 expression in rats on HF diet, and increased Th in rats on both experimental diets. The level of Drd1a was unchanged. We concluded that bodyweight reduction may be associated with decreased food intake in response to the increased Drd2 expression in the mesolimbic areas of rats that received an HF diet.
Assuntos
Bupropiona , Naltrexona , Animais , Peso Corporal , Bupropiona/farmacologia , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Ingestão de Alimentos , Expressão Gênica , Naltrexona/farmacologia , Obesidade/genética , Obesidade/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Receptores de Dopamina D2/genética , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/genética , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismoRESUMO
The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of the food availability period on body weight, self-selection of macronutrients, adiposity, lipoprotein, and serum glucose profiles without changing energy intake. Young male rats were divided into 2 groups according to the availability of food during the light and dark phases of the cycle, forming 2 groups: control group (CG) and group with inverted feeding pattern (IFPG). Before inversion of food availability on the 80th day, circadian food intake was measured every 4 h over 24 h during 3 days. The glycemic curve, an oral test for glucose tolerance, and self-selection of macronutrients were evaluated. Blood samples were collected for analysis of fasting glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol fractions. The IFPG showed an increase in fasting glucose in the dark phase of the cycle, changes in the glycemic curve, and oral glucose tolerance test. It also showed increased abdominal and liver fat and distinct choice of macronutrients compared with the CG. A change in the availability of food according to the phase of the circadian cycle produces changes in glucose and feeding circadian rhythm culminating in increased abdominal and hepatic fat. These effects can increase the risk of metabolic disorders and installation of chronic diseases.
Assuntos
Gordura Abdominal/metabolismo , Adiposidade , Ritmo Circadiano , Ingestão de Energia , Comportamento Alimentar , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Fígado/metabolismo , Gordura Abdominal/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Gordura Abdominal/patologia , Animais , Comportamento Animal , Glicemia/análise , Restrição Calórica , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Hiperglicemia/etiologia , Hiperglicemia/metabolismo , Hiperglicemia/patologia , Hiperglicemia/prevenção & controle , Hiperlipidemias/etiologia , Hiperlipidemias/metabolismo , Hiperlipidemias/patologia , Hiperlipidemias/prevenção & controle , Lipídeos/sangue , Fígado/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/etiologia , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/metabolismo , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/patologia , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/prevenção & controle , Tamanho do Órgão , Sobrepeso/etiologia , Sobrepeso/metabolismo , Sobrepeso/patologia , Sobrepeso/prevenção & controle , Ratos Wistar , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
Background: Eating disorders (ED) are often diagnosed at an advanced stage because traditional symptoms related to unhealthy eating habits are poorly recognized. ED may be also associated with non-traditional and objective biomarkers, which could prove an important screening tool to support health care professionals in diagnosing, treating, and ultimately preventing ED. Aim: To investigate the association between non-traditional physiological ED biomarkers and symptoms of ED among female college students. Methods: This study included 113 female college students, aged 18 to 23 years, enrolled in their first semester as a Bachelor of Health Sciences undergrad at public universities in the urban zone of Recife, Brazil. Symptoms of ED were measured by self-report questionnaires. Circulating levels of IL-6, IL-10, leptin, insulin, ghrelin, PYY and adiponectin were assessed using commercial immunoassays. Results: Students with symptoms of an ED exhibited higher values of IL-6 (p = 0.03) and leptin (p < 0.001) compared to those without symptoms. A positive correlation was found between leptin levels and bulimia nervosa (r = 0.42; p = 0.00), between leptin levels and binge eating (r = 0.38; p = 0.00), and between IL-6 concentrations and binge eating (r = 0.25; p = 0.04). Multiple linear regression analysis with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating as dependent variables showed that IL-6 and leptin best explained ED symptoms, even when adjusted for body mass index (BMI). Conclusions: These findings suggest that peripheral peptides, namely leptin and IL-6, are associated with symptoms of ED in female college students. Future studies are needed to determine if there is a causal relationship between these biomarkers and the onset of ED. Relevance for patients: If future longitudinal studies demonstrate causality between the biomarkers assessed here and ED symptoms, these serum makers could be used as screening tool for inappropriate eating behavior. This may in turn improve the early diagnosis, treatment, and, ultimately, the prognosis of patients with ED.
