RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of the low level laser therapy (LLLT) with a He-Ne laser on acute inflammatory pain, verifying the contribution of the peripheral opioid receptors and the action of LLLT on the hyperalgesia produced by the release of hyperalgesic mediators of inflammation. BACKGROUND DATA: All analgesic drugs have undesired effects. Because of that, other therapies are being investigated for treatment of the inflammatory pain. Among those, LLLT seems to be very promising. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats were used. Three complementary experiments were done. (1) The inflammatory reaction was induced by the injection of carrageenin into one of the hind paws. Pain threshold and volume increase of the edema were measured by a pressure gauge and plethysmography, respectively. (2) The involvement of peripheral opioid receptors on the analgesic effect of the laser was evaluated by simultaneous injection of carrageenin and naloxone into one hind paw. (3) Hyperalgesia was induced by injecting PGE2 for the study of the effect of the laser on the sensitization increase of nociceptors. A He-Ne laser (632.8 nm) of 2.5 J/cm2 was used for irradiation. RESULTS: We found that He-Ne stimulation increased the pain threshold by a factor between 68% and 95% depending on the injected drug. We also observed a 54% reduction on the volume increase of the edema when it was irradiated. CONCLUSION: He-Ne LLLT inhibits the sensitization increase of nociceptors on the inflammatory process. The analgesic effect seems to involve hyperalgesic mediators instead of peripheral opioid receptors.
Assuntos
Inflamação/complicações , Inflamação/radioterapia , Terapia com Luz de Baixa Intensidade , Dor/radioterapia , Animais , Carragenina/administração & dosagem , Dinoprostona/administração & dosagem , Edema/induzido quimicamente , Edema/radioterapia , Hiperalgesia/induzido quimicamente , Hiperalgesia/radioterapia , Injeções , Masculino , Naloxona/administração & dosagem , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes/administração & dosagem , Nociceptores/efeitos da radiação , Dor/etiologia , Limiar da Dor/efeitos da radiação , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The ability of Lys49 and Asp49 phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)), from Bothrops asper snake venom, to cause hyperalgesia was investigated in rats, using the paw pressure test. Intraplantar injection of both toxins (5-20 micro g/paw) caused hyperalgesia, which peaked 1h after injections. Incubation of both proteins with heparin, prior to their injection, partially reduced this response. Chemical modification of Asp49 PLA(2) with p-bromophenacyl bromide (p-BPB), which abrogates its PLA(2) activity, also abolished hyperalgesia. Intraplantar injection of a synthetic peptide corresponding to the C-terminal sequence 115-129 of Lys49 PLA(2), caused hyperalgesia of similar time course, but varying magnitude, than that induced by the native protein. In contrast, a homologous peptide derived from the Asp49 PLA(2) did not show any nociceptive effect. Hyperalgesia induced by both PLA(2)s was blocked by the histamine and serotonin receptor antagonists promethazine and methysergide, respectively, by the bradykinin B(2) receptor antagonist HOE 140 and by antibodies to tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNFalpha) and interleukin 1 (IL-1). Pretreatment with guanethidine, atenolol, prazosin and yohimbine, inhibitors of sympathomimetic amines, or with indomethacin, inhibitor of the cyclo-oxygenase pathway, reduced Lys49 PLA(2)-induced hyperalgesia without interfering with the nociceptive activity of Asp49 PLA(2). The hyperalgesic response to both myotoxins was not modified by pretreatment with celecoxib, an inhibitor of the cyclo-oxygenase type II, by zileuton, an inhibitor of the lipoxygenase pathway or by N(g)-methyl-L-arginine (LNMMA), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. These results suggest that Asp49 and Lys49 PLA(2)s are important hyperalgesic components of B. asper venom, and that Lys49 and Asp49 PLA(2)s exert their algogenic actions through different molecular mechanisms.
