RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Ova and parasite (O&P) examination is recommended for the laboratory diagnosis of agents causing parasitic infections; however, this exam requires scientific and technological improvements to enhance its diagnostic validity. Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is an efficient technical principle separating suspended solids in a liquid medium. We aimed to develop and validate a new procedure for intestinal parasite detection with DAF. METHODS: In this study, we collected samples from 500 volunteers, screened them by direct examination, and transferred the material to tubes using the Three Faecal Test (TF-Test) for triplicate DAF tests. We evaluated physical-chemical parameters and DAF prototype components through quantifying parasites recovered from floated and non-floated regions of the flotation column. The DAF operation protocol was validated with the gold standard results. RESULTS: The 10% saturated volume proportion and cationic surfactant showed regularity and high parasite recovery (80%). Modifications of the needle device did not influence parasite recovery (p > 0.05). Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and kappa agreement obtained with the DAF protocol were 91%, 100%, 93% and substantial (k = 0.64), respectively. CONCLUSION: The DAF principle could be used to process faecal samples in routine laboratory exams, enabling intestinal parasite detection.
Assuntos
Enteropatias Parasitárias , Parasitos , Animais , Humanos , Enteropatias Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Técnicas de Laboratório ClínicoRESUMO
Since the early 20th century, the detection of intestinal parasites has improved with the development of several techniques for parasitic structures recovery and identification, which differ in sensitivity, specificity, practicality, cost, and infrastructure demand. This study aims to review, in chronological order, the stool examination techniques and discuss their advantages, limitations, and perspectives, and to provide professionals and specialists in this field with data that lays a foundation for critical analysis on the use of such procedures. The concentration procedures that constitute the main techniques applied in routine research and in parasitological kits are a) spontaneous sedimentation; b) centrifugation-sedimentation with formalin-ethyl acetate; and c) flotation with zinc sulfate solution. While selecting a technique, one should consider the purpose of its application and the technical-operational, biological, and physicochemical factors inherent in the procedures used in stool processing, which may restrict its use. These intrinsic limitations may have undergone procedural changes driven by scientific and technological development and by development of alternative methods, which now contribute to the improvement of diagnostic accuracy.
Assuntos
Fezes/parasitologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Parasitologia/história , Manejo de Espécimes/história , Animais , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Parasitologia/métodos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Manejo de Espécimes/métodosRESUMO
Abstract Since the early 20th century, the detection of intestinal parasites has improved with the development of several techniques for parasitic structures recovery and identification, which differ in sensitivity, specificity, practicality, cost, and infrastructure demand. This study aims to review, in chronological order, the stool examination techniques and discuss their advantages, limitations, and perspectives, and to provide professionals and specialists in this field with data that lays a foundation for critical analysis on the use of such procedures. The concentration procedures that constitute the main techniques applied in routine research and in parasitological kits are a) spontaneous sedimentation; b) centrifugation-sedimentation with formalin-ethyl acetate; and c) flotation with zinc sulfate solution. While selecting a technique, one should consider the purpose of its application and the technical-operational, biological, and physicochemical factors inherent in the procedures used in stool processing, which may restrict its use. These intrinsic limitations may have undergone procedural changes driven by scientific and technological development and by development of alternative methods, which now contribute to the improvement of diagnostic accuracy.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Parasitologia/história , Manejo de Espécimes/história , Fezes/parasitologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Parasitologia/métodos , Manejo de Espécimes/métodos , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Acute diarrhea in young dogs is among the main complaints described by tutors in veterinary services. Complications related to water and electrolyte imbalances due to intestinal alterations can compromise homeostasis in these pups, mainly due to dehydration. Consequently, they do not present a satisfactory clinical response and are exposed to the risk of early death. Among the different types of diarrhea, the infectious diarrhea due to viruses, bacteria, and parasites are particularly significant. Coccidia of the genus Isospora (Cystoisospora spp.) is an important intestinal pathogen that causes severe clinical manifestations in puppies. Since high parasitic loads render these puppies highly susceptible to opportunistic infections, coccidia infection may cause impaired corporal and cognitive development and even lead to death. Studies regarding this issue, particularly concerning clinical knowledge in neonatology, are scarce in veterinary medicine. Thus, in this study, we intend to discuss the enteric alterations and the most commonly used current diagnostic techniques, as well as to analyze effective therapeutic and prophylactic proposals.
