RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Ishihara test is a color vision test, whose results consider that all plates of the test have the same weighting. Rodriguez-Carmona et al. (Aviat Space Environ Med 83:19-29, 2012) proposed an equation to quantify the Ishihara test results (severity index), which took an account the rate of hits from the different plates of the test considering the performance of trichromat or colorblind population. We proposed a correction in Rodiguez-Carmona's equation for the severity index. We evaluated 60 normal trichromats and 107 subjects with congenital color deficiency. We calculated three indexes to quantify the results of each subject: a non-weighted index, a weighted index similar to the Rodriguez-Carmona et al., and a weighted index modified which combined the hit frequency for each plate in a trichromat population and of the error reading frequency for each plate in color-blind populations. RESULTS: Compared to the non-weighted evaluation, the weighted index was reduced by 22.95%, 32.92%, and 35.38% from trichromats, protan and deutan groups, respectively. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis showed perfect performance of the classifier for all metrics to measure the Ishihara test results. The proposal correction changed significantly the value of the index, but the overall benefits were small.
Assuntos
Visão de Cores/fisiologia , Testes Visuais/métodos , Adulto , Fluorescência , Humanos , Curva ROC , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Deficits in visual acuity, visual field, and oculomotor function are commonly detected after repair of cerebral aneurysms. However, when these deficits are absent, it does not mean that other potential visual deficits also are absent. Here, we report three cases that after complete recover from surgical repair of cerebral aneurysms presented minimal visual acuities of about 20/20 and no visual disturbances. While two of them (Cases 1 and 2) showed visual fields with no relevant central defects, two of them showed relevant impairments in spatial contrast sensitivity (Cases 2 and 3). This evidence supports that after complete recover from surgical repair of hemorrhagic cerebral aneurysms spatial contrast sensitivity can be asymptomatically impaired when visual acuity (Cases 2 and 3) and visual fields (Case 2) are not correlated with symptoms of visual disturbances. Hypothetical explanations and consequences of such evidence are discussed.
RESUMO
Current models in biological psychiatry focus on a handful of model species, and the majority of work relies on data generated in rodents. However, in the same sense that a comparative approach to neuroanatomy allows for the identification of patterns of brain organization, the inclusion of other species and an adoption of comparative viewpoints in behavioral neuroscience could also lead to increases in knowledge relevant to biological psychiatry. Specifically, this approach could help to identify conserved features of brain structure and behavior, as well as to understand how variation in gene expression or developmental trajectories relates to variation in brain and behavior pertinent to psychiatric disorders. To achieve this goal, the current focus on mammalian species must be expanded to include other species, including non-mammalian taxa. In this article, we review behavioral neuroscientific experiments in non-mammalian species, including traditional "model organisms" (zebrafish and Drosophila) as well as in other species which can be used as "reference." The application of these domains in biological psychiatry and their translational relevance is considered.
RESUMO
A major hindrance for the development of psychiatric drugs is the prediction of how treatments can alter complex behaviors in assays which have good throughput and physiological complexity. Here we report the development of a medium-throughput screen for drugs which alter anxiety-like behavior in adult zebrafish. The observed phenotypes were clustered according to shared behavioral effects. This barcoding procedure revealed conserved functions of anxiolytic, anxiogenic and psychomotor stimulating drugs and predicted effects of poorly characterized compounds on anxiety. Moreover, anxiolytic drugs all decreased, while anxiogenic drugs increased, serotonin turnover. These results underscore the power of behavioral profiling in adult zebrafish as an approach which combines throughput and physiological complexity in the pharmacological dissection of complex behaviors.