Assuntos
Bothrops , Bradicinina/análogos & derivados , Venenos de Crotalídeos/enzimologia , Hidroxiureia/análogos & derivados , Hiperalgesia/induzido quimicamente , Fosfolipases A/química , Fosfolipases A/toxicidade , Animais , Bradicinina/farmacologia , Carragenina/farmacologia , Celecoxib , Heparina/farmacologia , Membro Posterior/efeitos dos fármacos , Membro Posterior/patologia , Antagonistas dos Receptores Histamínicos/farmacologia , Hidroxiureia/farmacologia , Masculino , Peptídeos/síntese química , Peptídeos/toxicidade , Pirazóis , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Antagonistas da Serotonina/farmacologia , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Fatores de Tempo , ômega-N-Metilarginina/farmacologiaRESUMO
The ability of Lys49 and Asp49 phospholipases A2 (PLA2), from Bothrops asper snake venom, to cause hyperalgesia was investigated in rats, using the paw pressure test. Intraplantar injection of both toxins (5-20ìg/paw) caused hyperalgesia, which peaked 1h after injections. Incubation of both proteins with heparin, prior to their injection, partially reduced this response. Chemical modification of Asp49 PLA2 with p-bromophenacyl bromide (p-BPB), which abrogates its PLA2 activity, also abolished hyperalgesia. Intraplantar injection of a synthetic peptide corresponding to the C-terminal sequence 115-129 of Lys49 PLA2, caused hyperalgesia of similar time course, but varying magnitude, than that induced by the native protein. In contrast, a homologous peptide derived from the Asp49 PLA2 did not show any nociceptive effect. Hyperalgesia induced by both PLA2s was blocked by the histamine and serotonin receptor antagonists promethazine and methysergide, respectively, by the bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist HOE 140 and by antibodies to tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNFá) and interleukin 1 (IL-1). Pretreatment with guanethidine, atenolol, prazosin and yohimbine, inhibitors of sympathomimetic amines, or with indomethacin, inhibitor of the cyclo-oxygenase pathway, reduced Lys49 PLA2-induced hyperalgesia without interfering with the nociceptive activity of Asp49 PLA2. The hyperalgesic response to both myotoxins was not modified by pretreatment with celecoxib, an inhibitor of the cyclo-oxygenase type II, by zileuton, an inhibitor of the lipoxygenase pathway or by Ng-methyl-L-arginine (LNMMA), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. These results suggest that Asp49 and Lys49 PLA2s are important hyperalgesic components of B. asper venom, and that Lys49 and Asp49 PLA2s exert their algogenic actions through different molecular mechanisms.
Assuntos
Animais , Fosfolipases , HiperalgesiaRESUMO
Human T lymphocytes carry a membrane receptor for sheep erythrocytes (E) related to the CD2 molecule. The E-receptor is found in a soluble from (Rs) in serum and can be quantitated by "rocket electrophoresis" using an anti-Rs serum obtained by immunizing sheep with autologous erythrocytes coated with Rs. Increased serum levels of Rs are found in patients with diseases associated with immunodepression. In the present study, 14 asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive individuals were investigated regarding their Rs levels and delayed hypersensitivity skin tests every 3 months for a period of 35 months. All these patients progressed to AIDS in this period. Rs serum levels have also been quantitated in 14 normal individuals. The mean Rs values in normal individuals, asymptomatic, and AIDS patients were, respectively: 4.8 +/- 1.5 mm (SD), 9.6 +/- 1.9 mm (SD) and 11.3 +/- 2.4 mm (SD). An increase of Rs serum levels was observed when we compared normal individuals with CDC-II and CDC-IV clinical stage patients (P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney test) and CDC-II and CDC-IV patients, (P < 0.05, Wilcoxon test). We have observed a depressed delayed hypersensitivity response to ubiquitous antigens in CDC-IV patients. Our results indicate that Rs serum levels can be used as a progression marker in HIV infected patients.