As diarreias agudas em cães jovens estão entre as principais queixas descritas pelos tutores nos serviços veterinários. As complicações relacionadas aos desequilÃbrios hÃdrico e eletrolÃtico decorrentes das alterações intestinais comprometem a homeostase destes filhotes, principalmente devido a desidratação, não apresentam resposta clÃnica satisfatória e ficam expostos ao risco de morte precoce. Dentre os diferentes tipos de diarreia, sobressaem as de origem infecciosa. Os agentes podem ser vÃrus, bactérias, fungos e parasitos. Entre estes últimos agentes, os coccÃdios do Gênero Isospora (Cystoisospora spp.) se destacam como patógenos intestinais que ocasionam manifestações clÃnicas graves em filhotes, pois elevadas cargas parasitárias propiciam condição de maior susceptibilidade à infecções oportunistas, podendo também prejudicar o desenvolvimento corporal e cognitivo e/ou até mesmo levar a morte do cão. Diante de tal temática, na medicina veterinária os estudos são escassos, principalmente quanto ao conhecimento clÃnico em neonatologia de tal modo tencionamos discutir a respeito das alterações entéricas, métodos de diagnóstico mais utilizados e atuais, bem como analisar as propostas terapêuticas e profiláticas efetivas.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Human enteroparasites are considered a serious public health problem in underdeveloped countries located in world regions with tropical, subtropical and equatorial climates. These parasites are commonly diagnosed by the Parasitological Examination of Faeces (PEF), performed by conventional techniques and/or commercial kits that result in tests with low-to-moderate sensitivity, due to the use of destructive chemical solvents to parasite structures, and to present excess adipose substance and digestive residues in their microscopic slides. In order to improve the efficacy of these tests/examinations, this study aimed to investigate a new alternative for the PEF, with the use of Aqueous Biphasic System (ABS). METHODS: For this, four ABSs containing poly (ethylene glycol), PEG (PEG-4000 and PEG-6000), dipotassium phosphate and sodium citrate at different concentrations in the biphasic systems were evaluated with faecal samples containing eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides. RESULTS: The ABS consisting of PEG-4000 and dipotassium phosphate, at concentrations of 55% w/w and 20% w/w, respectively, achieved 100% satisfactory results compared to the conventional TF-Test technique in terms of preservation and concentration of A. lumbricoides eggs, with adequate separation of digestive residues, without using a centrifuge or chemical solvents that may cause harm to the parasites. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents ABS as a new low-cost technical principle for the detection of parasite eggs in PEF. The new technique is simple, fast, non-toxic, not harmful to the parasite and does not require a centrifuge.
UTILISATION DU SYSTÈME BIPHASIQUE AQUEUX COMME ALTERNATIVE À LA CONCENTRATION DES ÅUFS D'ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES, AVEC SÉPARATION NON TOXIQUE DES RÉSIDUS FÉCAUX ET DES GRAISSES: OBJECTIFS: Les entéroparasites humains sont considérés comme un sérieux problème de santé publique dans les pays sous-développés situés dans des régions du monde aux climats tropicaux, subtropicaux et équatoriaux. L'examen parasitologique des matières fécales (EPMF) permet généralement de diagnostiquer ces parasites, à l'aide de techniques classiques et/ou de kits commerciaux, conduisant à des tests de sensibilité faible à modérée, dus à l'utilisation de solvants chimiques destructeurs pour les structures du parasite et résultant en excès de substances adipeuses et de résidus digestifs dans leurs lames microscopiques. Afin d'améliorer l'efficacité de ces tests/examens, cette étude visait à étudier une nouvelle alternative à l'EPMF, avec l'utilisation du Système Biphasique Aqueux (SBA). MÉTHODES: Pour cela, quatre SBA contenant du poly (éthylène glycol), du PEG (PEG-4000 et PEG-6000), du phosphate dipotassique et du citrate de sodium à différentes concentrations ont été évalués avec des échantillons de matières fécales contenant des Åufs d'Ascaris lumbricoides. RÉSULTATS: Le SBA constitué de PEG-4000 et de phosphate dipotassique, à des concentrations respectives de 55% poids/poids et 20% poids/poids, a obtenu des résultats satisfaisants à 100% par rapport à la technique conventionnelle du TF-Test, en termes de préservation et de concentration des Åufs de A. lumbricoides, avec une séparation adéquate des résidus digestifs, sans utiliser de centrifugeuse ni de solvants chimiques pouvant détruire les parasites. CONCLUSIONS: Cette étude présente le SBA comme un nouveau principe technique peu coûteux pour la détection des Åufs de parasites dans l'EPMF. La nouvelle technique est simple, rapide, non toxique, n'endommage pas le parasite et ne nécessite pas de centrifugeuse.
