RESUMO
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) are a growing threat to global health and the economy. Understanding the interactions between resistance and virulence mechanisms of CPE is crucial for managing difficult-to-treat infections and informing outbreak prevention and control programs. Here, we report the characterization of 21 consecutive, unique clinical isolates of CPE collected in 2018 at a tertiary hospital in Lima, Peru. Isolates were characterized by phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing to identify resistance determinants and virulence factors. Seven Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were classified as extensively drug-resistant. The remaining Klebsiella, Enterobacter hormaechei, and Escherichia coli isolates were multidrug-resistant. Eighteen strains carried the metallo-ß-lactamase NDM-1, two the serine-carbapenemase KPC-2, and one isolate had both carbapenemases. The blaNDM-1 gene was located in the truncated ΔISAba125 element, and the blaKPC-2 gene was in the Tn4401a transposon. ST147 was the most frequent sequence type among K. pneumoniae isolates. Our findings highlight the urgent need to address the emergence of CPE and strengthen control measures and antibiotic stewardship programs in low- and middle-income settings.IMPORTANCEGenomic surveillance of antimicrobial resistance contributes to monitoring the spread of resistance and informs treatment and prevention strategies. We characterized 21 carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales collected at a Peruvian tertiary hospital in 2018, which exhibited very high levels of resistance and carried numerous resistance genes. We detected the coexistence of carbapenemase-encoding genes (blaNDM-1 and blaKPC-2) in a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate that also had the PmrB(R256G) mutation associated with colistin resistance. The blaKPC-2 genes were located in Tn4401a transposons, while the blaNDM-1 genes were in the genetic structure Tn125 (ΔISAba125). The presence of high-risk clones among Klebsiella pneumoniae (ST11 and ST147) and Escherichia coli (ST410) isolates is also reported. The study reveals the emergence of highly resistant bacteria in a Peruvian hospital, which could compromise the effectiveness of current treatments and control.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Proteínas de Bactérias , Peru , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , beta-Lactamases/genética , Escherichia coli/genética , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genética , Antibacterianos , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common human infection. Antibiotic resistance in extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) is a major therapeutic challenge due to limited treatment alternatives. The aim was to characterize the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and dynamics of ESBL-producing UPEC isolates from UTI cases seen at a local hospital in Cusco, Peru. Ninety-nine isolates from respective patients were characterized against 18 different antibiotics. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to evaluate the dynamics across the study time according to resistance patterns. The median age of patients was 51 years old, and nearly half were women. ESBL-producing UPEC isolates were slightly more frequent in outpatient services than emergency rooms, and there were higher resistance rates in males compared to females. Half of the ESBL producers were resistant to aminoglycosides and nitrofurantoin. Cefoxitin and fosfomycin resistance was 29.3% and 14.1%, respectively. Resistance to carbapenems was not observed. All isolates were multidrug-resistant bacteria, and 16.2% (16/99) were also classified as extensively drug-resistant bacteria. The resistance patterns varied across the study time and differed regarding sex and healthcare service. The study revealed high levels of AMR to commonly used antimicrobials and a dynamic circulation of ESBL-producing UPEC isolates with varying resistance patterns.
RESUMO
We present here the draft genome sequence of the first New Delhi metallo-ß-lactamase (NDM-1)-producing Escherichia coli strain, belonging to sequence type 155 (ST155), isolated in Peru. Assembly of this draft genome resulted in 5,061,184 bp, revealing a clinically significant resistome for ß-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, phenicols, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and fluoroquinolones.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The information of electromyographic signals can be used by Myoelectric Control Systems (MCSs) to actuate prostheses. These devices allow the performing of movements that cannot be carried out by persons with amputated limbs. The state of the art in the development of MCSs is based on the use of individual principal component analysis (iPCA) as a stage of pre-processing of the classifiers. The iPCA pre-processing implies an optimization stage which has not yet been deeply explored. METHODS: The present study considers two factors in the iPCA stage: namely A (the fitness function), and B (the search algorithm). The A factor comprises two levels, namely A1 (the classification error) and A2 (the correlation factor). Otherwise, the B factor has four levels, specifically B1 (the Sequential Forward Selection, SFS), B2 (the Sequential Floating Forward Selection, SFFS), B3 (Artificial Bee Colony, ABC), and B4 (Particle Swarm Optimization, PSO). This work evaluates the incidence of each one of the eight possible combinations between A and B factors over the classification error of the MCS. RESULTS: A two factor ANOVA was performed on the computed classification errors and determined that: (1) the interactive effects over the classification error are not significative (F0.01,3,72 = 4.0659 > fAB = 0.09), (2) the levels of factor A have significative effects on the classification error (F0.02,1,72 = 5.0162 < fA = 6.56), and (3) the levels of factor B over the classification error are not significative (F0.01,3,72 = 4.0659 > fB = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the classification performance we found a superiority of using the factor A2 in combination with any of the levels of factor B. With respect to the time performance the analysis suggests that the PSO algorithm is at least 14 percent better than its best competitor. The latter behavior has been observed for a particular configuration set of parameters in the search algorithms. Future works will investigate the effect of these parameters in the classification performance, such as length of the reduced size vector, number of particles and bees used during optimal search, the cognitive parameters in the PSO algorithm as well as the limit of cycles to improve a solution in the ABC algorithm.
