RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Many instruments used in dentistry are rotary, such as handpieces, water syringes, and ultrasonic scalers that produce aerosols. The spray created by these instruments can carry, in addition to water, droplets of saliva, blood, and microorganisms, which can pose a risk of infections for healthcare professionals and patients. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, this gained attention. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to carry out a systematic review of the evidence of the scope of the aerosol produced by ultrasonic scaler in environmental contamination and the influence of the use of intraoral suction reduction devices. DESIGN: Scientific literature was searched until June 19, 2021 in 6 databases: Pubmed, EMBASE, Web of science, Scopus, Virtual Health Library and Cochrane Library, without restrictions on language or publication date. Studies that evaluated the range of the aerosol produced by ultrasonic scaler during scaling/prophylaxis and the control of environmental contamination generated by it with the use of low (LVE) and high (HVE) volume evacuation systems were included. RESULTS: Of the 1893 potentially relevant articles, 5 of which were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The meta-analysis of 3 RCTs showed that, even at different distances from the patient's oral cavity, there was a significant increase in airborne bacteria in the dental environment with the use of ultrasonic scaler. In contrast, when meta-analysis compared the use of HVE with LVE, there was no significant difference (P = 0.40/CI -0.71[-2.37, 0.95]) for aerosol produced in the environment. CONCLUSIONS: There is an increase in the concentration of bioaerosol in the dental environment during the use of ultrasonic scaler in scaling/prophylaxis, reaching up to 2 m away from the patient's mouth and the use of LVE, HVE or a combination of different devices, can be effective in reducing air contamination in the dental environment, with no important difference between different types of suction devices.
Assuntos
Aerossóis , COVID-19 , Raspagem Dentária , Contaminação de Equipamentos , Humanos , Raspagem Dentária/instrumentação , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/transmissão , Contaminação de Equipamentos/prevenção & controle , Microbiologia do Ar , Instrumentos Odontológicos , Ultrassom/instrumentação , Sucção/instrumentação , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
A hiperpigmentação melânica ocorre devido à deposição anormal de melanina na camada basal e suprabasal do epitélio, criando uma aparência escurecida. É fisiológica, por isso não representa dano à saúde, podendo ser apenas uma queixa estética do paciente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão de literatura narrativa sobre o uso da técnica cirúrgica com bisturi, da abrasão com instrumento rotatório e da ablação com laser como métodos para realizar a remoção da hiperpigmentação melânica gengival de etiologia fisiológica. Muitas técnicas têm sido utilizadas para fazer a despigmentação, diferentes resultados e fatores, como conforto do paciente, cuidado pós-operatório e recorrência, têm sido apresentados. A técnica cirúrgica com bisturi é considerada o padrão ouro devido aos seus bons resultados, material de fácil acesso e baixo custo. A abrasão com instrumentos rotatórios não requer nenhum equipamento ou material sofisticado, é relativamente simples e segura. E a terapia a laser é uma modalidade de tratamento eficaz, minimamente invasiva, com trans e pós-operatório confortável. Entretanto, são necessários mais estudos sobre o uso da abrasão com instrumento rotatório que acompanhem os pacientes em longo prazo e pesquisas que descrevam o uso e resultados proporcionados pelos diversos tipos de laser de alta potência. Tendo em vista a presente revisão de literatura pode-se concluir que a repigmentação não ocorre por uma média de um a dois anos. Porém, são necessários mais estudos para especificar qual técnica apresenta menor índice de repigmentação.
Melanic hyperpigmentation occurs due to abnormal deposition of melanin in the basal and suprabasal layers of the epithelium, creating a darkened appearance. It is physiological, so it does not represent harm to health, and may be just an aesthetic complaint by the patient. The objective of this work was to carry out a narrative literature review on the use of surgical technique with a scalpel, abrasion with a rotary instrument and laser ablation as methods to remove gingival melanin hyperpigmentation of physiological etiology. Many techniques have been used to perform depigmentation, different results and factors, such as patient comfort, postoperative care and recurrence, have been presented. The surgical technique with a scalpel is considered the gold standard due to its good results, easily accessible material and low cost. Abrasion with rotary instruments does not require any sophisticated equipment or material, is relatively simple and safe. And laser therapy is an effective treatment modality, minimally invasive, with comfortable trans and postoperative. However, more studies are needed on the use of abrasion with a rotary instrument to monitor patients in the long term and research that describe the use and results provided by the different types of high-power lasers. In view of the present literature review, it can be concluded that repigmentation does not occur for an average of one to two years. However, further studies are needed to specify wich technique has the lowest rate of repigmentation.
