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ABSTRACT This work analyzes the electrical impedance (EI) measurement of cervical mucus (CM) using a device to determine the fertile window. In this prospective and longitudinal study, fourteen healthy women aged 18 to 44 were enrolled to evaluate three menstrual cycles. EI was measured through a medical device inserted into the vagina for two minutes daily. Patients were monitored by urine luteinizing hormone (LH) strip, blood collection, and vaginal ultrasound to visualize the dominant follicle. Finally, the predictive EI capacity was validated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) of anovulatory vs. ovulatory impedances. The peak of LH was 35.7 (±4.5) mUI/ml and the dominant follicle size was 15.45 mm (±0.559). There were statistical differences in EI measurements between the follicular and luteal phases vs. the ovulation phase (p<0.0361 and p<0.0160). After data normalization, an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.713 (P value= 0.0253), a Youden J index of 0.4545Ω, a sensitivity of 63.6%, and a specificity of 81.8% were found. Low EI in the ovulatory period belongs to the LH ovulatory peak and follicular release. EI can be used for ovulation monitoring, birth control, or promoting pregnancy as a safe and innocuous method.

RESUMEN Este trabajo analiza la medición de la impedancia eléctrica (IE) del moco cervical (MC) mediante un dispositivo para determinar la ventana fértil. En este estudio prospectivo y longitudinal, se incluyeron 14 mujeres sanas de 18 a 44 años para evaluar tres ciclos menstruales. La IE se midió a través de un dispositivo médico colocado en la vagina durante dos minutos diarios. Las pacientes fueron monitoreadas con una tira de hormona luteinizante (LH) en orina, recolección de sangre y ultrasonido vaginal para visualizar el folículo dominante. Finalmente, la capacidad predictiva de IE fue validada por la curva ROC (receiver operating characteristic) de impedancias anovulatorias vs. ovulatorias. El pico de LH fue de 35.7(±4.5) mUI/ml; el folículo de tamaño dominante fue de 15.45 mm (±0.559). Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas para la medición de la IE de las fases folicular y lútea versus la fase de ovulación (p<0.0361 y p<0.0160). Después de la normalización de los datos, se encontró un área bajo la curva ROC (AUC) de 0.713 (valor de P = 0.0253), un índice de Youden J de 0.4545 Ω, sensibilidad del 63.6 % y especificidad del 81.8 %. La IE baja en el período ovulatorio que pertenece al pico ovulatorio de LH y liberación folicular. La IE se puede utilizar para el control de la ovulación, el control de la natalidad o la promoción del embarazo como método seguro e inocuo.

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Las guías de profilaxis antibiótica alrededor del mundo señalan que la selección del antibiótico debe basarse en los microorganismos según el tipo y sitio de operación. Objetivo: Determinar la aplicación de las recomendaciones de las guías nacionales de profilaxis antibiótica perioperatoria y comparar con el protocolo de uso en cirugías electivas tipo hernias en el Departamento de Cirugía General en el "Hospital Militar Universitario Dr. Carlos Arvelo" en el período marzo 2019 - marzo 2020. Metodología: Tipo de investigación no experimental longitudinal bajo el modelo de estudio documental con enfoque descriptivo y cuantitativo. Resultados: Muestra de 73 pacientes, de los cuales un 64,98 % no tuvo una selección del antibiótico recomendado, el tiempo de colocación del antibiótico no estuvo adherido en 69,89 %, el intervalo de dosis no fue adherido con un 84,93 % y la vía de administración fue la correcta con 100 %. Se evidenciaron infección de sitio quirúrgico en 11 pacientes en su mayoría no adheridos a la guía de la SVI. Conclusión: La evaluación del consenso de la SVI fue baja. La profilaxis antibiótica se ha convertido en una herramienta esencial para la disminución de infecciones del sitio quirúrgico, el conocimiento de consenso y uso correcto de la norma es de suma importancia.

Antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines around the world indicate that antibiotic selection should be based on microorganisms according to the type and site of operation. Objective: To determine the application of the recommendations of the national guidelines for perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis and to compare with the protocol for use in elective hernia-type surgeries in the Department of General Surgery at the "Hospital Military Universitario Dr. Carlos Arvelo" in the period March 2019 - March 2020. Methodology: Type of longitudinal non-experimental research under the documentary study model with a descriptive and quantitative approach. Results: Sample of 73 patients, of which 64.98 % did not have a recommended antibiotic selection, the antibiotic placement time was not adhered in 69.89 %, the dose interval was not adhered with 84.93 % and the route of administration was correct with 100 %. Surgical site infection was evidenced in 11 patients, most of who did not adhere to the IVS guideline. Conclusion: The consensus assessment of the SVI was low. Antibiotic prophylaxis has become an essential tool for reducing surgical site infections, knowledge of consensus and correct use of the standard is of utmost importance