Assuntos
Antígenos CD2/análise , Eritrócitos/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , HIV-1 , Receptores de Superfície Celular/sangue , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Adulto , Animais , Antígenos CD4/análise , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade Tardia/imunologia , Soros Imunes/imunologia , Imunoeletroforese , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Receptores de Superfície Celular/imunologia , Ovinos , SolubilidadeRESUMO
Using a polyclonal heterologous anti-soluble E-receptor serum, we identified molecules of molecular weight circa 58,000 and 150,000. The soluble receptor molecule with molecular weight of approximately 58,000 (Rs1) was initially purified from supernatant of heated lymphocytes through chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and/or DEAE-cellulose. The soluble receptor molecule with molecular weight of approximately 150,000 (Rs2) is detected at high levels in the serum of patients with cancer and uremia. Rs1 and Rs2 present in serum from cancer patients were purified by chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and by affinity chromatography using anti-Rs1 IgG. 131I-labelled supernatant of heated lymphocytes binds to sheep erythrocytes and the elution and analysis of the molecules adsorbed showed bands of molecular weights approximately 58,000 and 150,000, confirming the receptor activity of these molecules.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Diferenciação de Linfócitos T/isolamento & purificação , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/isolamento & purificação , Receptores Imunológicos/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Antígenos CD2 , Cromatografia de Afinidade , Cromatografia DEAE-Celulose , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Humanos , Imunodifusão , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Peso Molecular , Neoplasias/sangue , Ovinos , Linfócitos T/químicaRESUMO
Using a specific serum anti-soluble T lymphocytes receptor for sheep erythrocytes (E) and SDS-PAGE, we detected radioactive bands of molecular weight 58,000 in immunoprecipitates of supernatant of heated human lymphocytes (SHL), in the supernatant of PHA stimulated lymphocyte cultures (SLC), normal human serum (NHS), and serum from cancer and uremia patients, labelled with 131I. By Sephadex G-200 chromatography, in addition to this fraction, we detected molecules of molecular weight higher than 150,000 which interact with the anti-soluble receptor serum (anti-RS), in serum from cancer and uremia patients. These molecules were detected in NHS or SHL after concentration or by prolonged exposure of SDS-PAGE with some labelled and immunoprecipitated SHL samples. The soluble receptors of molecular weights 58,000 (RS1) and more than 150,000 (RS2) were fully identical when analyzed by immunodiffusion with anti-RS serum. When submitted to immunoelectrophoresis, RS1 showed electrophoretic migration similar to that of albumin, while RS2 showed a pattern close to that of alpha 2-globulin. However, RS2 did not show antigenic relationship with IgM and was not an immune complex with IgG. Even though the presence of RS in human saliva has not yet been reported, molecules that interact with anti-RS serum have been detected in human saliva and are fully identical to molecules found in supernatant of heated human T lymphocytes and NHS. The RS molecules present in human saliva have a molecular weight and electrophoretic migration similar to those of RS1 from SLC and from human serum and have no antigenic relationship with human albumin.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Diferenciação de Linfócitos T/isolamento & purificação , Eritrócitos/imunologia , Receptores Imunológicos/isolamento & purificação , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos de Diferenciação de Linfócitos T/sangue , Antígenos de Diferenciação de Linfócitos T/química , Antígenos CD2 , Humanos , Imunoquímica , Peso Molecular , Receptores Imunológicos/sangue , Receptores Imunológicos/química , Saliva/imunologia , SolubilidadeRESUMO
Human T lymphocytes carry a membrane receptor for sheep erythrocytes (E) which is responsible for the well-known phenomenon of E-rosette formation. This receptor has been related to CD2 molecules; it is present in a soluble form (Rs) in normal serum and may play an immunoregulatory role. In this study we quantitated soluble E-receptor in serum samples of 43 normal controls, 32 patients with tuberculoid leprosy and 53 with lepromatous leprosy, using rocket electrophoresis and an anti E receptor serum (anti-Rs) obtained from an adult sheep immunized with autologous E treated with Rs. In the 3 groups studied, the rocket means were respectively 5.0, 7.5 and 10.9 mm (p less than 0.001). We found abnormally high levels of Rs in the serum of various diseases associated with a depression of cell-mediated immunity. The increase of Rs levels in the serum may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the depression of cellular immunity in leprosy.