Assuntos
Hiperpigmentação , Terapia a Laser/métodosRESUMO
Abstract tHistory of chronic periodontitis (CP) is a risk factor for oseointegration failure. The osteoclastogenesis system (RANK, RANKL and OPG) is critical for bone homeostatic control. We investigated the levels of OPG and RANKL in peri-implant tissues from volunteers with and without a history of CP and their association with mucosae inflammation. This is a single-blind case-contro study. Diagnosis of a history of CP and peri-implant examination was performed on 46 volunteers, divided into control (without history of CP, n=26) and CP group (with history of CP, n=20). Gingival biopsies were harvested during implant exposure. Quantitative PCR evaluated OPG/RANKL mRNA expressions. OPG and RANKL proteins were analyzed by western blot and immunohistochemistry assay. The chi-square test analyzed the significance of nominal variables between groups while continuous variables were analyzed by T-test or Mann-Whitney test, after Shapiro-Wilk test evaluation. The 2-ΔΔCT Livak method calculation evaluated the gene expression. Values of p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Volunteers with CP history had 23 times higher chance of developing mucosae inflammation. High mucosae levels of RANKL (p=0.04) and RANKL/OPG (p=0.001) mRNA expressions were observed in CP group. CP volunteers showed increased RANKL protein levels in opposition to decreased OPG expression. Even without active periodontitis, volunteers with a history of CP had elevated gingival levels of RANKL/OPG and higher correlation with peri-implant mucosae inflammation and implant loss.
Resumo A história de periodontite crônica (CP) é um fator de risco para falhas na osseointegração. O sistema de osteoclastogênese (RANK, RANKL e OPG) é crucial para o controle da homeostase óssea. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os níveis de OPG e RANKL no tecido peri-implantar de voluntários com e sem histórico de CP e sua associação com inflamação da mucosa. Este é um estudo tipo caso-controle. O exame para diagnóstico de CP e na região peri-implantar foi realizado em 46 voluntários, divididos em controle (sem história CP, n=26) e grupo CP (com histórico de CP, n=20). Descartes gengivais foram obtidos durante a exposição do implante. PCR quantitativo avaliou a expressão do RNAm de OPG/RANKL. As proteínas OPG e RANKL foram analisadas por western blot e imunohistoquímica. O teste do qui-quadrado analisou a significância entre as variáveis nominais enquanto as variáveis contínuas foram analisadas pelo teste-t e Mann-Whitney, após o teste de Shapiro-wilk. O método do Livak 2--ΔΔCT avaliou a expressão gênica. Os voluntários com CP apresentaram 23 vezes mais chances de desenvolver inflamação da mucosa. Expressão elevada no RNAm de RANKL (p=0.04) e RANKL/OPG (p=0.001) foram observadas no grupo CP. Voluntários com CP mostraram aumento dos níveis da proteína RANKL em contraste com diminuída expressão de OPG. Mesmo sem periodontite ativa, voluntários com histórico de CP apresentaram elevado nível gengival de RANKL/OPG e alta correlação com inflamação peri-implantar e perda do implante.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Periodontite Crônica/metabolismo , Implantes Dentários , Mucosa Bucal/patologia , Osteoprotegerina/metabolismo , Ligante RANK/metabolismo , Western Blotting , Periodontite Crônica/patologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Osteoprotegerina/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Ligante RANK/genética , RNA Mensageiro/genéticaRESUMO
tHistory of chronic periodontitis (CP) is a risk factor for oseointegration failure. The osteoclastogenesis system (RANK, RANKL and OPG) is critical for bone homeostatic control. We investigated the levels of OPG and RANKL in peri-implant tissues from volunteers with and without a history of CP and their association with mucosae inflammation. This is a single-blind case-contro study. Diagnosis of a history of CP and peri-implant examination was performed on 46 volunteers, divided into control (without history of CP, n=26) and CP group (with history of CP, n=20). Gingival biopsies were harvested during implant exposure. Quantitative PCR evaluated OPG/RANKL mRNA expressions. OPG and RANKL proteins were analyzed by western blot and immunohistochemistry assay. The chi-square test analyzed the significance of nominal variables between groups while continuous variables were analyzed by T-test or Mann-Whitney test, after Shapiro-Wilk test evaluation. The 2-ΔΔCT Livak method calculation evaluated the gene expression. Values of p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Volunteers with CP history had 23 times higher chance of developing mucosae inflammation. High mucosae levels of RANKL (p=0.04) and RANKL/OPG (p=0.001) mRNA expressions were observed in CP group. CP volunteers showed increased RANKL protein levels in opposition to decreased OPG expression. Even without active periodontitis, volunteers with a history of CP had elevated gingival levels of RANKL/OPG and higher correlation with peri-implant mucosae inflammation and implant loss.