Assuntos
Ansiolíticos/farmacologia , Ansiedade/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Buspirona/farmacologia , Cafeína/farmacologia , Diazepam/farmacologia , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Reação de Congelamento Cataléptica/efeitos dos fármacos , Serotonina/metabolismo , Natação , Peixe-ZebraRESUMO
Serotonin (5-HT) is a neurotransmitter that is involved in many behavioral functions, including the organization of defense, and its putative pathological correlate, anxiety and stress disorders. Recently, behavioral tests for anxiety have been proposed in zebrafish. Exposure to the novel tank test or to the light/dark test increased extracellular fluid 5-HT content in the brain; anxiety-like behavior correlated positively with 5-HT content in the novel tank test, while the correlation was negative in the light/dark test. Acute treatment with a low dose of fluoxetine was anxiolytic in the geotaxis test and anxiogenic in the scototaxis test, while treatment with a higher dose produced a hyperlocomotor effect in both tasks. Buspirone and WAY 100635 were anxiolytic in both tests, while SB 224289 was anxiolytic in the geotaxis and slightly anxiogenic in the scototaxis test. Serotonin depletion with pCPA was anxiogenic in the geotaxis and anxiolytic in scototaxis. These results underline the differential sensitivity of these tasks to assess serotonergic agents; alternatively, serotonin might regulate zebrafish behavior differently in the novel tank test and in the light/dark test.
Assuntos
Ansiedade/metabolismo , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/administração & dosagem , Agonistas do Receptor 5-HT1 de Serotonina/administração & dosagem , Antagonistas do Receptor 5-HT1 de Serotonina/administração & dosagem , Serotonina/metabolismo , Animais , Ansiolíticos/administração & dosagem , Ansiolíticos/efeitos adversos , Ansiolíticos/uso terapêutico , Ansiedade/induzido quimicamente , Ansiedade/tratamento farmacológico , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Buspirona/administração & dosagem , Buspirona/efeitos adversos , Buspirona/uso terapêutico , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Líquido Extracelular/efeitos dos fármacos , Líquido Extracelular/metabolismo , Fenclonina/administração & dosagem , Fenclonina/efeitos adversos , Fenclonina/uso terapêutico , Fluoxetina/administração & dosagem , Fluoxetina/efeitos adversos , Fluoxetina/uso terapêutico , Hipercinese/induzido quimicamente , Hipercinese/metabolismo , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/agonistas , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Piperazinas/administração & dosagem , Piperazinas/efeitos adversos , Piperazinas/uso terapêutico , Piperidonas/administração & dosagem , Piperidonas/efeitos adversos , Piperidonas/uso terapêutico , Isoformas de Proteínas/agonistas , Isoformas de Proteínas/antagonistas & inibidores , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Piridinas/administração & dosagem , Piridinas/efeitos adversos , Piridinas/uso terapêutico , Serotonina/química , Agonistas do Receptor 5-HT1 de Serotonina/efeitos adversos , Agonistas do Receptor 5-HT1 de Serotonina/uso terapêutico , Antagonistas do Receptor 5-HT1 de Serotonina/efeitos adversos , Antagonistas do Receptor 5-HT1 de Serotonina/uso terapêutico , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/efeitos adversos , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/uso terapêutico , Compostos de Espiro/administração & dosagem , Compostos de Espiro/efeitos adversos , Compostos de Espiro/uso terapêutico , Peixe-ZebraRESUMO
The amygdaloid nuclei form an important hub of structures associated with diverse aspects of cognition and emotional behavior. Homologous structures have been determined in tetrapods, but homology of amygdala-like regions in bony fishes is presently unclear. Based on connectivity patterns, genoarchitecture, chemical neuroanatomy, and functional studies, we suggest that the dorsomedial portion of the pallium of Actinopterygii is the homolog of the basolateral/lateral amygdala ("frontotemporal amygdaloid system"), while the supracommissural and postcommissural portions of the subpallium are homologous to the extended central amygdala (central amygdaloid nucleus and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis). Nonetheless, the differentiation between these nuclei is not as clear-cut as in mammals, and there is no clear evidence for the existence of an "olfactory" medial amygdala in Actinopterygii, suggesting that the parcellation of one or two amygdaloid nuclei into many subnuclei occurred with the appearance of a true vomeronasal system.