Assuntos
Hanseníase Virchowiana/imunologia , Hanseníase Tuberculoide/imunologia , Glicoproteínas de Membrana , Receptores Imunológicos/análise , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Adulto , Eletroforese , Humanos , Imunidade Celular , Receptores Imunológicos/metabolismo , Lectina 1 Semelhante a Ig de Ligação ao Ácido SiálicoRESUMO
Human T lymphocytes carry a membrane receptor for sheep erythrocytes (E) which is responsible for the well-known phenomenon of E-rosette formation. This receptor has been related to CD2 molecules; it is present in a soluble form (Rs) in normal serum and may play an immunoregulatory role. In this study we quantitated soluble E-receptor in serum samples of 43 normal controls, 32 patients with tuberculoid leprosy and 53 with lepromatous leprosy, using rocket electrophoresis and an anti E receptor serum (anti-Rs) obtained from an adult sheep immunized with autologous E treated with Rs. In the 3 groups studied, the rocket means were respectively 5.0, 7.5 and 10.9 mm (p less than 0.001). We found abnormally high levels of Rs in the serum of various diseases associated with a depression of cell-mediated immunity. The increase of Rs levels in the serum may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the depression of cellular immunity in leprosy.
RESUMO
The prevalence of HIV-1 antibodies in selected groups of individuals from Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Santos was determined retrospectively. These groups and respective prevalences were: hemophiliac patients from Rio de Janeiro (1983-1984) 98.0%; polytransfused hemodialysis patients from São Paulo (1985-1986) 3.0% and (1987) 7.7%; intravenous drug addicts from São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro (1986-1987) 15.9%; male prisoners from São Paulo (1988) 12.5%, and pregnant women from Santos (1988-1989) 3.6%. These data stress the magnitude of AIDS in Brazil.
Assuntos
Soroprevalência de HIV , HIV-1 , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/análise , HIV-1/imunologia , Hemofilia A , Humanos , Masculino , Gravidez , Prisioneiros , Diálise Renal , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Abuso de Substâncias por Via IntravenosaRESUMO
1. Immune RNA (iRNA) was extracted from the spleen of a sheep immunized with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigens. 2. The transfer of cell-mediated immunity to HIV antigens was accomplished by injecting iRNA into a Cebus monkey, as evaluated in vitro by leukocyte migration inhibition. The in vitro treatment of normal human leukocytes with iRNA also promoted the inhibition of leukocyte migration in the presence of HIV antigens. 3. These findings have important theoretical and potential practical applications in the field of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
Assuntos
Antígenos Virais/imunologia , HIV/imunologia , Imunização Passiva , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Animais , Reações Antígeno-Anticorpo , Cebus/imunologia , Células Cultivadas , Humanos , Imunidade CelularRESUMO
An anti-human T lymphocyte serum specific to the membrane receptor for sheep erythrocytes (E) was produced by immunizing sheep with the autologous E-soluble E receptor complex. The soluble E receptor (RS) was obtained by heating human lymphocytes at 45 degrees C for 1 h. The anti-RS serum reacted by double gel diffusion with preparations containing Rs such as the supernatant of heated peripheral lymphocytes (SHPL), the supernatant of heated spleen lymphocytes (SHSL) and concentrated normal human serum (NHSc), producing a single precipitation line with each preparation. The pattern obtained was that of total identify. The reactivity of SHPL, SHSL or NHSc was abolished by previous absorption with 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide-treated E. Anti-RS serum also did not react with the supernatant of heated cells such as HeLa cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes which do not have exposed E receptors.
Assuntos
Eritrócitos/imunologia , Receptores Imunológicos/análise , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Humanos , Soros Imunes/imunologia , ImunodifusãoRESUMO
O primeiro caso autoctone de sindrome de deficiencia imunologica adquirida (AIDS) com comprovacao imunologica, no Brasil foi estudado clinica e laboratorialmente.O paciente apresenta infeccao disseminada pela Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare que foi cultivada a partir de linfonodo. A avaliacao imunologica revelou intensa depressao da resposta imune celular in vivo e in vitro, encontrando-se inversao de relacao linfocitos supressores/auxiliadores