RESUMO
In neonatal rats, hunger and satiety responses occur particularly via dehydration and gastric distention, respectively. The control of food intake in newborns is yet to be fully consolidated, particularly with respect to the participation of the hypothalamic nuclei and their relationship with the serotonergic pathway. Moreover, it is unclear how the environmental stressors in early life, like undernutrition, interfere in these events. Therefore, this study examined the serotonin-system's impact on food intake in rat neonates at postnatal day (P) 10 and P18 and the manner in which protein undernutrition during pregnancy and lactation interferes in this behavior. To accomplish this, Wistar rats were used, nutritionally manipulated by a diet having two protein levels, (8% and 17%) during pregnancy and lactation, to form the Control (n=10) and Low protein groups (n=10). At 10 and 18 postnatal days pups received an acute dose of fenfluramine (3mg/kg) or saline (0.9% NaCl) and subjected to milk consumption testing and then perfused to obtain the brains for the analysis of cell activation of the immunoreactive c-Fos in the hypothalamic and raphe nuclei. At 10days a reduction in weight gain was observed in both groups. On comparison of the neuronal activation for the paraventricular nucleus, an increased activation in response to fenfluramine was observed. At 18days, the weight gain percentage differed between the groups according to the nutritional manipulation, in which the control animals had no significant change while the undernourished presented increased weight gain with the use of fenfluramine. The marking of c-Fos in response to fenfluramine in the hypothalamic and raphe nuclei revealed, an especially lower activation of the PVN, MnR and DR compared intra-group. However when evaluating the effect of undernutrition, marking activation was observed to increase in all the nuclei analyzed, in the hypothalamus and raphe. Data from this study indicate that the action of serotonin via food intake in the neonates may have been delayed by early protein undernutrition.
Assuntos
Dieta com Restrição de Proteínas/efeitos adversos , Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiologia , Hipotálamo/fisiologia , Desnutrição/fisiopatologia , Núcleos da Rafe/fisiologia , Serotonina/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Fenfluramina/farmacologia , Transtornos da Nutrição Fetal/metabolismo , Transtornos da Nutrição Fetal/fisiopatologia , Hipotálamo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipotálamo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Lactação , Masculino , Leite , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/metabolismo , Núcleos da Rafe/efeitos dos fármacos , Núcleos da Rafe/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ratos Wistar , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/farmacologia , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacos , Aumento de Peso/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The mental health of nursing staff members influences the work process outcomes. OBJECTIVE: Identify the work related factors that harms the nursing team's mental health. METHODS: Databases PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL and MEDLINE, by mating between the indexed descriptors in MeSH terms "mental health" and "occupational health nursing". 783 articles were rescued to give a final sample of 18 articles. Integrative review in order to identify factors associated with the work process of the nursing staff that negatively affects mental health. RESULTS: The main associated factors were work demands, psychological demands, violence, aggression, poor relationships with administrators, accidents involving the risk of exposure to HIV, stress and errors in the execution of labor activities. The main findings regarding the nursing staff's mental health were post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, stress, major depressive episode and generalized anxiety disorder. CONCLUSION: Occupational nurses need to understand the complexities of mental health problems and substance use among nursing staff members to recognize, identify and care for workers at risk and offer adequate mental health care. Although the researches interests in this theme have increased, proving that all these factors contribute to the risk to mental health of nursing professionals, the protective measures and care are being neglected by managers in both private and public network . The health of nursing workers in question here is one more challenge for a profession that takes care of others in need, therefore, requires some caring with their own health.
RESUMO
The brain, more than any other organ in the body, is vulnerable to oxidative stress damage, owing to its requirement for high levels of oxygenation. This is needed to fulfill its metabolic needs in the face of relatively low levels of protective antioxidants. Recent studies have suggested that oxidative stress is directly involved in the etiology of both eating and anxiety behavior. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fluoxetine-inhibited serotonin reuptake in nursing rat neonates on behavior and on oxidative stress in the hypothalamus and the hippocampus; brain areas responsible for behavior related to food and anxiety, respectively. The results show that increased serotonin levels during a critical period of development do not induce significant differences in food-related behavior (intake and satiety), but do result in a in a significant decrease in anxiety. Measurements of oxidative stress showed a significant reduction of lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus (57%). In the hypothalamus, antioxidant enzymes were unchanged, but in the hippocampus, the activity of catalase and glutathione-S-transferase was increased (80% and 85% respectively). This suggests that protecting neural cells from oxidative stress during brain development contributes to the anxiolytic effects of serotonin.
Assuntos
Ansiolíticos/uso terapêutico , Ansiedade/prevenção & controle , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Fluoxetina/uso terapêutico , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/uso terapêutico , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Ansiolíticos/farmacologia , Ansiedade/metabolismo , Ansiedade/psicologia , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fluoxetina/farmacologia , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipotálamo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Serotonina/metabolismo , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/farmacologiaRESUMO
This study evaluates the effects of a westernized diet during the perinatal period on the maternal performance and growth and development of rat offspring. Female Wistar rats were fed with either a control (C) diet, with casein as the protein source or a westernized (W) diet, during pregnancy and lactation. The pups were divided, eight per group, into the same diet groups as their dams. During lactation, the body weight (day 1, W = 6.85 ± 0.62 g, C = 5.81 ± 0.49, p < 0.05; day 21, W = 55.42 ± 3.78, C = 47.75 ± 3.45, p < 0.001) and somatic growth (body length day 1, W = 53.24 ± 2.16, C = 50.641 ± 1.79, p < 0.05; day 21, W = 124.8, C = 119.903 ± 3.71, p < 0.001) in the male offspring showed significant differences among the groups. The physical appearance and reflex maturation showed differences between day 1 and day 3. With the westernized diet, during the perinatal period, no alterations in maternal weight gain, gestation or performance were observed; however, changes in the coefficients of feed efficiency and energy during lactation were noted. Besides, blood glucose was found to be elevated at the end of lactation (C = 3.67 ± 0.35 mmol/l, W = 5.2 0 ± 0.49 mmol/l). At 21 days, the male pups from the dams on the westernized diet were 15 % heavier, and the maturation of the neural reflexes and physical characteristics were found to occur earlier. Therefore, the consumption of a westernized diet during the perinatal period was independent of maternal energy intake, and influenced the growth and development of offspring.