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Synthetic biology and genetic engineering in algae offer an unprecedented opportunity to develop species with traits that can help solve the problems associated with food and energy supply in the 21st century. In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, foreign genes can be expressed from the chloroplast genome for molecular farming and metabolic engineering to obtain commodities and high-value molecules. To introduce these genes, selectable markers, which rely mostly on the use of antibiotics, are needed. This has risen social concern associated with the potential risk of horizontal gene transfer across life kingdoms, which has led to a quest for antibiotic-free selectable markers. Phosphorus (P) is a scarce nutrient element that most organisms can only assimilate in its most oxidized form as phosphate (Pi); however, some organisms are able to oxidize phosphite (Phi) to Pi prior to incorporation into the central metabolism of P. As an alternative to the use of the two positive selectable makers already available for chloroplast transformation in C. reinhardtii, the aadA and the aphA-6 genes, that require the use of antibiotics, we investigated if a phosphite-based selection method could be used for the direct recovery of chloroplast transformed lines in this alga. Here we show that following bombardment with a vector carrying the ptxD gene from Pseudomonas stutzeri WM88, only cells that integrate and express the gene proliferate and form colonies using Phi as the sole P source. Our results demonstrate that a selectable marker based on the assimilation of Phi can be used for chloroplasts transformation in a biotechnologically relevant organism. The portable selectable marker we have developed is, in more than 18 years, the latest addition to the markers available for selection of chloroplast transformed cells in C. reinhardtii. The ptxD gene will contribute to the repertoire of tools available for synthetic biology and genetic engineering in the chloroplast of C. reinhardtii.

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A Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 26 semicontinuous culture was implemented in 2000 L raceways with M medium during spring season at greenhouse conditions. Areal biomass productivities between 20 and 26 g m-2 d-1 were reached on the third day. The maximal areal lipid productivity obtained was 6.1 g m-2 d-1 and an increment in the saturated fatty acids (SFA) proportion (C14-C18) was favored in comparison with the fatty acids obtained with M medium in photobioreactors of 1 L and photoperiod light:darkness 12:12 h. After the eighth day of the culture or biomass concentrations above 0.25 g L-1, the microalgal cultures were prone to contamination by ciliates and amoebae, due to the sugars excreted by C. vulgaris UTEX 26. The periodical addition of NH4HCO3 to the microalgal culture maintained the ammonium concentration between 25 and 50 mg L-1, which contributed to diminish the contamination risks by protozoa.

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The effect of sequential batch cultures of the marine microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata on lipid and biomass production was studied in 200-L raceway ponds for 167 days (nine harvesting cycles) during winter and spring seasons under greenhouse conditions. The highest biomass concentration and productivity were 1.2 g/L and 49.8 mg/L/day on days 73 (5th cycle) and 167 (9th cycle), respectively. The overall interval of lipid production was between 131 and 530 mg/L. Despite the daily and seasonal variations of light irradiance (0-1099 µmol photon/m2 s), greenhouse temperature (2.1-50.7 °C), and culture temperature (12.5-31.4 °C), ANOVA analysis showed no statistical difference (p value > 0.01) on the fatty acid methyl ester (FAMES) composition over the nine harvesting cycles evaluated. The most abundant FAMES were palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0) and palmitoleic (C16:1∆9) acids with 37.1, 28.6, and 8.4 %, respectively. The sequential batch cultures of N. oculata in raceway ponds showed an increasing biomass production in each new cycle while keeping the quality of the fatty acid mixture under daily and seasonal variations of light irradiance and temperature.

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A novel culture medium to enhance the biomass and lipid production simultaneously by Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 26 was designed in three stages of optimization. Initially, a culture medium was inferred applying the response surface method to adjust six factors [NaNO3, NH4HCO3, MgSO4·7H2O, KH2PO4, K2HPO4 and (NH4)2HPO4], which were selected on the basement of BBM (Bold's Basal Medium) and HAMGM (Highly Assimilable Minimal Growth Medium) culture media. Afterwards, the nitrogen source compound was optimized to reduce both, ammonium and nitrate concentrations. As result of the optimization process, the proposed culture medium improved 40% the biomass (0.73gL(-1)) compared with the BBM medium and 85% the lipid concentration (281mgL(-1)), with respect to HAMGM medium. Some culture media components concentrations were reduced up to 50%. Gas chromatography analysis revealed that C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 were the major fatty acids produced by C. vulgaris UTEX 26.