Assuntos
Ascaris lumbricoides , Técnicas e Procedimentos Diagnósticos , Fezes/parasitologia , Animais , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Fosfatos/química , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Compostos de Potássio/química , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Citrato de Sódio/químicaRESUMO
Acute diarrhea in young dogs is among the main complaints described by tutors in veterinary services. Complications related to water and electrolyte imbalances due to intestinal alterations can compromise homeostasis in these pups, mainly due to dehydration. Consequently, they do not present a satisfactory clinical response and are exposed to the risk of early death. Among the different types of diarrhea, the infectious diarrhea due to viruses, bacteria, and parasites are particularly significant. Coccidia of the genus Isospora (Cystoisospora spp.) is an important intestinal pathogen that causes severe clinical manifestations in puppies. Since high parasitic loads render these puppies highly susceptible to opportunistic infections, coccidia infection may cause impaired corporal and cognitive development and even lead to death. Studies regarding this issue, particularly concerning clinical knowledge in neonatology, are scarce in veterinary medicine. Thus, in this study, we intend to discuss the enteric alterations and the most commonly used current diagnostic techniques, as well as to analyze effective therapeutic and prophylactic proposals.
As diarreias agudas em cães jovens estão entre as principais queixas descritas pelos tutores nos serviços veterinários. As complicações relacionadas aos desequilÃbrios hÃdrico e eletrolÃtico decorrentes das alterações intestinais comprometem a homeostase destes filhotes, principalmente devido a desidratação, não apresentam resposta clÃnica satisfatória e ficam expostos ao risco de morte precoce. Dentre os diferentes tipos de diarreia, sobressaem as de origem infecciosa. Os agentes podem ser vÃrus, bactérias, fungos e parasitos. Entre estes últimos agentes, os coccÃdios do Gênero Isospora (Cystoisospora spp.) se destacam como patógenos intestinais que ocasionam manifestações clÃnicas graves em filhotes, pois elevadas cargas parasitárias propiciam condição de maior susceptibilidade à infecções oportunistas, podendo também prejudicar o desenvolvimento corporal e cognitivo e/ou até mesmo levar a morte do cão. Diante de tal temática, na medicina veterinária os estudos são escassos, principalmente quanto ao conhecimento clÃnico em neonatologia de tal modo tencionamos discutir a respeito das alterações entéricas, métodos de diagnóstico mais utilizados e atuais, bem como analisar as propostas terapêuticas e profiláticas efetivas.
RESUMO
Acute diarrhea in young dogs is among the main complaints described by tutors in veterinary services. Complications related to water and electrolyte imbalances due to intestinal alterations can compromise homeostasis in these pups, mainly due to dehydration. Consequently, they do not present a satisfactory clinical response and are exposed to the risk of early death. Among the different types of diarrhea, the infectious diarrhea due to viruses, bacteria, and parasites are particularly significant. Coccidia of the genus Isospora (Cystoisospora spp.) is an important intestinal pathogen that causes severe clinical manifestations in puppies. Since high parasitic loads render these puppies highly susceptible to opportunistic infections, coccidia infection may cause impaired corporal and cognitive development and even lead to death. Studies regarding this issue, particularly concerning clinical knowledge in neonatology, are scarce in veterinary medicine. Thus, in this study, we intend to discuss the enteric alterations and the most commonly used current diagnostic techniques, as well as to analyze effective therapeutic and prophylactic proposals.
As diarreias agudas em cães jovens estão entre as principais queixas descritas pelos tutores nos serviços veterinários. As complicações relacionadas aos desequilÃbrios hÃdrico e eletrolÃtico decorrentes das alterações intestinais comprometem a homeostase destes filhotes, principalmente devido a desidratação, não apresentam resposta clÃnica satisfatória e ficam expostos ao risco de morte precoce. Dentre os diferentes tipos de diarreia, sobressaem as de origem infecciosa. Os agentes podem ser vÃrus, bactérias, fungos e parasitos. Entre estes últimos agentes, os coccÃdios do Gênero Isospora (Cystoisospora spp.) se destacam como patógenos intestinais que ocasionam manifestações clÃnicas graves em filhotes, pois elevadas cargas parasitárias propiciam condição de maior susceptibilidade à infecções oportunistas, podendo também prejudicar o desenvolvimento corporal e cognitivo e/ou até mesmo levar a morte do cão. Diante de tal temática, na medicina veterinária os estudos são escassos, principalmente quanto ao conhecimento clÃnico em neonatologia de tal modo tencionamos discutir a respeito das alterações entéricas, métodos de diagnóstico mais utilizados e atuais, bem como analisar as propostas terapêuticas e profiláticas efetivas.