Assuntos
Tonsila do Cerebelo/fisiologia , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/fisiologia , Peixes/fisiologia , Sistema Límbico/fisiologia , Tonsila do Cerebelo/anatomia & histologia , Tonsila do Cerebelo/química , Animais , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/anatomia & histologia , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/química , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Evolução Biológica , Peixes/genética , Sistema Límbico/anatomia & histologia , Sistema Límbico/químicaRESUMO
The purpose of this paper was to evaluate achromatic and chromatic vision of workers chronically exposed to organic solvents through psychophysical methods. Thirty-one gas station workers (31.5 ± 8.4 years old) were evaluated. Psychophysical tests were achromatic tests (Snellen chart, spatial and temporal contrast sensitivity, and visual perimetry) and chromatic tests (Ishihara's test, color discrimination ellipses, and Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test--FM100). Spatial contrast sensitivities of exposed workers were lower than the control at spatial frequencies of 20 and 30 cpd whilst the temporal contrast sensitivity was preserved. Visual field losses were found in 10-30 degrees of eccentricity in the solvent exposed workers. The exposed workers group had higher error values of FM100 and wider color discrimination ellipses area compared to the controls. Workers occupationally exposed to organic solvents had abnormal visual functions, mainly color vision losses and visual field constriction.
Assuntos
Defeitos da Visão Cromática/induzido quimicamente , Doenças Profissionais/induzido quimicamente , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Compostos Orgânicos/efeitos adversos , Solventes/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Percepção de Cores , Sensibilidades de Contraste , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Compostos Orgânicos/toxicidade , Psicofísica , Solventes/toxicidade , Acuidade Visual , Testes de Campo Visual , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Adult zebrafish were treated acutely with methylmercury (1.0 or 5.0 µg g(-1), i.p.) and, 24h after treatment, were tested in two behavioral models of anxiety, the novel tank and the light/dark preference tests. At the smaller dose, methylmercury produced a marked anxiogenic profile in both tests, while the greater dose produced hyperlocomotion in the novel tank test. These effects were accompanied by a decrease in extracellular levels of serotonin, and an increase in extracellular levels of tryptamine-4,5-dione, a partially oxidized metabolite of serotonin. A marked increase in the formation of malondialdehyde, a marker of oxidative stress, accompanied these parameters. It is suggested that methylmercury-induced oxidative stress produced mitochondrial dysfunction and originated tryptamine-4,5-dione, which could have further inhibited tryptophan hydroxylase. These results underscore the importance of assessing acute, low-level neurobehavioral effects of methylmercury.
Assuntos
Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Intoxicação do Sistema Nervoso por Mercúrio/fisiopatologia , Compostos de Metilmercúrio/toxicidade , Serotonina/metabolismo , Peixe-Zebra/metabolismo , Animais , Ansiedade/induzido quimicamente , Ansiedade/metabolismo , Ansiedade/fisiopatologia , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Frações Subcelulares/metabolismo , Peixe-Zebra/fisiologiaRESUMO
A cor é um atributo perceptual que nos permite identificar e localizar padrões ambientais de mesmo brilho e constitui uma dimensão adicional na identificação de objetos, além da detecção de inúmeros outros atributos dos objetos em sua relação com a cena visual, como luminância, contraste, forma, movimento, textura, profundidade. Decorre daí a sua importância fundamental nas atividades desempenhadas pelos animais e pelos seres humanos em sua interação com o ambiente. A psicofísica visual preocupa-se com o estudo quantitativo da relação entre eventos físicos de estimulação sensorial e a resposta comportamental resultante desta estimulação, fornecendo dessa maneira meios de avaliar aspectos da visão humana, como a visão de cores. Este artigo tem o objetivo de mostrar diversas técnicas eficientes na avaliação da visão cromática humana através de métodos psicofísicos adaptativos.
Color is a perceptual attribute that allows organisms to identify and to locate environmental patterns of equal brightnesses and constitutes an additional dimension in object identification, in addition to the detection of several other object dimensions in relation with the visual scene. Color therefore serves an important role in animal and human interaction with the environment. By supplying ways to evaluate aspects of human vision, including color vision, visual psychophysics focusses on the quantitative study of the relation between physical events of sensory stimulation and the resulting behavioral response. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate several efficient techniques in the evaluation of the chromatic human vision through adaptive psychophysical methods.