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AIM: This study evaluates the acute toxicity outcome in patients treated with RapidArc for localized prostate cancer. BACKGROUND: Modern technologies allow the delivery of high doses to the prostate while lowering the dose to the neighbouring organs at risk. Whether this dosimetric advantage translates into clinical benefit is not well known. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between December 2009 and May 2012, 45 patients with primary prostate adenocarcinoma were treated using RapidArc. All patients received 1.8 Gy per fraction, the median dose to the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, pelvic lymph nodes and surgical bed was 80 Gy (range, 77.4-81 Gy), 50.4 Gy, 50.4 Gy and 77.4 Gy (range, 75.6-79.2 Gy), respectively. RESULTS: The time between the last session and the last treatment follow up was a median of 10 months (range, 3-24 months). The incidence of grade 3 acute gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicity was 2.2% and 15.5%, respectively. Grade 2 acute GI and GU toxicity occurred in 30% and 27% of patients, respectively. No grade 4 acute GI and GU toxicity were observed. Older patients (>median) or patients with V60 higher than 35% had significantly higher rates of grade ≥2 acute GI toxicity compared with the younger ones. CONCLUSIONS: RapidArc in the treatment of localized prostate cancer is tolerated well with no Grade >3 GI and GU toxicities. Older patients or patients with higher V60 had significantly higher rates of grade ≥2 acute GI toxicity. Further research is necessary to assess definitive late toxicity and tumour control outcome.

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The bacterial diversity and community structure were surveyed in intertidal petroleum-influenced sediments of ≈ 100 km of a beach, in the southern Gulf of Mexico. The beach was divided in twenty sampling sites according to high, moderate and low petroleum influence. Densities of cultured heterotrophic (HAB) and hydrocarbon degrading bacteria (HDB) were highly variable in sediments, with little morphological assortment in colonies. PCR-RISA banding patterns differentiated distinct communities along the beach, and the bacterial diversity changed inversely to the degree of petroleum hydrocarbon influence: the higher TPH concentration, the lower genotype diversity. Seven DNA sequences (Genbank EF191394 -EF191396 and EF191398 -EF191401) were affiliated to uncultured members of Gemmatimonas, Acidobacterium, Desulfobacteraceae, Rubrobacterales, Actinobacterium and the Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria group; all the above taxa are known for having members with active roles in biogeochemical transformations. The remaining sequences (EF191388 - EF191393 and EF191397) affiliated to Pseudoalteromonas, and to oil-degrading genera such as Pseudomonas, Vibrio and Marinobacter, being the last one an obligate oil-degrading bacterium. An exchange of bacteria between the beach and the oil seep environment, and the potential cleaning-up role of bacteria at the southern Gulf of Mexico are discussed.

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The diversity of bacterial communities of shallow (< or = 100 m depth) oil seep marine sediments from the southern Gulf of Mexico was evaluated. The geochemical properties of seep sediments were characterized as well as their microbial diversity in oil seep and control sediments. Bacteria were identified through molecular tools as belonging to the genera Marinobacter, Idiomarina, Marinobacterium, Frauteria and an unknown bacterium. Bacteria might be important components of microbial communities in Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH)-containing environments, displaying either facultative metabolism or able to grow only in petroleum-containing media. The identification of bacteria in shallow oil seep sediments could be used as indicators of marine hydrocarbons in southeastern Gulf of Mexico.

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Encystment of Azotobacter nigricans was induced by its diazotrophic cultivation on kerosene. Its growth and nitrogenase activity were affected by kerosene in comparison to cultures grown on sucrose. Electron microscopy of vegetative cells showed that when nitrogenase activity was higher and the poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate granules were not present to a significant extent, peripheral bodies were abundant. After 8 days of culture on kerosene, the presence of cysts with intracellular bunches of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate granules was observed. Germination of cysts bears germinating multicelled yet unbroken capsule cysts with up to three cells inside. This is the first report of encystment induction of Azotobacter species grown on kerosene.

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INTRODUCTION: (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin is an efficient agent as a tumor marker. Several studies have proven its efficiency in detection and localization of tumors of the breast, larynx, thyroid, parathyroid glands, lung, brain, skin, lymphatic and musculoskeletal tissues with a sensitivity and specificity of 95% to 100%. It is used as a predictor of therapy efficacy and to localize remaining and recurrent tissue as well as local and distant extension. OBJECTIVE: To determine the sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of the three-phase 99mTc-Tetrofosmin scan in detection of malignant lesions of the musculoskeletal tissue. METHODS: Seventy-three patients of both genders with suspected malignant musculoskeletal lesions were studied by three-phase (vascular, tissue and delayed images) 99mTc-tectrofosmin scans. RESULTS: One-hundred-percent sensitivity, 67.3% specificity, 55% positive predictive value, and 100% negative predictive value. CONCLUSION: Three-phase 99mTc-tectrofosmin scan is useful in detection of malignant lesions of the musculoskeletal system due to its high sensitivity and positive predictive value. Nevertheless, benign pathology such as active inflammation is a source of false positives and the attending physician must consider the aid of complementary studies such as histopathology.