Assuntos
Periodontite Crônica/metabolismo , Implantes Dentários , Mucosa Bucal/patologia , Osteoprotegerina/metabolismo , Ligante RANK/metabolismo , Idoso , Western Blotting , Periodontite Crônica/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Osteoprotegerina/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Ligante RANK/genética , RNA Mensageiro/genéticaRESUMO
Diversos estudos têm demonstrado que indivíduos com susceptibilidade genética à doença peri-implantar podem apresentar maior risco de perda do implante dentário. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar os aspectos clínicos e radiográficos no tecido peri-implantar, apresentando condições saudáveis e doentes, com o polimorfismo genético da interleucina-10 (IL-10). Material e métodos: 109 pacientes foram divididos em três grupos. O grupo controle foi caracterizado pela saúde peri-implantar (n=51). Os grupos teste foram divididos em mucosite (n=21; indivíduos com inflamação da mucosa peri-implantar) e peri-implantite (n = 37; perda óssea patológica peri-implantar). Os tecidos peri-implantares foram examinados clinicamente considerando o sangramento à sondagem, a cor da mucosa e a mobilidade do implante. Amostras de saliva foram coletadas para análise do polimorfismo genético da IL-10, na região promotora 592, utilizando a enzima de restrição Rsal. Resultados: Clinicamente, as regiões do grupo mucosite foram caracterizadas pela cor vermelha da mucosa e presença de sangramento à sondagem em todos os pacientes. O grupo peri-implantite mostrou mucosa avermelhada em 15 pacientes (40,5%), mas sangramento à sondagem em 9 pacientes (24,3%). Mobilidade do implante foi observada em quatro regiões (10,8%). A média de perda óssea patológica radiográfica foi de 3,8 ± 1,5 exposições de roscas. Análise do polimorfismo genético para IL-10-592, por meio do teste qui-quadrado, não apresentou diferença significativa entre os grupos saudável e testes. Conclusões: Polimorfismo na IL10-592 não está associado com o desenvolvimento da doença peri-implantar. A presença de sangramento à sondagem não caracteriza a doença peri-implantar.
Several studies have shown that individuals with genetic susceptibility to peri-implant disease may be at greater risk of loss of the dental implant. Objective: The objective of this study was to correlate the clinical and radiographic findings in the peri-implant tissue, showing healthy conditions and patients with the genetic polymorphism of interleukin-10 (IL-10). Material and methods: 109 patients were divided into three groups. The control group was characterized by periimplant health (n = 51). The test groups were divided into mucositis (n = 21; patients with inflammation of the periimplant mucosa) and peri-implant (n = 37; pathological bone loss peri-implant). The peri-implant tissues were examined clinically considering bleeding on probing, the color of the mucosa and the mobility of the implant. Saliva samples were collected for analysis of genetic polymorphism of IL-10 in the promoter region 592, using the restriction enzyme RsaI. Results: Clinically, mucositis group regions were characterized by the color red and the presence of mucosal bleeding on probing in all patients. The peri-implant group showed reddish mucosa in 15 patients (40.5%), but bleeding on probing in 9 patients (24.3%). Mobility of the implant was observed in four regions (10.8%). The mean radiographic pathological bone loss was 3.8 ± 1.5 exhibition threads. Analysis of genetic polymorphism for IL-10-592, using the chi-square test showed no significant difference between the healthy group and testing. Conclusions: Polymorphism in IL10-592 is not associated with the development of peri-implant disease. The presence of bleeding on probing does not characterize the peri-implant disease.