Une couleur est un attribut perceptuel qui permet aux organismes d'identifier et de localiser des normes ambiantes de même luminosité. Les couleurs servant d'identification dimensionnelle des objets, celles-ci sont très importantes dans l'activité quotidienne des animaux, et en particulier les humains. La psychophysique visuelle se se concentre sur l'étude quantitative de la relation entre les événements physiques de stimulation sensorielle et la réponse comportemental résultant de cette stimulation pour évaluer certains aspects de la vision humaine, comme la perception chromatique. L'objectif de ce texte est de démontrer les diverses techniques efficaces pour l'évaluation de la vision chromatique humaine en utilisant des méthodes psychophysiques adaptatives.
El color es una cualidad perceptual que nos permite identificar y localizar estándares ambientales de mismo brillo y constituye una dimensión adicional en la identificación de los objetos, además de la detección de inúmeras otras cualidades de los objetos en su relación con la escena visual, como luminancia, contraste, forma, movimiento, textura, profundidad. Ahí está su importancia básica en las actividades hechas por los animales y por los seres humanos en su interacción con el ambiente. La psicofísica visual está preocupada del estudio cuantitativo de la relación entre los acontecimientos físicos de estimulación sensorial y la respuesta de comportamiento resultante de esta estimulación, suministrando de esta forma medios de evaluar aspectos de la visión humana, como la visión de colores. Este manuscrito tiene como objetivo demostrar diversas técnicas eficientes en la evaluación de la visión cromática humana a través de métodos psicofísicos adaptativos.
RESUMO
A cor é um atributo perceptual que nos permite identificar e localizar padrões ambientais de mesmo brilho e constitui uma dimensão adicional na identificação de objetos, além da detecção de inúmeros outros atributos dos objetos em sua relação com a cena visual, como luminância, contraste, forma, movimento, textura, profundidade. Decorre daí a sua importância fundamental nas atividades desempenhadas pelos animais e pelos seres humanos em sua interação com o ambiente. A psicofísica visual preocupa-se com o estudo quantitativo da relação entre eventos físicos de estimulação sensorial e a resposta comportamental resultante desta estimulação, fornecendo dessa maneira meios de avaliar aspectos da visão humana, como a visão de cores. Este artigo tem o objetivo de mostrar diversas técnicas eficientes na avaliação da visão cromática humana através de métodos psicofísicos adaptativos(AU)
Color is a perceptual attribute that allows organisms to identify and to locate environmental patterns of equal brightnesses and constitutes an additional dimension in object identification, in addition to the detection of several other object dimensions in relation with the visual scene. Color therefore serves an important role in animal and human interaction with the environment. By supplying ways to evaluate aspects of human vision, including color vision, visual psychophysics focusses on the quantitative study of the relation between physical events of sensory stimulation and the resulting behavioral response. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate several efficient techniques in the evaluation of the chromatic human vision through adaptive psychophysical methods(AU)
Une couleur est un attribut perceptuel qui permet aux organismes d'identifier et de localiser des normes ambiantes de même luminosité. Les couleurs servant d'identification dimensionnelle des objets, celles-ci sont très importantes dans l'activité quotidienne des animaux, et en particulier les humains. La psychophysique visuelle se se concentre sur l'étude quantitative de la relation entre les événements physiques de stimulation sensorielle et la réponse comportemental résultant de cette stimulation pour évaluer certains aspects de la vision humaine, comme la perception chromatique. L'objectif de ce texte est de démontrer les diverses techniques efficaces pour l'évaluation de la vision chromatique humaine en utilisant des méthodes psychophysiques adaptatives(AU)
El color es una cualidad perceptual que nos permite identificar y localizar estándares ambientales de mismo brillo y constituye una dimensión adicional en la identificación de los objetos, además de la detección de inúmeras otras cualidades de los objetos en su relación con la escena visual, como luminancia, contraste, forma, movimiento, textura, profundidad. Ahí está su importancia básica en las actividades hechas por los animales y por los seres humanos en su interacción con el ambiente. La psicofísica visual está preocupada del estudio cuantitativo de la relación entre los acontecimientos físicos de estimulación sensorial y la respuesta de comportamiento resultante de esta estimulación, suministrando de esta forma medios de evaluar aspectos de la visión humana, como la visión de colores. Este manuscrito tiene como objetivo demostrar diversas técnicas eficientes en la evaluación de la visión cromática humana a través de métodos psicofísicos adaptativos(AU)