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We propose that the pathogenesis of obesity-induced osteoarthritis may be explained by the metabolic changes in the striated muscle induced by the interaction of insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in obese individuals with metabolic syndrome being osteoarthritis the latest consequence by the physiological changes seen in the metabolic syndrome. Increased levels of TH1 cytokines are produced by activated macrophages in the presence of an acute or chronic infectious disease and suppress the sensitivity of insulin receptors on the membrane of muscle cell and adipocytes. Both cells are activated by inflammatory cytokines and contribute to enhance acute inflammation and to maintain a state of chronic, low-grade inflammation in apparently healthy obese individuals. The increased number of macrophage in the adipose tissue of obese individuals acts as an amplifier of inflammation. Patients with osteoarthritis and metabolic syndrome frequently are complaining about hotness and recurrent edema of feet and hands. It is probable that hyperinsulinemia in the presence of insulin resistance and inflammation, induce vasodilation through the TNF mediated-iNOS overexpression. Patients with metabolic syndrome express clinically the consequence of a poor uptake, storage and energy expenditure by the muscle and any other insulin dependent tissue and the consequence of high insulin plasma levels are vasodilation and increased protein synthesis. The fatigue and muscle weakness induced by insulin resistance and inflammation in obese patients with metabolic syndrome increase the frequency and the intensity of traumatic events of peripheral or axial joints that result in stretch and breaking of tenoperiosteal junction and abrasive damage of cartilage and therefore in these patients with metabolic syndrome and pro-inflammatory state the reparative process of cartilage and periarticular tissues would be severely modified by the growth factor activity in presence of high levels of insulin.

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The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of bioremediation as a treatment option for an aged and chronically polluted drilling waste soil located at the Southeast of Mexico. The polluted drilling-waste site with a mean total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration (TPHs) of 39,397 +/- 858 mg/kg was treated with one dose of a nutrient-surfactant commercial product at 40 mg/kg soil and two doses of H2O2 (50 and 100 mg H2O2/kg soil). In this study, the parameters that were monitored include soil respiration, heterotrophic and hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria as biological indicators, catalase and dehydrogenase activities, and TPHs degradation as decontamination parameters. The results demonstrated that the microbial activities can be stimulated in a polluted drilling-waste site by the addition of H2O2 and commercial product, thereby resulting in increasing TPHs degradation. These aspects must be taken into account when biodegradation studies involve the application of a commercial product.

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Se presenta una técnica quirúrgica sencilla con resultados satisfactorios de mas de 90 por ciento en nuestra serie. La adecuada clasificación es fundamental y depende de un estudio clínico y radiológico detallados. El uso de un tornillo maleolar de 35 o 40 mm de longitud que permita incluir las dos corticales coracoideas en su base, garantiza los mejores resultados. Los diferentes grados de lesiones no guardan necesariamente relación directa con los resulta. Los diferentes grados de lesiones no guardan necesariamente relación directa con los resultados. El manejo postoperatorio adecuado es decisivo para un buen resultado final. Se presentaron 3 complicaciones, 1 infección y 2 fallas de reducción

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Se presenta un nuevo dispositivo denominado placa multiplanar para el tratamiento de las fracturas subtrocantéreas que siempre han sido de difícil solución. Se señalan las ventajas e inconvenientes de otros procedimientos. El aditamento presentado es el resultado de la evolución de uno anterior y de un estudio teórico físico matemático de cuerpo libre; de hecho representa un tubo en su mínima expresión. Con él se operaron 12 casos en diversas instituciones. El tiempo de evolución osciló entre cuatro meses y cinco años. El promedio de edad de los pacientes fue de 68.5 años. Se utilizó en casos tumorales, de pseudoartrosis y en traumáticos recientes. La deambulación se logró en un promedio de 12 días. Para su colocación no se requieren equipos especiales

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Mediante un procedimmiento que parte de los contenidos y los estilos retoricos imperantes en los avisos necrologicos incluidos en dos importantes diarios venezolanos de circulacion nacional, y en base de los postulados teoricos del Analisis Critico del Discurso, estabelecidos principalmente en Fairclough, (1998, 1992), van Dijk (1996) y van Dijk (edit., 1997), se intenta determinar en este articulo el modo como el discurso necrologico de la prensa se convierte en portados de una ritualidad social que, antes que centrarse en la autentica condolencia por el fallecimento de alguien, sirve para demonstrar, reforzar y legitimar las relaciones de poder e influencia de los integrantes de un grupo social, aunque sus emisores se valen igualmente de los formatos, la retorica y el estilo estereotipados para tal fin por la tradicion. Se trabaja con una muestra de 303 avisos necrologicos, publicados con ocasion del fallecimiento (en 1997 y 1998) de tres integrantes de distintos sectores la sociedad venezolana contemporanea.

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