Assuntos
Dieta/efeitos adversos , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/fisiopatologia , Animais , Peso ao Nascer , Feminino , Gordura Intra-Abdominal/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Atividade Motora , Obesidade/etiologia , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Gravidez , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-Natal , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Reflexo Acústico , Reflexo de Sobressalto , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
We evaluated the effects of moderate- to low-intensity physical training during gestation on reflex ontogeny in neonate rats whose mothers were undernourished. Virgin female Wistar rats were divided into four groups as follows: untrained (NT, n 7); trained (T, n 7); untrained with a low-protein diet (NT+LP, n 7); trained with a low-protein diet (T+LP, n 4). Trained rats were subjected to a protocol of moderate physical training on a treadmill over a period of 4 weeks (5 d/week and 60 min/d, at 65 % of VO2max). After confirming the pregnancy, the intensity and duration of the exercise were reduced. Low-protein groups were provided with an 8 % casein diet, and controls were provided with a 17 % casein diet. Their respective offspring were evaluated (during the 10th-17th days of postnatal life) in terms of physical feature maturation, somatic growth and reflex ontogeny. Pups born to mothers provided with the low-protein diet during gestation and lactation showed delayed physical feature and reflex maturation and a deficit in somatic growth when compared with controls. However, most of these deficiencies were attenuated in pups of undernourished mothers undergoing training. In conclusion, physical training during gestation attenuates the effects of perinatal undernutrition on some patterns of maturation in the central nervous system during development.
Assuntos
Sistema Nervoso Central/fisiopatologia , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/prevenção & controle , Lactação , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Atividade Motora , Neurogênese , Deficiência de Proteína/fisiopatologia , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Comportamento Animal , Sistema Nervoso Central/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/etiologia , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/fisiopatologia , Dieta com Restrição de Proteínas/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/etiologia , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/fisiopatologia , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Gravidez , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Reflexo Anormal , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
AIM: To verify whether moderate physical training affects the muscle fibre composition of adult rats subjected to a low protein diet during the perinatal period. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups according to their mother's diet during gestation and lactation: control (17% casein, C) and low-protein (8% casein, LP). On postnatal day 60, half of each group was submitted to moderate physical training (8 weeks, 5 days/week(-1), 60 min/day(-1), at 70% of VO(2max), T) or not. After the physical training period, soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were removed. Myofibrillar ATPase staining was used to classify muscle fibres as type I, IIa, IIb, and intermediate. RESULTS: In the EDL muscle, LP rats showed no changes in the fibre type proportion. Both the C + T and LP + T groups showed a higher percentage of fibres of type IIa, and a lower proportion of fibres of type IIb. In the soleus muscle, LP animals showed a reduction in the proportion of fibre types I and intermediate. C + T rats showed an increase in the fibre type I and IIa. In the LP + T rats, the proportions of the fibre types remained similar to control rats. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate physical training acts as a positive environmental stimulus that reverts the effects of a perinatal low-protein diet on the proportion of fibre types in skeletal muscle.
Assuntos
Dieta com Restrição de Proteínas , Fibras Musculares de Contração Rápida/fisiologia , Fibras Musculares de Contração Lenta/fisiologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Desnutrição/fisiopatologia , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of malnutrition, induced by a regional basic diet (RBD), on motor development. RBD is a 7.87%-protein diet based on aliments typical of Northeastern Brazil, elaborated after nutritional investigation by Teodosio et al. (1979). Female rats were treated with RBD during lactation. The reflex ontogenesis and the development of locomotor activity in their offspring were assessed. Malnourished (MN) rats showed a delay in reflex maturation and in locomotor activity evolution. The decreased locomotor activity may be related to the reduced movement experiences induced by the delay in the reflex maturation. Occurring during the critical period of brain development, this fact could jeopardize all the steps in future locomotion evolution. The present results confirm deleterious effects of RDB-induced malnutrition on the somatic development and maturation of the nervous system (NS).