Assuntos
Algoritmos , Eletromiografia/métodos , Análise de Componente Principal , Processamento de Sinais Assistido por ComputadorRESUMO
A myoelectric control system extracts information from electromyographic (EMG) signals and uses it to control different types of prostheses, so that people who suffered traumatisms, paralysis or amputations can use them to execute common movements. Recent research shows that the addition of a tuning stage, using the individual component analysis (iPCA), results in improved classification performance. We propose and evaluate a set of novel configurations for the iPCA tuning, based on a biologically inspired optimization procedure, the artificial bee colony algorithm. This procedure is implemented and tested using two different cost functions, the traditional classification error and the proposed correlation factor, which involves lower computational effort. We compare the tuned system's performance, in terms of correct classifications, to that of a system tuned using two standard algorithms, the sequential forward selection and the sequential floating forward selection. The statistical analyses of the results don't find a significant difference among the classification performances associated with the search algorithms (p < 0.01). On the other hand, they establish a significant difference among the classification performances related to the cost functions (p < 0.02).
Assuntos
Inteligência Artificial , Eletromiografia/métodos , Reconhecimento Automatizado de Padrão/métodos , Processamento de Sinais Assistido por Computador , Algoritmos , Animais , Abelhas , Comportamento Animal , Simulação por Computador , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Mãos/anatomia & histologia , Mãos/fisiologia , Humanos , Modelos Biológicos , Modelos Estatísticos , Movimento , Análise de Componente Principal , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Peru during the period of May 2003 to December 2008. Lung samples of 24 South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens), four bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), one dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus), one Burmeister´s porpoise (Phocoena spinipinnis) and one marine otter (Lontra felina) were fixed in 10% formalin and then processed and stained with haematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Shiff (PAS) and trichromic of Masson. From the 31 samples collected only 29 were suitable for microscopic evaluation. The results show a rate of 29/29 pneumonias (100%), five of which were associated to parasites (17%), six of bacteria (21%), four of mixed (parasites and bacteria) (14%) and 14 were of nonspecific cause (48%). The present research indicates that those marine mammals from Lima, Peru are exposed to lungworms, flukes and bacteria that alone or mixed may cause pneumonias, which could be contributed or to be the primary cause of the stranding in these animals.
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This study presents the histopathologic features of pneumonia in stranded marine mammals on the coast of Lima, Peru during the period of May 2003 to December 2008. Lung samples of 24 South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens), four bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), one dusky dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obscurus), one Burmeister´s porpoise (Phocoena spinipinnis) and one marine otter (Lontra felina) were fixed in 10% formalin and then processed and stained with haematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Shiff (PAS) and trichromic of Masson. From the 31 samples collected only 29 were suitable for microscopic evaluation. The results show a rate of 29/29 pneumonias (100%), five of which were associated to parasites (17%), six of bacteria (21%), four of mixed (parasites and bacteria) (14%) and 14 were of nonspecific cause (48%). The present research indicates that those marine mammals from Lima, Peru are exposed to lungworms, flukes and bacteria that alone or mixed may cause pneumonias, which could be contributed or to be the primary cause of the stranding in these animals.(AU)
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Animais , Pneumonia/diagnóstico , Leões-Marinhos , Golfinhos , Peru , Fauna Marinha , Microscopia/métodosRESUMO
Reconfigurable systolic arrays can be adapted to efficiently resolve a wide spectrum of computational problems; parallelism is naturally explored in systolic arrays and reconfigurability allows for redefinition of the interconnections and operations even during run time (dynamically). We present a reconfigurable systolic architecture that can be applied for the efficient treatment of several dynamic programming methods for resolving well-known problems, such as global and local sequence alignment, approximate string matching and longest common subsequence. The dynamicity of the reconfigurability was found to be useful for practical applications in the construction of sequence alignments. A VHDL (VHSIC hardware description language) version of this new architecture was implemented on an APEX FPGA (Field programmable gate array). It would be several magnitudes faster than the software algorithm alternatives.
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Algoritmos , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Alinhamento de Sequência/métodos , Software , Simulação por Computador , Humanos , Modelos Genéticos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Con el fin de describir el nivel de farmacodependencia de los estudiantes de sexto ano de bachillerato de los colegios de Barranquilla, la magnitud del problema, las variables asociadas con el fenomeno y con el proposito de estructurar programas preventivos, se realizo un estudio epidemiologico de tipo descriptivo, de corte, en una muestra representativa durante el periodo del II semestre de 1984. Para la recoleccion de la informacion se elaboro un formulario, el cual fue previamente probado. Los resultados nos muestran que la prevalencia de farmacodependencia en la poblacion estudiada de 123 por mil, estuvo relacionada en mayor proporcion, con los alumnos cuyos padres eran de temperamento violento, no cumunicativos y en aquellos cuya composicion familiar era inestable. Segun clase economica, los sicofarmacos de mayor consumo fueron: la cocaina, en la clase alta y la marihuana en la clase baja. En ambas clases el "bazooko" ocupo el segundo lugar. Los resultados del trabajo nos indican que una serie de factores de riesgo se asocian al cosumo de sicofarmacos y por ello, los autores consideran que son factibles programas de prevencion
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Adolescente , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , ColômbiaRESUMO
Contenido:1.-Descripccion de la zona en estudio:fisiografia e hidrologia, clima, geologia, topografia, hidrogeologia, suelos, bosque humedo sub-tropical, bosque seco subtropical, bosque seco templado, bosque humedo templado, division de unidades hidrologicas 2.-Estudio de los parametros que intervienen en el balance hidrico: peridod considerado, recopilacion de antecedentes hidrometereologicos, ubicacion de las estaciones por parametro, precipitacion, evaporacion y evapotranspiracion, encorrentia 3.- Balance hidrico: Analisis de los componentes que intervienen y su influencia en el calculo del balance hidrico, balance hidrico superficial, balances hidricos segun los antecedentes existentes, balance hidrico acumulado subcuencas. 4.- Conclusiones: evaluacion de los parametros.